CHAPTER-4 Differentiation = Constant. A culled a constant quantity. The integers actions, 7, ¢, etc Variable. A quantity whichean take up lferent alle a variable, A variable is usually represented as x,y, 2, etc Function. A guantity vis 2 vif corres ue of x there ex ite ‘ule of y.The phrase ‘y is a function of x’ is represented as Toillus der that y is function of the variable x as given by ya3x 47x42 If x= 1, theny=3 0 + and when x=2,y=3(2 Therefore, when the value of the variable x the value of the function y also changes but cor to the each ate, cons is changed, sponding, Hence 7 x + 2 represents a single-valued function of x value of x, we get a definite value of y y=32 -—= Consider that y is a function of the variable x as given by vena Following is true for the given function y 1. The given function 1 is defined for all values of x bu not for x = 2, For, if we set x ~2, we get (QF-4_0 =O =4 29 indeterminate «. for x iven function y cannot be found 2. The value of the given function y approaches 4, wh x tends to oF approaches 2, both from values smaller than 2 or from values greater than 2. The phrase “x tends to 2" or approaches 2 is mathematically represented as ‘x Let us first calculate the value of function y, when x>2 from the When x When When x When When x Let x + 2 from the values greater tha us now calculate the value of function y, (2.5)'-4 When 45 When Wher = 405; Wher 401; 201- If follows that when x > 2 thro or greater than 2, y 4 be ‘Symbolically, we write The limit of the function y in the given case ean also be found as below (x2) (242) ue i In the above expression xis not equal to 2. It only tends to 2. Likewise, the factor (x — 2) is not zero. Therefore, the factor (x = 2) occurring in numerator and denominator can be cancelled. Hence, In the study of the differential calculus, the following limits are often used sin Ax eft 1 Lt 2 Le arco Ax acho Ar 3. Lt (1+ Ax)! where ¢ is a mathematical constant and its value is 2718, ential cooficient ofa function is the limit increment in the function to the mall increment inthe variable (on which it depend The process of finding the derivative or the differential coefficient of a function wr. the variable, on which it depends, iscalled differentiation, Consider that yis a function of the variable x i. y=f0d ment inthe The value of the function y depends on the value of variable x. Therefore, ifthe variable xis given a smallincrement Ar, then the function will also receive a corresponding small increment Ay. In other words, ifthe value of the variablechanged to.x + Ax, the value of the function y will change to y+ Avie y+ Ay=fle + Ax) Therefore, change in the value of the function yis given by (+ AY) = y=fer+ AY =F) Ay =f(x + Ax) — fa) g both sides by Ar, wehave Ay _ fx tan fa) aon Ax Ax Ay fix tav= fa) The limiting value of * or : when Ax 0, iscalled the derivative or differential coefficient of y wart.xand isdenoted by © ty Ay A f+ An = fox Ax Thus, # (4.02) Here, WY is road as “differentiation of yw.r.t.¥ Geometrical meaning of “Y ; Consider that when the function y graph of the f x) is plotted, the ction is a curve as shown in Fig. 4.01 Y y+ Ay) Fig. 4.01 From the points P(x, y)andQ(x-+ Ax, y +Ay),drop PL and QM perpendiculars to the X-axis.Also, drop PN perpendicular to QM. Itfollows that OL x; OM=x+ Ax; PL=yand QM=y+Ay Now, slope of the chord PQ, sna QN_OM=MN _ (y+ AN) ~y “PN OM-OL (x Ax)—x mat r or x 4.03) Suppose that the point Q is slowly moved towards the point P. As we do so, the len andboth Avand Ay approach zero. In the limiting case, when, the point Q coincides with the point P ie. Ax becomes zero, the chord PQ becomes tangent to the curve at the point P. Now, when Av becomes zero, the slope of the chord given by the equation (4.03) will give the slope of the tangent to the curve at the point P. In the language o! h of the chord PQ decreases calculus, it is ted by Thus, dy dy Av Lt ar asso Ar Ity= f(x) and y + Ay =f (x + Ax) are the values of the function at the points P and Q respectively, then. (yt Ap -y=fe tA fo) or Ay= fOr + Av) = fo) Dividing both sides by Ax, we have Ay _ fort Ax)= f(x) ax Ax Therefore, when Av approaches zero, the equation (4.04) may be expressed as dy 40 Av flr+an— fay Le Le Ar a ax It s the same result as given by the equation (4.02), The concept of differentiation is made use of in physics in determining the instantaneous rate of change of a physical quantity «.r.t. some other quantity, which varies in a continuous manner. 1. The ratio of small increments in the function y and the variable x is called the avera, rate of change of y wart. x fabody covers a small distance ASin small time AV, then average velocity of the body, tgy = 22 Y al Again. ifthe velocity of abody changes by a small amount Aw insmall time AV, then average acceleration ofthe body, yy, = 2” 'y x 2. The limiting value of “¥, when Ax : ax 2 on Meee : sto x de iscalled the instantaneous rate of change of ywar.t.x. Thus, the differentiation of afunct taneous rate of ch Likewise, instantaneous velocity of the body, Ge aaa mu ate at Problem £01 Given y=? Find by aint Sol. Here, y= 22 Sup) wld) jose that x gets a small increment Ax, so that ding increment in y is equal to Ay. Then, y+ Ay= (r+ Ax “a Subtracting equation () from (fi), we have (y+ Ay y= (r+ Ax? = or Ay = 32 4 Ax 4 2x Av = x2 = Ax? 4 2r Av ‘binitio™ means ‘from the definition’ or “rom first principlesDividing both sides by Ax, we have y 5 Ax = * Taking limits of both sides as x > 0, we have 2x) Problem 4.02. Given y principles. Sol. Here, y @ Suppose that x gets a small increment Ax, so that the ing increment in y is equal to Ay. Then, 1 i y+ dy xe Ax tion (7 from (i), we have way) Ax) ar 2 Taking limits of both sides as Ax — 0, we have ay 1 Le Yee aoav arsol (e+e ty i a de x(e¥0) afi) Let y= 4.05) Suppose that x gets a small inerement Ax, so that the corresponding small increment in y is equal to Ay. Then, y+ Ay= (x4 Any" (4.06) Subtracting equation (4.05) from (4.06), we have (y+ Ay)—y= + Ant x" or Ay i Expandir Ay = (Av) | n(n=1) (Av)? (r} + oat n[ A) D(A Dividing both sides by Ax, we have AV grt MOAT) 2 Ac 2! Taking limits of both sides, as Av » 0, we have Ay " , Me ut dn + ody arco -1] + (av) J fo differentiate x ply it by the o Note. The problems 4.01 and 4.02 can be solved by using the above result for the differentiation of the standard function x" as belo To obtain the differential coefficient of a function of the result (4.07) alongwith the following general theorems of differentiation are found to be immense use, = 1. If ciscanstant, he 2 3 ify re wand ware function a 6lfy nis real number, then yd =e" =nx Problem 4.03. Find , when ax @ yade Gdy=8 4847 UiDy Sol.(i) Here, y =x Ising Theorem 6)(ii Here, y=x5 +0447 white © (Using Theo 44840 (Using Theorem: sxttaxt (iii) Hore, y= 32 + 4/2 = Wat reget ) (Using Theorem 6) 2x-2x 924 6x9 Problem 4.04. Find the derivatives of the followi (a@-32+ 94842-9402 x=3 Sol.) Lety=@3-32 +)U +2 = By applying Theorem 4, we have dy ey tgs +9tuser-p xP 3x2 44) xsl 42x -0) +4842 -)G8=3x20+0) (Using Theorems Tamed 6) (3-32 +) 00x 429 44.8 +2 -DG2-60 = 2x (1035 41) (9 3a +4) +3. 6-2) ad + 9x -) Gilet ~ 37 9x4 (4x —15) (-3)* Obtain the value of © 10. The area of a blot of ink is growing such that after ¢ seconds, its area is givenby A=GP +7)em?, Calculate the rate of increase of area at t= 5 seconds. 11. The area of acircle is given by A = 72, where ris the radius, Calculate the rate of increase of area w.rf, radius Obtain the differential coefficient of the following ee -Ar45) BB. Ox 8x4 B04 _ ortd Oat 16. 1282 aeart 31 asdeartt 5.20849 6.2ax+h 7. 15x4=344 82645 Sub at 10.30 em? 1.2ar 14x43 13,216.37 = M48 +Let y = (ax (4.08) Suppose that x gets a small increment Ax, so that the corresponding small increment in y is equal to Ay. Then, y+ Ay=la (x + Ax) +b} (4.09) Subtracting equation (4.08) from (4,09), we have (y+ Ay) = y= [a + Ax) +P" - Gr +1) or Ay = [lax + 8) + ax} = (ax +b)" (ax +b) ( ~~) | Expanding by Binomial theorem, w haf ane val l ne=) os} |+ acto) or laree ta" (Ax Taking limits of both sides, as Ax + 0, we have fax bY N+ n(u=l) 2? (act bY? Ax =nalact by! 404.40 # Y(ax+ by" nl ie. to differentiate (ax or = na lax + byrnl unity and multiply it by the original pox Note. The function such as y = (ax+ 5)" is called composite function ie. y is function of ax + b= u (Gay) and « is function of x. The result (4.10) can be easily obtained from the chain rule, which is stated as below If y is function of 1 and w is function of x, then ae J Let us now obtain the result (4.10)by applying the above chain rule. Let u=(ax +) Then, the function given by equation (1.08) may be expressed as Also, p= op (0+) = 7 (0x) +2) aeens “ rem 3) =1 tw) (Using Theorem 2) or 4.13) From the chain rule (4.11), we have equations (4.12) and (4.13), we have Usin, al which is the same result a fen by equation (4.10). By applying the chain rule, find the derivatives of the following: 1. Gx - 42 2 Jared Er 4. Ox +3) G=x) 5.x? + 39 + SH 6 10(3r—1) 7 9. (2x41) Let y= sin x 4.149) Suppose that x gets a small increment Ax, so that the corresponding small increment in y is equal to Ay. Then, y+ Ay = sin (x + Ax) 15) Subiracting equation (4.14) from (4.15), we have (y+ Ay) ~y = sin (r+ Ax) sin x (4.16) CHD Now, sin C = sin D = sin Therefore, equation (4.16) becomes race) Ay =2cos sin |“Ar) Ar = |sin Dividing both sides by Ax, we have sy _2¢0s (x+At/2)sin Ax/2 ar Ar ax sin ar/2 co Fare Taking limits of both sides as Ax + 0, we have te 8 ty fol SERN) hor” alto 2} as sin a aro Ax /2 ty sin at/2_,) o & { Lt 1 de Mare a or Gin x)= cos tan x ) 4.1) NENT EET ED) aaTrrcan nacht uae eee ee Tain (ax+8)) (x+)) 418) 4 Pees ( Lot y seas ay) Suppose that x gets a small increment Ax, so that the corresponding small increment in y is equal to Ay. Then, 4.20) y+ Ay =cos (x + AY) subtracting equation (4.19 from equation (420), we have (y+ Av) =¥ = 00s Gr + Ax) —c0s x 421 Now, cos C005 D=2 sin ©*P sin P=€ Therefore, equation (4.21) becomes Ay =2sin{2*A°** )einf 2 or Ay = Dividing Ay Av Av 2) ax/2 Taking limits of both sides as Ax — 0, we have a or Fe (eos) Note. If y= cos (a + 8), then from the chain rule, it can be proved that A [cos (ax+6)]=~a sin (ax +b) 4.23) Problem 4.04, Differentiate the following w.r.. x (sin Gx? = 5x +1) Gt cos Ye Sol. Here, y = sin Let 3:2? = 5x +1=0 Ther and =A (gin) = cos u= cos Gx? =5 From the chain rule, we have 108 3x2 = Sr + 1) x (x= 5) A(x = Sx+1}= (6x5) cos Bx? — 5x +1) (i Here, Let sin x Then, and From the chain rule, we have 1 4 ( x)= 08 a 2 sin x Git) Here, y =cos VX Let Vr =u Then, y (cos u) == sin w==sin Ve 7 da O84) From the chain rule, we haveFind the derivatives of the following wart. 1. sin (e+) 2. sin x2 3. si 4. sin Vi 8. ease 6, sin” x cos" x 2. sin fax ¥b 8. cos (x 1. 2cos Qx 41) 2. 2x cos x 6 x.€08"~ 1 x (m cos? x = 11 sin? x) cos fax Fb 7 = 6 Gx +5) sin Gr +5) Let (4.24) Suppose that x gets a small increment Ax, so that the corresponding inerement in y is equal to Ay, Then, y + Ay =e"? Subtracting equation (4.24) from equation (4.25), we have yt Ay Ax) Subtracting equation (4.28) from (4.29), we have (y+ Ay) =y =log, (x + Ax) = log, x Av 0, we have y et (ei) re MMe yy SE ex arso Av arso | Ar arse Ax Mey or L 1 ° arse AY Hence, , lence, 26) Note. If y = then from the chain rule, it can be proved that a 40) g gave dx Let y=log, (4.28) Suppose that x gets a small increment Ax, so that corresponding increment in y is equal to Ay. Then, or Ay=loge [1+ yt a) © tog (1422) ay 1 ws or aL igg rlog m= log Sav tos. % fg limits of both sides as Ax — 0, we have te Y= te Loa, (14 aro ax arsox aor Lt loge (1422) ay a o HiAyy we fitz} = dx Ax to a Hence, 4 tog, « ay Loe +] Note. IFy = log, (ax +3) Cette ded ae etree ceed at @ A ftoge (ox +6))= 8 Problem 105. Find the derivatives of the following wither (431 er (ii) log (sin) i) osin x (io) cos (log x) Sol. (i) Here, y =e" Let x2=0 Then, y = ¢ From the chain rule, we iy _ dy du ( Here, y = es Let sin x= u Then, y= iy_ dy du log (sin x) Let sin x Then, y du (sin x)= cos x1 dy = (logu)=1 = From the chain rule, we have ix du * dx 1 [log tin 2 iv) Here, y = cos (I Let log v= Then, y = Cos dud 1 (tog x) ix dx ¥ and = (cos u) =~ sin u = — sin (log ») From the chain rule, we have 1 ~sin (log x) x _ sin (log x) [eosttog 3) Find the derivatives of the following w.rs. x: De 4 oo) ax a (tan 2) = sec? x 2 (see x) = see tan x (cosec.x) == cosee x cot xCHAPTER-5 Integration = Consider that when the function y graph of the function is a curve as shown in Fi Y (9) is plotted, the 5.01 From the points P and Q.drop PL and QM perpendi - cularsto the X-axis, Suppose that we are interested in finding, the area POML under the curve PQ. Since itis not a regular geometrical figure (such asa rectangle, a square, a circle, etc no formula for evaluating the area is known to us. However, it is possible to calculate this area by making use of integral calculus. For this, we divide the whole area in to element strips, say each of width Ay as shown in the figure, Let ABC be the ith elementary strip. It follows that the area PQML is, equal to the sum of the areas of these 1 strips area PQML = Yarea ABCDof the ith stip { Suppose thatthe th elementary strip corresponds tthe points A xy) and B r+ Ax,y-+ Ay). Since Avis very small the Strip ABCD can be considered as a rectangle of height BC = AD =y and width Ax. Then, area of ith theelementary (5.01) stripe area ABCD= yx Ars f(x) Ax le y=fool Hence, from the equation (5.01), we have area POML= 5 f(3)A* (6.02) a Now, if mis increas sd, the width Av ofan elementary strip willalso decrease. In the limiting case, when 7-22, x —>0.It follows that in that event, the above summation will be exactly equal to the area POML. It is because, any error occuring in calculating the area PQML due to the approximation BC=AD =y willget eliminated, as Av ->0. Therefore, area POML= f(x) Av 5.03) WOL= equation 6.0 and OM=5, then in the language of calculus, the ea POML = [ f (x) and is read as integral off) w #.xbetween the limits x= Basically, integration is summation. The symbol | for integration owes its origin to letter S (for summation). The letter, when stretched, takes the shape of symbol | The concept of integration is used in physics to make measurements, when a physical quantity varies ina continuous manner. The following are a few examples: 1. Work done by a force is given as the product of the force (F) applied on the body and the distance (x) moved i.e Fxx The above expression holds only, when the force applied on the body remains constant over the whole distance. n case, the force does not remain constant over the whole distance, work done is calculated by making use of the concept of integration. The force F can be assumed to remain constant over an infinitesimally small distance dv. Then, small amount of work done, W =F dx and the work done to move the body through the distance x we aw or = W=| Far 2. Impulse due toa force is given as the product of the force (F) and the time() for which it acts, provided the force remains constant during the whole time interval. Again, in the ituation, when the force does not remain constant during the whole time interval (such as, when a cricketer hits the ball with hisbat) the impulse due to the force can notbe calculated tis calculated by making use of the cocept of integration as explained above for calculating the work done. As such, the impulse due to the force is given by Integration is the process of finding the function, whose derivative is given. For this reason, the process of integration iscal od inverse process of differentiation Consider a function f (2), whose jerivative wrt. xis another function f4 Tol= ro called the integration of FC), where e sealed constant of integration” Symbolicaly itis written as f poaiaen fee Here, f called integrand, f(x) dx is called element of {integration and the symbol | isthe sig for integration. Letusprogeed toobain integralofx wrt. Weknow that Since the process of integration is the inverse of +Dx sitferentiaion | "oe (n4a)[ x" axa" (Using ormuda 1) 1 #1 The above formula holds forall v ues of n, except = = L.Itis because, for = Since is differential coefficientof log, vie Similarly, the formulae for integration of some other functions can be obtained from our knowledge of the clifferential coefficients of various Functions -_ Following are a few basic formulae of integration el 1 | x" ax +6, provided 1 #—1 \ (ax 5)"* 2 | (ar+0)" r= 4 (v1) 4 (a 48) (ax +0) ail) 3. sinzar =-corrte [eZ (cosx)=—sinx cos ( 4. | sin (av+b)dx= (ax cos (ax +b) fa tion is included for the reason = (sin x)= cos x sin (ax +) 6 | cos(ax + j 2a to. log. (ax +b) de= 28 ¢ ay et) log. (ax +) = Teale) | = Theorem 1. The integral of the product of a constant and function ofx isequal to the product ofthe constant and integra fusction. Mathematically, where c is a constant and 1 isa function of x Theorem 2. Teinstegral ofthe sus (or difference) suum (or difference) of their integrals of functions is equal tot Mathematically, | (wtvzw)dr= | w vars | wax, where ,vand w are functions of x Problem 5.01. Integrate w.r-t.x: (x Gi Giiye/ sonia { ae ormula 1) wf + (Using formula 1 02. Evaluate{ (x? —cosx+4 Jax. > 1 cos x+2}ax xii)1 dix (Using Theorem 2) sin x + log, x +c i Be (in rma 3nd) 16, [ Ge saan = mina og, 1% 2-224 ¢ G 3. ~—+log. x 4. 5. (av+b) Problem 5.04. Evaluate | si Sol. We know that . sin? x dx sin3x+2sinx-te When a function is integrated between two specified x yo gsnar te limits, called lower and upper limits, itis called a definite evans | (0 integral. ; valuate | [e If # (Fa)= f'n, then | f” (x) dx iscalled an indefinite integral and is called a definite integral Here, @ and b are called lower and upper limits of the variable x After carrying out integration, the result is evaluated between uppel mits as explained below nd low POddr=| f=; @--o a | xP ax[IF cosx dx Problem 5.07. Evaluate | sol. | Jive 3.