1063 eT etd Ray diagrams are particularly useful in problems involving refletion tnd refraction. Be sure to label the appropriate angles snd indicate the index of refraction, ‘Summary of Worked Examples ‘Type of Calculation Procedure and Relevant Examples 4. Absorption and Emission of Light Find the wavelength of ight absorbed or omitted difference in energy between the initial Example 33-4 2 Speedof Light Find ¢ ghen the distance and time. Use c= AWA. Example 33-2 Find ¢ ftom Fizeau's or Foucault's Use ¢= Avr and calculate the time AY forthe wheel or miror to rotate expenment from one gap of fiom one mirror to the next Example 33-3 3, Reflection Find the angle of reflection ‘The angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of i GH = 4, 4. Refraction Find the angle of refraction. Example 33-4 Determine the crea! angle for total intemal reflection. Example 29-5 5, Polarization Find the intensiy of ight ransmited through a polarizer ‘Ifthe incident light is unpolarized, half the intensity will be transmitted through a. polarizing film. IK the ineident light is polarized, the transmitted intensity will be f cos? 4. In a few problems, you are given more data than you factually need: ina few other problems, you are requited to supply data from your general knowledge, ‘outside sources, or informed estimates, Tren = 138 or water and hi otherwise specified. Light Sources. HR Wri tio ede ina bti-neon Taser? Why not jut use neon? Tor glass wiles Whea a beam of visible whit ‘through a gs of atomic hydrogen and spectroscope, dark lines are observed at wavelengths of the emission series. The atoms that participate inthe resonance absorption then emit this Example 33-6 EI concept: roses FEB cons tem opteas ant Eaieng sectors + Snglconep, sien rll sy + lett ee. ray agate syne of concepts + _Chalenging. or advanced sce Taine wavelength Tight as Whey return Wo Whe ground state. Explain why the observed spectrum neverthcless exhibits pronounced dark Hines 3 A pulse from a muby laser has an average power of 10 MW and lasts 1.5 ns. (a) What isthe total energy of the pulse? (6) How many photons are emitied in this pulse? 4* A helium-neon laser emits light of wavelength 6828 nm and has a power output of 4 mW. How ‘many photons are emitted per second by this laser?‘The first excited state of an atom of a gas is 2.85 eV above the ground state. (a) What isthe wavelength ‘of radiation for resonance absorption? (8) IP the gas is inadiated with monochromatic light of 320 nm wavelength, what is the wavelength of the Raman scattered Tight? 6% A. gas is irradiated with monochromatic ‘ultraviolet light of 368 nm wavelength, Scattered light ‘ofthe same wavelength and of 638 1 ‘observed. Assuming that the ground state prior to irradiation, difference between the ground state and the atomic state excited by the irradiation, 7% Sodium has excited states 2.11 eV, 32 eV, and 435 eV above the ground state. (a) What is the ‘maximum wavelength of radiation that will result in resonance fluorescence? What is the wavelength of the fluorescent radiation? (6) What wavelength will result in excitation of the slate 4.35 eV above the ground state? If that state is excited, what are the possible wavelengths of resonance fluorescence that might be observed?” 8 % Singly ionized belium is « hydrogen-tke atom ‘with a nuclear charge of 2. is energy levels are given by £, = ~Abgi’. where Ey = 13.6 eV. If a beam of visible white light is sent through a gas of singly ionized helium, a what wavelengths will dark lines be ound in the spectrum ofthe transmitted radiation? ‘The Speed of Light (BR stine the tho und tp in speed of ight 10 © Mission Control sends brief wake-up call to astronauts in a faraway spaceship. Five second after tho calls sent, Mission Conto can hearth proans of the staat How far vay (at mos) fom the cath isthe squcesip? () 75 <10m (8) 15% 108m (©) 30% 10'm (45% 10'm (©) The spaceship ison the moon. 11.6 The spiral galaxy in the Andromeda consteliation is about 2 x 10" km away fom us. How many light years is this? 12 © Ona spacecraft sent to Mars to take pictures, the camera is triggeted by radio waves, which like all c’lectromagnetie waves travel with the speed of light What is the time delay between sending the signal from the earth and receiving it on Mars? (Take the distance to Mats to be 9.7 « 10!° m.) 13 * The distance from a point on the surface of the cath to one on the surface ofthe moon is measured by aiming a laser light beam ata reflector on the surface ‘of the moon and measuring the time required for the fight to make a round trip. The uncertainty in the measured distance Ax is related to the uncertainty in the time Arby Ar= eA, Hf the time ve required for light 0 make leo's experiment to determine the 1064 intervals canbe measured to + 1.0 ns, find the uncertainty ofthe distance in meters. 14 = In Galileo's attempt to determine the speed of Tight, he and his assistam were located on hilhops bout 3 km apart. Galileo Mashed a light and received ‘return flash from his assistant. (a) If his assistant had fan instant reaction, what time difference would leo need 10 be able to measure for this method to be successful? (b) How does tis time compare with human reaction time, which is about 0.2 &? Reflection and Refraction (EEBRINE ow docs atin ayer of water on the oud iMfet the light you see relevied off the road from Sour ow headlights? How does alec the ight you sec reflected from the headlights ofan oncoming cr? RII ey orth gases rom ir ito water, ing the puto of the water wit en empl of incidence of 45". Which of the following. four Guanes change os the light eters the water. (1) Atovelengh, (2) regency, (2) speed of propagation, (direction of propeguton? (@) 1 and 2 only (0) 2, dean only (© Uand only (@) 3 and 4 only © 1.2 3.and PRR The sensty oF ne urospere decreases vl height as des the indox of reaction, Explain tow one can see the sun afer ihas set. Why does the setng sun appear attend? 18 + Calculate the fraction of igh energy efeted from anir-water interac at nora ined. 19 Find the angle of refraction of «beam of light in that hs a water surfs at an angle of nldence of (cy 20" (6) 30% (c) 45%, and 60" Show these rays bo a ag, 20» Repeat Problem 18 for beam of light int water tat is incident ona wera ierace. 21+ Find the spec of it in water and in ass. 22» The index of reaction for silicate Mi gl i with a wavelength of 400 om and 1.61 ‘length of 700 nm. Find the angles of refiacton for Wah of these wavelengths that enon ths plas at an angle of 45 23 A slab of glass wit an index of refiaton of 1.5 is submerged in water with un index of reffaction of 1.3, Light the water scent onthe gas. Find the angle of refraction if the angle of incidence is (a) 64 (6) 5°. and) 3. 24 Repeat Probl 23 for a beam of light intaly in the lass that ts incident on the glse-water werface a th same angles. 250 Light is inldee normally on a slab ofgass with tn fades. OF reflection n = 1.3. Reflection occas bat surfaces of the slab. About whet poreentage of the incident light energy is transmitted by the slab? ly26 % This probtem isa reaction analogy. A band is ‘marching dows a football field with a constant speed 1. About mideld, the band comes toa section of ruddy ground that has a sharp boundary making an angle of 30° with the Syd line shown in Figure 33-50, In the mud, the marehers move with speed 1, =), Diam bow cach Fine of marchers fs bent as it encounters the muddy section of the Feld so that the band is eventually marching ina different direction. Indicate the original direction by a ray and the final direction by a second ray, and find the angles beween the rays and the line perpendicular to the boundary. Is their direction of motion bent toward the perpendicular to the boundary or away from i Figure 33-80 Problem 26 3 saa ‘ond “Tm 27 A point source of Hight is 5 em above a plane reflecting surfae (uch asa miro). Draw ary from the source that strikes the surface at an angle of incidence of 45° and two more rays that stke the surtice at angles sig Fess than 45°, and draw the reflected ray for each, The reflected rays appear to diverge ffom a point called the image of the Tight source, Drv dotied ines extending te reflected rays back wniil they moot at point behind the surface to focal the image point 28 o» In Figure 33:31, light i intially in & medion (uch as ir ef index of refration n, Iti ineident at angle 6, onthe surface ofa liquid (uch as water of index of refraction 1 The light passes through the layer of water and caters pass of index of reaction 1 WF, isthe angle of reffation in the 2s, show that, Sin 6, =n, si That is, show tha the Second medium can be neplested when finding the angle of refraction in the third eda. Figure 33-51 Problem 28 29 oe Figure 33-52 shows 2 beam of fight incident on a glass plate of ess and index of refraction (a) Find the angle of incidence such thatthe perpendicular a sevaration between the Figure 33-82 Problem 29 ray reflected from the top surface and that reflected fromthe bottom surface and exiting the top surface is a maximum. (b) What is this angle of incidence if the 1065 index of refraction of the glass is 1.60? What is the separation of the two beams if the thickness of the sass plate is 40 em? WO se Consider the Figure 29-53 Problem 30 Siwation shown in Figure air 33-53, The inden of refiaction ofthe glass plate ism. Find the angle of incidence such that the perpendicular seperation between the two beams emerging from the top Surfiee isthe same as the ofthe beam emerging from {rom the bottom surfiee from the incident beam Deriving the Laws of Reflection and Refraction (optional) A physics Student playing pocket billiards ‘wants wo strike her cue ball so that it hits a cushion and then hits the eight ball squarely. She chooses several points on the cushion and for each point measures the tance from it to the eve hall and to the eight ball, She aims at the point for which the sum of these ces is leas, (a) Will her eve ball hit the eight ball? (6) How is her method related to Fermat's principle? A swimmer at in Figore 33-54 develops a leg cramp while swimming. near the shore of a calm lake and calls for help. A lifeguard at hears the eal. The lifeguard can run 9 m/s and swim 3 mvs, He knows physies and chooses path that will take the least time to reach the swimmer. Which of the paths shown in Figure 33-54 does he take? Figure 33-84 Pbiem 32 Total Internal Reflection 33+ What is the critical angle for total intemal reflection for light trveling intially in water that is incident on a water-airimterface? 34 98 A plas surface (n= 1.50) has a layer of water (7 = 133) om it Light in the glass is incident on the lass-stater interface. Find the critical angle for total intemal reflection. 35 eA point source of light is located $m below the surface of a large poo! of water. Find the area of the largest circle on the pool's surface through whieh light coming diretly from the source ean emerge.46% Light is incident normally on te largest face of aan isosceles-right-triangle prism. What isthe speed of light in this prism if the prism is just barely able to proce total internal reflection? 37% A point souree of light is located at the bottom ofa steel tank, and an opague circular card of radius 6.0 cm is placed over it, A transparent Nuid is gently added to the tank so that the eard floats on the surfuce ‘with its center directly above the light source. No light is seen hy an observer above the surface until the fluid is $ cm deep. What isthe index of refraction of the ‘uid? [38 % A gniin of sand is diretly below the center of the base ofa cube of transparent material The grain of sand is visible when viewed through the top surface but eannot be seen when looking into any of the sides of the cube. What is the minimum index of refraction of the material of whieh the cube is made? 39 Light is incident pormally upon one face of a prism of glass with an index of reftaetion 1 (Figure 33-55). The light is totally reflected atthe right side, (a) What is. the imum value nm ean hhave? (6) Whee the prison is immersed in a liquid whose index of refraction is LAS, there is still total reflection, but when it is immersed in water, whose index of reaction is 1.33, there is no longer total refletion. Use this information to establish limits for possible values of 40 ov investigate how a thin film of water on a glass surface affeets the critical angle for total reflection. Take = 1 for plas and m= 1.33 for wate. (¢) What is the critical angle for total internal reflection at the Jass—water interface? (b) Is there any range of incident angles that are greater than @ for glass-to-air refraction and for which light rays wil eave the glass sand the water and pass into the air? 41 ee 4 laser beatn is incident om a plate of glass of thickness 3 em, The glass has an index ofrefiaction of [LS and the angle of incidence is 40°. The top and bottom surfaces of the glass are parallel and both produce reflected beams of nearly the same intensity. ‘What isthe perpendicular distance d between the two adjacent reflected beams? 42 Figure 33-56 shows a glass prism of index of efaction 1 = 1.52 in the shape of an isosceles triangle with hase angles of 48°, (a) Find the maximum angle ‘oF incidence of the beam ‘incident on the side face so that it suffers total internal reflection at the base. (8) What isthe maximum value cof the index of refrection ofthe prism so thatthe light Figure 33-88 Pratiem 39 Air Figure 83-56 Problem 42 1066 beam will suffer total internal reflection at the base whatever the angle of incidence? Dispersion 43 + A beam of light strikes the plane surface of Silicate flint glass at an angle of incidence of 45°. The index of refraction ofthe glass varies with wavelength as shown in the graph in Figure 33-26. How much smaller is the angle of refraction for violet light of wavelength 400 nm than that for red light of wavelength 700 nm? 444. Repeat Problem 43 for quartz, Polarization [BRI Toe polars have their ramisson anes at an aigle @. Unpoarzed light of imenshy 7 Is incieot upon the fst polarizer: What she ltsasity of the light wend bythe second polarizer? (@ Ios 0 (B) (Leos? V2 (©) (eos? vt (@ feos () eos 4 (None of the above. HERI Wien of te toting is nx phenomenon whereby polarized ight can be produced from unpolarized light? © o io) absorption reflection birefringence (@) dittraction (©), seatering 47 + What isthe polarizing angle for (a) water with 1 = 1.33 and (6) glass with n= 1.8? 48 * Light known to be polarized in the horizontal sation is incident on polarizing. sheet. It is observed that only 15.0% of the intensity of the incident light is transmitted through the sheet. What angle does the transmission axis of the sheet make with the horizontal? (@ 86° @® 20 (©) 23° @ 6 (@) si 49 + Two polarizing sheets have their transmission axes erossed so that no light gsis through, A thi sheet is inserted between the first two SO that its transmission axis makes an angle @ with that of the first sheet. Unpolarized light of intensity fis incident fon the first sheet, Find the intensity of the light transmitted through all three sheets f(a) 0=45° and (8) = 30°, ‘50 + The polarizing angle for a certain substance is 60". (a) What is the angle of refisetion of light incident at this angle? (b) What is the index of refraction ofthis substance?SI + Two polarizing sheets have their transmission axes crossed and a third sheet is inserted so that its transmission axis makes an angle 0 with that of the first sheet as in Problem 49. Find the intensity of the transmitted light as a function of @ Show that the intensity transmitted through all three sheets is ‘maximum when 0= 45" S52 + If the middle polarizing sheet in Problem $1 is rotating at an angular velocity « about an axis parallel to the light beam, find the intensity transmitted through all three sheets as a function of time. Assume that 6= 0 at time r=0, SB eA stack of N+ 1 ideal polarizing sheets is farranged with each sheet rotated by an angle of 22N' rad with respeet to the preceding shect. A plane rormally onthe stick. The incident light is polarized along the tinsmission axis of the fest sheet and therefore perpendicular to the transmission ais of the fast sheet in the stack. (a) What isthe transmitted intensity through the stack? (6) For 3 sheets (N= 2), ‘what isthe tansmited intensity? (€) For 101 sheets, what i the transmitted intensity? (cd) What is the direction of polarization of the transmitted beam in ‘each case? 54 +» Show that a lincarly polarized wave ean be thought of as a superposition of a right and a eft circularly polarized wave, 85 = Suppose that in Problem 49 the middle sheet is replaced by two polarizing sheets. 1f the angles between the directions of polarization of adjacent sheets is 30°, what isthe intensity of the transmitted light? How ‘does this compare with the intensity ‘binined in Problem 496? 56 In acireulary polarized wave, the magnitude of the electric fold is constant. IF the wave propagates tong the = ais, the angle tween Z and the x axis changes by 2 radians over one wavelenath. Write ‘expressions for the electric and magnetic fields of a circularly polarized wave of angular frequency. @ ropaaating in vacuum in the positive = direction. S17 = Show that the electric field of a circaary Polarized wave propagsting inthe x dietion can be express by B= silken + Fyeoshs an 58 ~ For the wave whose eletic field is given bythe ‘expression in Problem 57, what is the coresponding ‘expression forthe magnetic field 8? 59 Find expressions forthe electric fe and magnetic field B for a circularly polarized wave propagating in the negative = dvetion. (See Problems S7and $8) ~ 4 ciroulaty polarized wave is sail wo be righe cireuarly polarized i the elevtic and magnetic fields rotate elockwise when viewed along the direction of propagation and lf circularly polarized ifthe field rotate counterclockwise. What fs the sense of the circular polarization for the wave described by the ‘expression in Problem ST? What would be the corresponding expression for a circularly polarized wave ofthe opposite sense? G1 Vertically polarized light of intensity Jy is incident oma stack of Nidal polarizing shests whose 1067 tangles with respect to the vertical are Determine the direction of polarization of the transmitted light and its intensity. Show that as N => o> the dietion of polarization is retated without loss of mensity General Probloms TERRI ror fie: (0) igh dacs waves nel wih the i ped theghavcom Most of the light incident normally on an les inertnce sree The ange of reficion of MARE sabia Js than the angle of incidence The index of refation of water is the same for all wavelenghs in the visble spectrum, (©) Longin wavs cannot be polarized [BN of te fotowing statements about the speeds Othe various colors of ight In glas, which re ie? (©) Allolos of tight have the same sped in gas, (})Vioket has the highest speed red the lowest. (©). Red has ie highest sped, volt the loves (@) Green has the highest speed, red ad violet the lowest Red and volt have the highest sped, gre the lowest Its common experience that on calm, ‘sunny day one can bear voices of persons in a boat over great distances. Explain this phenomenon, Keeping in mind thal sound Is reflected tom the surface ofthe water and hat the emperaie of the air jist abe the voter's surface is usaly less han that. aa height of 10 0¢ 20 m above the war. 65 + A beam of monochromatic red gt with « velengh of 70 1m nas travels in wee.) What is the wavelength in water? (0) Docs a sivimmer tndervair observe the same eoloror a diferent color forth ih? 6 + As the speed of computer operations increases, computer arciecturenoquies greater importance, the time required to transfer a signal between the central processing unit (CPU) and memo ean be a liming ber io required foe computation separation betieen ersten chip and the CPU to allow tnafor raion Betocc these snes than 03 ws? w © @ © 67 % The critical angle for total internal reflection for 4 substance is 45°, What is the polarizing angle for this substance? 68 » Figure 33-57 shows two plane mirrors that make fan angle @ with each other. Show that the angle between the incident and reflected rays is 24 Figure 33-57 Pbem 6869 6 A silver coin sits on the bottom of & swimming pool that is 4 m deep. A beam of light reflected from the coin emerges from the pool making an angle of 20° with respect tothe water's surface and enters the eye of an observer, Draw aay from the coin to the ‘€ ofthe observer, Extend this ray, which goes from the water-nir interface tothe eye, straight back uni it intersects with the vertical line drawn through the coin, What is the apparent depth of the s pool to this observer? 0 = ‘Two aluent students decide to improve on Galileo’s experiment to measure the speed of light. One student goes to London and calls the other in ‘New York on the telephone, The telephone signals are transmited by reflecting electromagnetic waves from a sollte that is 37.9 Mm above the earth's sure. 1° the distance between London and New York is neglected, the distance traveled is tie this distance. One student claps his hands, and when the other student ears the sound over the phone, she claps her Fbands. The frst student measures the time between his clap and his hearing the second one, Calculate this time lapse, negleting the students” response times. Do ‘you think this experiment would be successful? What improvements for measuring this time interval would ou suggest? (Time delays in the electronic eireits that are greater than those due tothe light traveling to the satelite and back make this experiment not feasible.) 71 Fishermen always insist on silence beeause noise fon shore will seare fish away. Suppose a fisherman cast baited hook 20 m feom the shore of weal lake toa point where the depth is 15 m. Show that noise on shore cannot possibly be sensed by fish at that point. ‘Note: The speed of sound in air is 330 mvs the speed ‘of sound in water is 1450 mvs The A swimmer atthe botiom of a poo! 3m deep Tooks up and sees « eitele of Hight, If the index of refraction of the water in the poo! is 1.33, find the radius ofthe circle, 73 e Show that when a miror is rotated through an angle 2 the reflected beam of light is rotated through 20. 74 = Use Figure 33-26 to calculate the critical angles {or total internal reflection for light intially in sieste flint glass that is ineident on a glass-air interface ifthe Tight is (a) violet light of wavelength 400 nm, and (b) ted light of wavelength 700 nm, 78 Show that for normally incident light, the intensity transmitted through @ glass slab with an index of refraction of » is approximately given by lets] 16 A ray of light begins atthe point x= 2 m,y=2 im, strikes a mirror in the 2 plane at some point x, and reflects through the point x = 2m, »'= 6 m. (a) the value of that makes the total distance traveled by ty 1068 Figure 38-88 Probiems 77, 88, and 8 TT Light passes symmetrically through a prism having an apex tangle of «as shown in Figure 33-S8. (a) Show hut the angle of tion Bis given by (6) the refractive inde for red ight fs 1.48 and that for violet liht is 1.52, what is the angular separation of visible light fora prism with an apex angle of 60°? 78 = (a) For a light ray inside » transparent median having « planar interface with «vacuum, show thal the polarizing angle and the eritcal angle for intemal reflection satisfy tan 0, = sin Q(B) Which angle is larger? 79% Light is incident from sie on a transparent substance at an angle of $8.0" with the normal. The reflected and refracted rays are observed 10 be mutually perpendicular. (a) What is the index of refraction of the transparent substance? (2) What is the ctteal angle for total intemal reflection in this substance? 806 Af int lass with an index of reffacton of 1.655 is incident on the glass surfice. An ‘unknown liquid eondenses on the surface of the glass. Total intemal reflection on the glass-liquid interface cccurs for an angle of incidence on the glass-liquid imerface of $3.7. (a) What isthe refractive index of the unknown liquid? (b) I the liquid is removed, what is the angle of incidence for total intemal reflection? (6) For the angle of incidenoe found in part (6), what is the angle of reftaction of the ray into the liquid V7 Does a ray emerge from the Higuid fim into the above? Assume that the glass and liquid have perfect planar surfaces, 81 + Given thatthe index ofreftaction for ed ight in Water is 1.3318 and that the index of refraction for blue light in water is 13435, find the anguloe separation of these colors in the primary rainbow. (Use the equation given in Problem 86.) 82 * A ray of light falls in dense on a rectangular glasg PW S859 Prbien > tock (1 = 1.5) that is almost caplet sulbmerged in water (n 1.33) as shown in Figure 33-59. (a) Find the angle for whieh total internal reflection just occurs at reflection occur at point P for the value of 0 found part (a if the water were removed? Expat {83 + (a) Use the result for Problem 75 to find the ratio ‘of the iransmited intensity t0 the ine through 1 parallel slabs of glass for light of noemat idence(Fin this ratio for thee slabs of glass with » = 1. (6) How many slabs of glass with m= 1.5 will reduce the intensity to 10% of the incidemt intensity’? $84.6 Light is incident on slab of transparent material at an angle Os shown in Figure 33-60, ‘The slab has a thickness ¢ fd an index of retraction Show that Figure 33-60 Problem #4 nn © Sinfaretang a) whore df is the distance shown in the Figure and arctan(d is the angle whose tangent is de 85 +» Suppose min falls vertically from a stationary loud 10,000 m above a confused marathooer running, {na citele with constant speed of m/s, The rain has a terminal speed of 9 mis. (a) What isthe angle that the appears to make with the vertical to the ‘marathoner? (2) What is the apparent motion oF the loud as observed by the marathorer? (c) A star on the axis ofthe cart’s orbit appears to have a circular orbit of angular diameter of 41.2 seconds f ar, How is this tangle related wo the pad 1069 earth's speed in its orbit and the velocity of photons received ftom this distant star? (d) What isthe speed ined from the data in part (c)? 86 ee Equation 33-18 gives the relation between the angle of deviation 4 of a light ray incident on a spherial drop of water in terms of the incident angle , and the index of refraction of water. (a) Assume that yy = 1, and differentiate g, with respect to @, [efi 1 y= aresin x, then dyes = (1 — 8), (6) Set dé/d0, = 0 and show thatthe angle of incidence 8, for minimum deviation is given by and find 6, for water, where the index of refraction for water is 1.3, 87 e (a) Show that a light ray transmitted through a lass slab emerges parallel to the incident ray. but displaced from it. (6) For an incident angle of F, lass of index of reftaction n= 1.5, and a shb of thickness 10 cm, find the displacement measured perpendicularly from the incident ray. 888 ee Show that ifthe apex angle cof the prism of Problem 7 is small, the angle of deviation 5is given by 5=(n— ax independent ofthe angle of incidence. 89 Show that the angle of deviation 3 is a ‘inimum ithe angle of incidence is such that the ray the prisin symmetrically as shown in (See Answers)