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Basic Hydraulic
Basic Hydraulic
This book provides an introduction to hydraulics for those unfamiliar with hydraulic
systems and components, such as new users, novice salespeople, and fresh recruits of
hydraulics suppliers. To assist those people to learn hydraulics, this book offers the
explanations in a simple way with illustrations, focusing on actual hydraulic
applications.
The first edition of the book was issued in 1986, and the last edition (Pub. JS-100-1A)
was revised in 1995. In the ten years that have passed since then, this book has
become partly out-of-date. As hydraulic technologies have advanced in recent years,
SI units have become standard in the industrial world, and electro-hydraulic control
systems and mechatronics equipment are commercially available. Considering these
current circumstances, this book has been wholly revised to include SI units, modify
descriptions, and change examples of hydraulic equipment.
Conventional hydraulic devices are, however, still used in many hydraulic drive
applications and are valuable in providing basic knowledge of hydraulics. Therefore,
this edition follows the preceding edition in its general outline and key text. This book
principally refers hydraulic products of Yuken Kogyo Co., Ltd. as example, but does
mention some products of other companies, with their consent, for reference to
equipment that should be understood. We acknowledge courtesy from those
companies who have given us support for this textbook.
This edition was originally designed for the Japanese learners and is translated into
English, hoping to help assist future engineers of hydraulics in the international
community.
Some of the descriptions and figures in Chapters 11, 14, and 15 are extracted from
“Oil-Hydraulics - Handbook (Revised in 2001)”issued by the Japan Fluid Power
Association (JFPA). We express our deep appreciation to the Association.
・Units
For US units, use the following conversion formula:-
10.ACTUATORS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 58
10-1 Hydraulic Cylinders
10-2 Hydraulic Motors
10-3 Oscillating Motors
15.HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS……………………………………………………………………………… 82
15-1 Unload Circuits
15-2 Pressure Control Circuits
15-3 Speed Control Circuits
15-4 Filter Circuits
15-5 Synchronizing Circuits
15-6 Intensifying Circuits
15-7 Brake Circuits
15-8 Closed Circuits
TABLE of CONTENTS ■
WORLD OF HYDRAULIC DRIVE
1-1 Introduction
1-2 Basis of Hydraulics
1-1 Introduction
“Hydraulics”is one of drive systems to control machinery and equipment, comparable with pneumatics and electricity.
It was in the early 1900’s that practical hydraulic applications were first seen in the marketplace. A hundred years
before that,“water hydraulics,”the origin of the fluid power systems, emerged. Figure 1.1 traces the development
history of some typical water and oil hydraulics. Recently, production machinery and their drive systems have been
required to be environmentally friendly;“water hydraulics”is attracting attention again because of its cleanliness and
safety.
Agricultual machinery
Nessie technology
Radial piston pump
Axial piston pump
MIT-Gas servos
Hydraulic mains
Moon landing
Liquid spring
AC hydraulics
NASA work
Intensifier
Pascal (1623-1662) 1651
1877
1881
Dowty 1933
1945
1950
1960
Armstrong 1970
1980
1990
1994
2000
Constantinesco (1890-1964)
Towler
Twedell
Earnst
Water hydraulic
Oil hydraulic