Science (www-tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter - 11) (Force and Pressure) (Class-8) Exercises Question 1: Give two examples each of situations in which you push or pull to change the state of motion of objects. € Answer 1: > Hitting the ball, coming to us. > Kicking to football. Question 2: Give two examples of situations in which applied force causes a change in the shape of an object. € Answer 2: > Stretching a rubber belt. > Reshaping clay to make toys. Question 3: Fill in the blanks in the following statements (a) To draw water from a well we have to at the rope. (b) A charged body an uncharged body towards it. () To move a loaded trolley we have to it (d) The north pole of a magnet the north pole of another magnet. € Answer 3: (a) To draw water from a well we have to pull at the rope. (b) A charged body attracts an uncharged body towards it. (6) To move a loaded trolley we have to push it. (4) The north pole ofa magnet repels the north pole of another magnet. Question 4: An archer stretches her bow while taking aim at the target. She then releases the arrow, which begins to move towards the target. Based on this information fill up the gaps in the following statements using the following terms: muscular, contact, non-contact, gravity, friction, shape, attraction (a) To stretch the bow, the archer applies a force that causes a change in its (b) The force applied by the archer to stretch the bow is an example of. force. (c) The type of force responsible for a change in the state of motion of the arrow is an example of a force (d) While the arrow moves towards its target, the forces acting on it are due to and that due to of air. € Answer 4: (a) To stretch the bow, the archer applies a force that causes a change in its shape. (b) The force applied by the archer to stretch the bow is an example of contact force. (c) The type of force responsible for a change in the state of motion of the arrow is an example of muscular force. (d) While the arrow moves towards its target, the forces acting on it are due to gravity and that due to friction of air. ‘www:tiwariacademy.com AcStep towards free education 1Science (www-tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter - 11) (Force and Pressure) (Class-8) Question 5: In the following situations identify the agent exerting the force and the object on which it acts. State the effect of the force in each case. (a) Squeezing a piece of lemon between the fingers to extract its juice. (b) Taking out paste from a toothpaste tube. (c) A load suspended from a spring while its other end is on a hook fixed to a wall. (d) An athlete making a high jump to clear the bar at a certain height. € Answer 5: S.No. Agent Object Effect (a) Fingers Lemon Juice is extracted by force. (b) Fingers Toothpaste tube Toothpaste coming out by force. () Load Spring Expansion of spring, (a) Athlete Athlete's body Athlete jump over the bar. Question 6: Ablacksmith hammers a hot piece of iron while making a tool, How does the force due to hammering affect the piece of iron? € Answer 6: The force due to hammering change the shape of the piece of iron. Question 7: An inflated balloon was pressed against a wall after it has been rubbed with a piece of synthetic cloth. It was found that the balloon sticks to the wall. What force might be responsible for the attraction between the balloon and the wall? €. Answer 7: ‘The force which is responsible for the attraction between the ball and the wall is electrostatic force. When we rub the balloon by a synthetic cloth, it gets charged. When it is taken near the wall, it will get attracted towards the uncharged wall because of the electrostatic force which is the force exerted bya charged body on another uncharged body. Question 8: Name the forces acting on a plastic bucket containing water held above ground level in your hand. Discuss why the forces acting on the bucket do not bring a chang state of motion. € Answer 8: The force acting on a plastic bucket are: > Gravitational force: Itis acting downwards. > Muscular force: {tis applied by our hands to lift the bucket in upward direction. Although these forces are acting on the bucket but no change is found in its state of motion because the two forces are balancing each other and as a result net force is zero. Question 9: Arocket has been fired upwards to launch a satellite in its orbit, Name the two forces acting on the rocket immediately after leaving the launching pad. www:tiwariacademy.com AcStep towards free education 2Science (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter - 11) (Force and Pressure) (Class -8) € Answer 9: Two forces acting on the rocket immediately after leaving the launching pad are: > Frictional force due to air. > Force of gravity pulling in downward direction. Question 10: When we press the bulb ofa dropper with its nozzle kept in water, airin the droppers seen to escape in the form of bubbles. Once we release the pressure on the bulb, water gets filled in the dropper. The rise of water in the dropper is due to (@) pressure of water (b) gravity of the earth (0) shape of rubber bulb (d) atmospheric pressure € Answer 10: ‘The rise of water in the dropper is due to (d) atmospheric pressure. ‘wwwtiwariacademy.com AcStep towards free edueation 3Science (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter - 12) (Friction) (Class - 8) Exercises Question 1: Fill in the blanks: (a) Friction opposes the between the surfaces in contact with each other. (b) Friction depends on the of surfaces (0 Friction produces (d) Sprinkling of powder on the carrom board friction. (€) Sliding friction is than the static friction. € Answer 1: (a) Friction opposes the motion between the surfaces in contact with each other. (b) Friction depends on the roughness of surfaces (0) Friction produces heat. (q) Sprinkling of powder on the carrom board reduce friction. (©) Sliding friction is lesser than the static friction. Question 2: Four children were asked to arrange forces due to rolling, static and sliding frictions in a decreasing order. Their arrangements are given below. Choose the correct arrangement. (a) Rolling, static, sliding (b) Rolling, sliding, static (c) Static, sliding, rolling (a) Sliding, static, rolling € Answer 2: (c) Static, sliding, rolling. Question 3: Alida runs her toy car on dry marble floor, wet marble floor, newspaper and towel spread on the floor. The force of friction acting on the car on different surfaces in increasing order will be: (a) Wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper and towel. (b) Newspaper, towel, dry marble floor, wet marble floor. (©) Towel, newspaper, dry marble floor, wet marble floor. (d) Wet marble floor, dry marble floor, towel, newspaper € Answer 3: (a) Wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper and towel. Question 4: Suppose your writing desk is tilted a little. A book kept on it starts sliding down. Show the direction of frictional force acting on it. € Answer 4: Friction force acts opposite to the motion of the book. Question 5: You spill a bucket of soapy water on a marble floor accidently. Would it make it easier or more difficult for you to walk on the floor? Why? € Answer 5: It would be difficult to walk on the floor. Soapy water fills the floor irregularities, thus reduces the friction considerably. Feet do not make necessary grip with the floor surface, thus increasing the chances of falling. ‘wwwtiwariacademy.com AcStep towards free edueation 1Science (www tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter - 12) (Friction) (Class 8) Question 6: Explain why sportsmen use shoes with spikes. € Answer 6: Spikes increase friction and give better grip with the ground. It avoids slipping of sportsmen while playing or running. Question 7: Iqbal has to push a lighter box and Seema has to push a similar heavier box on the same floor. Who will have to apply a larger force and why? € Answer 7: Friction force is directly proportional to mass. Heavier box will put more force on the floor surface as compared to lighter box and therefore will experience more opposite force (friction). Seema will have to apply larger force. Question 8: Explain why the sliding friction is less than the static friction. €. Answer 8: When the objects are at rest, the interlocking of irregularities in the two surfaces of the objects is higher than that of when objects are moving. When objects are moving, there is less interaction between their surfaces. That's why sliding friction is less than static friction. Question 9: Give examples to show that friction is both a friend and a foe. € Answer 9: Friction is both a friend and a foe due to following reasons: Friction act as friend: > Weare able to walk because of frictional forces between ground and our feet. > Weare able to write because of friction between ball point and the paper surface. > Nails and screws stick to wall surfaces because of friction. > Lighting a match stick is because of friction between match stick and the side surface of match box. Friction act as foe: Wear and tear of soles of our shoes is due to friction. When a tyre deflates, itis difficult to move the vehicle because of increased friction between the tyre and road surface. Machines gets heated up because of friction. Due to friction, machines and vehicles consumes more fuel and increase maintenance cost. Question 10: Explain why objects moving in fluids must have special shapes. € Answer 10: The frictional force exerted by fluids is also called drag or fluid friction. To overcome or minimize air fluid friction, the bodies of objects minimise its surface ie. sometime spherical shapes or other streamlined shape with smooth surface. Aeroplanes, jets, rain drops have streamlined curve surface to reduce air drag. ‘www.tiwariacademy.com AcStep towards free education 2Science (wwwstiwariacademy.com) (Chapter 5) (Coal and Petroleum) (Class -8) Exercises Question 1: What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels? € Answer 1: ‘The advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels are: ‘They are used as non-polluting fuels to transport vehicles. LPG and CNG both are easy to store and transport. CNG is used for power generation. These fuels have more energy per unit volume. LPG can be used directly for burning in homes and factories. These are easily available and have affordable cost. LPG and CNG has virtually no ash particles left after burning. Question 2: Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads. € Answer 2: Bitumen is the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads. Question 3: Describe how coal is formed from dead vegetation. What is this process called? € Answer 3: About 300 million years ago the earth had dense forests in low lying wetland areas. Due to natural processes, like flooding, these forests got buried under the soil. As more soil deposited over them, they were compressed. The temperature also rose as they sank deeper and deeper. Under high pressure and high temperature, dead plants got slowly converted to coal. As coal contains mainly carbon, the slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonisation. Question 4: Fill in the blanks: (a) Fossil fuels are and (b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is called (c) Least polluting fuel for vehicle is € Answer 4: (a) Fossil fuels are Natural Gas, Coal and Petroleum. (b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is called refining. (c) Least polluting fuel for vehicle is CNG. Question 5: Tick True/False against the following statements: (a) Fossil fuels can be made in the laboratory. (r/R) () CNG is more polluting fuel than petrol. (T/F) (©) Coke is almost pure form of carbon. (T/F) (d) Coal tar is a mixture of various substances. (T/F) (e) Kerosene is nota fossil fuel, (T/F) wwwtiwariacademy.com Step towards free education. 1Science (wwwstiwariacademy.com) (Chapter - 5) (Coal and Petroleum) (Class -8) € Answer 5: (a) Fossil fuels can be made in the laboratory. (False) (b) CNG is more polluting fuel than petrol. (False) (c) Coke is almost pure form of carbon. (True) (d) Coal tar is a mixture of various substances. (True) (e) Kerosene is not a fossil fuel. (False) Question 6: Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources, € Answer 6: Fossil fuels are formed over a period of millions of years, by the action of high temperature and high pressure on the remains of dead plants and animals. These fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources because if these are exhausted by human activities, cannot be recreated in a short period of time. Question 7: Describe characteristics and uses of coke, € Answer 7: Coke is a tough porous and black substance. It is produced by destructive distillation of coal. Itis an almost pure form of carbon. Itis used as domestic as well as an industrial fuel in stoves and furnaces. Itis used in the manufacture of steel. It gives little or no smoke. Itis used for extraction of metals. It can be used to make fuel gases. Question 8: Explain the process of formation of petroleum. € Answer 8: Petroleum was formed from organisms living in the sea. As these organisms died, their bodies settled down at the bottom of the sea and got covered with sand and clay. The absence of air, high pressure and high temperature for over millions of years transformed the dead organisms into petroleum and natural gas. The petroleum deposits are usually found mixed with salt water. The petroleum is lighter than salt water, and hence, floats over it. Question 9: The following Table shows the total power shortage in India from 1991- 1997. Show the data in the form of a graph, Plot shortage percentage for the years on the Y-axis and the year on the X-axis. ‘Sik [Wear | Shortage wwwtiwariacademy.com A-Step towards free education. 2Science (www-tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter - 3) (Synthetics Fibres and Plastics) (Class-8) Exercises Question 1: Explain why some fibres are called synth € Answer 1: Some fibres which are not natural (man-made fibres) called synthetic because they are made by chemical processing of petrochemicals. The synthetic fibres are made up of very large units called polymers. Some of the synthetic fibres are rayon, nylon and acrylon. Question 2: Mark (¥) the correct answer: Rayon is different from synthetic fibres because (a) ithas a silk like appearance (b) itis obtained from wood pulp (c) its fibres can also be woven like those of natural fibres € Answer 2: (b) itis obtained from wood pulp Question 3: Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: (a) Synthetic fibres are also called ____ or. fibres. (b) Synthetic fibres are synthesised from raw material called (c) Like synthetic fibres, plastic is also a . €. Answer 3: (a) Synth fibres are also called man-made or artificial fibres. (b) Synthetic fibres are synthesised from raw material called petrochemicals. (0) Like synthetic fibres, plastic is also a polymer. Question 4: Give examples which indicate that nylon fibres are very strong. € Answer 4: Nylon is a very strong fibre that is why nylon is used for making parachutes, rock climbing ropes, fishing nets seat belts etc. A nylon thread is elastic and light but actually stronger than a steel wire. Question 5: Explain why plastic containers are favoured for storing food. €. Answer 5: Plastic containers are favoured for storing food for the following reasons: > Plastic containers are light weight so they are easy to handle. > The price of plastic containers is very less as compared to other containers. > They have good strength. > Plastic containers are durable. Question 6: Explain the difference between the thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics. € Answer 6: Difference between the thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics: ‘www:tiwariacademy.com AStep towards free education 1Science (www-tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter - 3) (Synthetics Fibres and Plastics) Class - 8] Plastic which gets deformed easily | Plastics which when moulded once, cannot be on heating and can be bent easily are | softened by heating. These are called known as thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics. Polythene and PVC are some of the | Two examples are Bakelite and Melamine. ‘examples of thermoplastics. These are used for manufacturing | Bakelite is used for making electrical switches, toys, combs and various types of | handles of various utensils, etc. Melamine is used containers. for making floor tiles, kitchenware and fabrics which resist fire. Question 7: Explain why the following are made of thermosetting plastics. (a) Saucepan handles (b) Electric plugs/switches/plug boards € Answer 7: (a) Melamine (a thermosetting plastics) resists fire and can tolerate heat better than other plastics. So, itis used for making Saucepan handles, which resist fire, (b) Bakelite (a thermosetting plastics) is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. So, it is used for making Electric plugs, switches, plug boards, etc. Question 8: Categorise the materials of the following products into ‘can be recycled’ and ‘cannot be recycled’: Telephone instruments, plastic toys, cooker handles, carry bags, ball point pens, plastic bowls, plastic covering on electrical wires, plastic chairs and electrical switches. €. Answer 8: Plastic toys, carry bags, ball point pens, plastic bowls, plastic covering on electrical wires and plastic chairs can be recycled as these are the thermoplastic. Telephone instruments, cooker handles and electrical switches cannot be recycled as these are thermosetting plastics. Question 9: Rana wants to buy shirts for summer. Should he buy cotton shirts or shirts made from synthetic material? Advise Rana, giving your reason. € Answer 9: Rana is advised to buy a cotton shirt for summers because cotton absorbs the sweat and the pores in cotton allows easy evaporation and keeps our body cool, whereas synthetic shirts don't absorb sweat so, they are very uncomfortable to wear in summers. Question 10: Give examples to show that plastics are noncorrosive in nature, €. Answer 10: We can store various kinds of chemicals and other materials in plastic containers because they are non-reactive and does not react with water and ai > Teflon, a kind of plastic is used as a coating to manufacture non-stick cookware. > Bakelite is a poor conductor of heat and electricity so it is used for making electric switches and handles of the utensils. > Melamine is used for making floor tiles and kitchenware, ‘www:tiwariacademy.com AStep towards free education 2