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150 views68 pagesLinux Coding Tricks and Tips - 14th Edition 2023
Uploaded by
grm clubCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 68
Linux
4! Coding
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Next level fixes
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We share our
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Linux Coding Tricks & Tips is the perfect digital publication
for the user that wants to take their skill set to the next
level. Do you want to enhance your user experience? Or
wish to gain insider knowledge? Do you want to learn
directly from experts in their field? Learn the numerous
short cuts that the professionals use? Over the pages of this
essential advanced user guide you will learn
everything you will need to know to
become a more confident, better
skilled and experienced owner.
A user that will make the
absolute most of their coding
use and ultimately Linux itself.
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Journey contin
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An achievement you can earn inform and ultimate
by simply enabling us to inspire you to y
exclusively help and teach you 90 Furthep.
the abilities we have gained over
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into any form they wish. A Linux user can change their OS look and feel from
one day to the next, install thousands of freely available apps and programs
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on Linux
Python is a fantastic programming language,
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7 Why Python?
There are many different programming languages available For the modern computer,
and some still available For older 8 and 16-bit computers too. Some of these languages
are designed for scientific work, others for mobile platforms and such. So why choose
Python out of all the rest?
PYTHON POWER
Ever since the earliest home computers were available, enthusiasts, users and professionals have toiled away until the wee
hours, slaving over an overheating heap of circuitry to create something akin to magic.
‘These pioneers of programming carved their way into anew
frontier, Forging smal routines that enabled the letter’ to scroll.
‘across the screen. lt may not sound terribly exciting to a generation
that's used to ultra high-definition graphics and open world, multi
player online gaming, However, forty something years ago it was
blindingly biliant.
Naturally these bedroom coders helped form the foundations For
‘every piece of digital technology we use today. Some went on to
become chief developers for top software companies, whereas
‘others pushed the available hardware to its limits and Founded the
billion pound gaming empire that continually amazes us.
Regardless of whether you use an Android device, (OS device, PC,
‘Mac, Linux, Smart TV, games console, MP3 player, GPS device builtin
to-acar, set-top box or athousand other connected and‘smart’
appliances, behind them allis programming,
Allthose aforementioned digital devices need instructions to tell,
them what to do, and allow them to be interacted with, These
instructions Form the programming core ofthe device and that core
canbe built using a variety of programming languages.
‘The languages in use today differ depending on the situation, the
platform, the device's use and how the device will interact with its
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coli. cetcount() = 015 ‘environment or users. Operating systems, such as Windows, macOS
‘and such are usually a combination of C++, Ci, assembly and some
Form of visual-based language. Games generally use C++ whilst web
pages can use a plethora of available languages such as HTML, Java,
Python and so on,
More general-purpose programming is used to create programs,
‘pps, software or whatever else you want to cal them. They're
widely used across all hardware platforms and suit virtually every
conceivable application. Some operate Faster than others and some
{are easier to learn and use than others. Pythons one such general-
purpose language.
Python is what's known asa High-Level Language, in that it ‘talks
to the hardware and operating system using a variety of arrays,
variables, objects, arithmetic, subroutines, loops and countless
‘more interactions, Whilst it’s not a streamlined as a Low-Level
Language, which can deal directly with memory addresses, cal
stacks and registers, ts benefits that it's universally accessible
and easy to learn,
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Javaisa powerful
language that's used in
web pages, set-top boxes,
‘TWsand even cars.
Why Python? ow
Python was created over twenty sixyears ago and has evolved to
become an ideal beginners language for learning how to program a
computer. I's perfect forthe hobbyist, enthusiast, student, teacher
and those who simply need to create their own unique interaction
between either themselves or apiece of extemal hardware and the
computer itself
Python is free to download, install and use andis avaliable for Linux,
Windows, macOS, MS-DOS, 05/2, BeOS, IBM series machines, and
even RISCOS. Ithas been vated one ofthe top five programming
languages in the world and is continually evolving ahead of the
hardware and internet development curve.
So to answer the question: why python? Simply put, it's free, easy to
learn, exceptionally powerful, universally accepted, effective and a
superb learning and educational tool.
BASIC was once the starter language that early
S:bithome computer users learned.
Python is a more modern take on BASIC,
‘and makes for an ideal beginner's programming language. TP Python on Linux
How to Set Up
Python in Linux
PYTHON PENGUIN
Linux is such a versatile operating system that it's often difficult to nail down just one way of doing something. Different
distributions go about installing software in different ways, so we're sticking with Linux Mint For this particular tutorial.
Feyouneedtoncetainidhecionl rehon ESERSER nour ce ve ve btyten 2a
Sua? is currently installed in your Linux system. To begin. a? 3
as ong as Python [Link] installed, then the code in
ur tutorials wll work. Its always worth checking to seeif the distro
has been updated with the latest versions, so enter: sudo. apt-get
a —_ update && sudo apt-get upgrade to update the system,
davidedavid-Mint:~
with, drop into Terminal session From your distro’s menuor hit the
CertealteT keys
Fle Et View Search Terminal Help
Crees |
FETIP Nextenter python --version into the Terminal [ESPFM once the update and upgrade completes, enter:
screen. You should have the output relating to python3 --version again o see if Python 3x
version 2.x of Pythan inthe display. By installed; as long as you have Python 3.x, you're
running the most recent major version. The numbers after the 3
indicate patches and further updates. Often they/re unnecessary
but can contain vital new elements.
ult, most Linuxdlstros__ is updated or
come with both Python 2 and 3, as there's plenty of code out there
stil available For Python 2. Now enter: python3 =-version.
anvidavis ine = eet BPR sve you wantte tex, cating edge
Suns version, you need to build Python From source. Start
by entering these commands into the Terminal:
sudo apt-get install build-essential checkinstall
sudo apt-get install Libreadline-gplv2-dev
Libncursesw5-dev Libssl-dev Libsqlite3-dev tk-dev
Libgdbm-dev Libc6-dev Libbz2-dev
ESTED Within the Python Folder, enter:
/confgure
sudo make altinstall
This could take a while depending on the speed of your computer,
Once Finished, enter:python3.7 --version tocheck the
installed latest version. You now have Python 3.7 installed, alongside
‘older Python [Link] and Python 2
(Open up your Linux web browser and go to
the Python download page: [Link]/
‘downloads. Click on Downloads Followed by the button under
the Python Source window. This opens a download dialogue box;
‘choose a location and start the download process.
‘of the downloaded Python source code with: tar ~xvF Python=
3.Y.Y.-[Link] replacing the Y's with the version numbers,
you've downloaded. Now enter the newly unzipped folder with ed
Python-3.Y.¥/
Inthe Terminal, go the Downloads Folder by
entering cd Downloads/. Then unzip the contents
BeTeEED othe GULIDLE, you need to enter the following
‘command into the Terminal:
sudo apt-get install idle3
The IDLE can then be started with the command idle3. Note that
IDLE runs different version from the one you installed from source,
FETE ERE You stsoneed PIP (ip installs Packages) whichis
tooltohelp you install more modiulesand extras.
Enter: sudo apt-get install python3-pip
\When PIP installed, check for the latest update with:
pip3 install —upgrade pip
When complete, close the Terminal and Python 3.x willbe available
via the Programming section in your distro's menu:
How to Set Up Python in Linux
; 42 my Python on Linux
Starting Python for
the First Time
TNMs eo ial aac carck kena uy
you will need to manually install the Python IDLE. This is due to the Pi team removing
the core Python IDLE in Favour of their own coding text editor.
STARTING PYTHON
For those using the Pia and new Raspbian, drop into a Terminal and enter: sudo apt-get install idle3. Older versions of
Raspbian already have the official Python IDLE pre-installed.
With the Raspbian desktop adedcickonthe ERIN roc example, inthe sheltenter. 242
Men bution Followed by Programming Python fer ress Ente the ex ne splays the
30DLE, This opensthe Python 3shel Wndowsand Mac werscan_ answer 4 Basal Pjthon estate hee’ and prosucedthe
find the Python 3 DLE Shel om wthinthe Windows Star button eleventeuput
inet nie ee
FETTER The shelliswhere you can enter code andsee the RAWAM The Python shell acts very much tke a calculator,
responses and output of code you've programmed since code i basicaly a series of mathematical
into Python. This sakind of sandbox, where you're able totryout interactions with the system. Integers, which are the infinite
some simple code and processes. sequence of whole numbers can easly be added, subtracted,
‘multiplied and so on, y
(Starting Python for the First Time ow
FETED While thats very interesting it's not particularly BETEE The Psthon IDLE sa configurable environment.
exciting, Instead, try this: you dont like the way the coloursare represented,
os then you can always change them via Options > Configure IDLE and
brint(“Hel toeveryone!”) clicking on the Highlighting tab, However, we dortt recommend
ust enter itinto the IDLE as youve done in the previous steps that, as you wont be seeing the same as our screenshots.
ee eee
«
‘Thisisa little more lke it, since youve just produced ust like most programs availabe, regardless of the
{your first bit of code. The Print commands Fairly ‘operating system, there are numerous shortcut
self-explanatory, itprints things, Python 3 requires the rackets_s__keysavalable. We don't have room for them all here but within the
well as quote marks in order to output content tothe screen, inthis Options > Configure IDLE and under the Keystab, you can see lis,
‘case the Hello everyone! bit ofthe curent bindings.
>>> print("Hello everyone |
Hello everyone! Pe
>>> | ["Tinneense stein
|
Farce Youmnsy have noticed the colour coding within BEER the Python IOLE is a power interface and one
the Python IDLE. The colours represent different that’s actually been written in Python using one
‘elements of Python code. They are: of the available GUI tools. you want to know the many ins and
‘outs of the Shel, we recommend you take a few moments to view
Black Data and Variables Eke Use eons [Link]/3/ibrary/[Link], which detalls many of
Green Strings Dark Red ~Comments ee
Purple—Functions Light Red ~Error Messages
‘Orange- Commands asm
IDLE Colour Coding
[eetear— veetor_exeneies |
Pure | Funaions | aend) meine
tres [Enormessoes | syntanteroe
Sree Your First Code
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Cn ola Mit ae eMC OU MM eR MLE -Uco UM ee Xo) 1g Col oO (leek dora eT] Las Colo) 1
entering your code and playing around with some other Python examples.
PLAYING WITH PYTHON
‘With most languages, computer or human, it's all about remembering and applying the right words to the right situation.
You're not born knowing these words, so you need to learn them.
iF youve closed Python 3 DLE, reopen tin You can see thatinstead ofthe number 4, the
BALE icheveroperting system version you pretend cots isthe 2-2you asked to be printed tothe
the Shell, enter the Familiar folowing screen. The quotation marks ae defining whats being outputted
ee tothe IDLE Shel: to print the total of 2+2 you need to remove
print(*Hello") lereaes
print (22)
“sto predicted the word Hel poets inthe You can continue seh, printing 22, 4642343
Suda ‘Shell as blue text, indicating output From a string. Suz? and so on to the Shell. An easier way is to use a
Its Fairly straightforward and doesn't require too much explanation. —_ variable, which is something we will cover in more depth later. For
Now try ow, enter:
print(*242") a2 What you have done here isassign the letters a
and b two values:2 and 2. These are now variables,
hich can be called upon by Python to output, add, subtract, divide
{and s0 on For as long as their numbers stay the same, Try this:
print(a)
print(b)
‘Ue Est a ay tem o_o
Your First Code e 1
Now let's add a surname:
Sid
‘surnane="Hayward”
print(surnane)
‘Younow have two variables containing a First name and a surname
and you can print them independentiy
(pe EO te Gun ene res wen
BTTEREED The output ofthe last step displays the current
values of bath a and b individually, as you've asked
them to be printed separately. F you want to add them up, you can,
use the following
print (a+b)
‘This code simply takes the values ofa and b, adds them together
and outputs the result.
‘De tar Oot beg Sours wnat He
‘oucan lay around wth ferent Kinds of arabes
Su? and the Print Function. For example, you could
assign variables for someone's name:
rrame="David”
print(nane)
ERTeEED we were to apply the same routine as before,
using the + symbol, the name wouldn't appear
correctly inthe outputin the Shell. Try
print(nane+surname)
‘Youneed a space between the two, defining them as two separate
values and not something you mathematically play around with,
‘oe bet) tes game uote
FETS REED | Python 3 you can separate the two variables,
‘with aspace using a comma:
print(name, surname)
‘Alternatively, you can add the space yourself:
print(nane+" “+surnane)
“The use of the comma is much neater, as you can see,
Congratulations, you've just taken your fist steps into the wide
‘world of Python.
ine eae rt cnt or are tration, my Python on Linux
Saving and Executing
Your Code
While working in the IDLE Shell is perfectly Fine for small code snippets, it's not
designed for entering longer program listings. In this section you're going to be
introduced to the IDLE Editor, where you will be working from now on.
EDITING CODE
‘You will eventually reach a point where you have to move on From inputting single lines of code into the Shell. Instead, the
IDLE Editor will allow you to save and execute your Python code.
ESTEEM Fist open the Python IDLE Shell andwhen its up, JME You can see that the same colour codingis in place
click on File > New File. This wil open a new window in the IDLE Editorasitisin the Shell, enabling you
‘with Untitled asitsname. This isthe Python IDLE Editor and withinit to better understand what's going on with your code. However, to
you can enter the code needed to create your Future programs. execute the code you need to first save it, Press FS and you get 2
Save...Check box open.
ESTER The IDLEEditor is, for allintents and purposes,a FETEEEDD lickonthe OK button in the Save box and select a
simple text editor with Python features, colour Save As from within the Editor
to create abackop,
(EB Fame Bin tin nm ep
cre
FETTER you open the ile location of the saved Python
code, you can see that itends in [Link] extension,
Thisis the default Python file name. Any cade you create willbe
\[Link] and any code downloaded from the many Internet
Python resource sites willbe py. Just ensure that the code s written
For Python 3
Now create anew file, Close the Editor, and open
anew instance (File > New File from the Shel).
Enter the Following and save itas hello py:
a-"Python”
be"is”
cool!”
print(a, b, c)
‘Youwill use this code in the next tutorial
1 tame br we PY Python on tinux
Executing Code
From the Terminal
COMMAND THE CODE
Using the code we created in the previous tutorial, the one we named [Link], let's see how you can run code that was made
inthe GUI at the command line level.
Artenintins oevah ne posbiewarct ERRIRE vow ours comand ine wecanet
Sud? ‘executing code via the command line. One of the Python. For Python 3 you need to enter the
‘waysis with Python 2, whist the other uses the Python 3libraries command python3 and press Enter. This will put you into the
and so on First though, drop intothe command ine of Terminalon command line version ofthe Shell, with the Familiar three right
your operating system, Facing arrows asthe cursor (>>)
ED estes before,
Windows users will,
the Start button and =
search for CMD, then clickthe
Command Line returned search;
You can see that it works exactly the same,
and macOs users can get access
totheir command ine by licking
Go> utlities > Terminal Executing Code from the Terminal ty
BED oreessestotstenettecrmaaineryten BEEF teense thon snd emt
previous tutorial and lst the available Files within; hopefully you way Python 3 handles the Print command over Python 2, the result
should ee the hello,py File,
isn't as we expected, Using Sublime For the moment, open the
hellopy ie.
ce Sublime Text isnt available forthe Raspberry
smamecmccngcie” — EEED :
Pi, you're going to temporarily leave the Pi forthe
‘moment and use Sublime as an example that you don't necessarily
reed to use the Python IDLE. With the [Link] file open, alterit to
Pyttions ELOY Py) include the following “ee
Thiswill execute the code we created, which to remind you is pane inout emiatetsryourananaracD
python” print(“Hello,”, name)
print(a, b, c)
Natural since this isPython 3 code using the Save the hellopy fe and drop back tothe
Su? ‘syntax and layout that's unique to Python 3, it only UES
command line. Now execute the newly saved
works when you use the python3 command. IFyou tke, ry thesame cade with:
with Python 2 by entering: —
python [Link]
The result willbe the original Python is cool statement, together
with the added input command asking you For your name, and
ying it in the command window. * ry * * * * *
Sa
ack aaa
nem.
Pa y» Python on Linux
Numbers and Expressions
ANAM M YE eA Le aT UAT Ie Cel oot kel A Lea SCORE LCR TeLe SOTA Rey
like. Let's expand on that now and see just how powerful Python is as a calculator. You
eR ee MULE aN eno) Aaah) Kem aan ae) cole Cen Come U New File) and create a simple variable and uz? ‘output in the IDLE Shell is still the same as before,
print command: despite the extra lines being added. Simply put, the hash symbol (#)
denotes aline of text the programmer can insert to inform them,
mie and others, of what's going on without the user being aware
print(*The value of A is,”, 0)
‘Save the fileand execute the code.
uring the code wl erate the The value of A Letsassue thatthe variable that weve created
Suda is, 10 into the IDLE Shell window, which is what we uz? is the number of lives in a game. Every time the
expected. Now, add some of the types of comments you'd normally player dies, the value is decreased by 1. The programmer could
see within code: insert. aroutine along the lines of
# Set the start value of A to 10 ana
an10 print(“You've just lost a life!")
# Print the current value of A print(“You now have”, a, “Lives left!")
print(“The value of A is,”, a) Whilst we know that the variable As lives, and
that the player has just lost one, a casual viewer or
someone checking the code may not know, Imagine For a moment
that the code is twenty thousand lines long, instead of just our
seven, You can see how handy comments ae.
Bay
Essentially, the new code together with comments
couldlook tke:
x
# Set the start value of A to 10
anid
‘# Print the current value of A
print(“The value of A is,”, a)
‘# Player lost a life!
o-a-1
# Inform player, and display current value of A
lives)
print(*You've just lost a life!”
print(*You now have", a, “Lives left!")
C
(_ Using Comments ow
PEPER cine comments are comments that follow a section
‘of code. Take our examples from above, instead of
inserting the code on a separate line, we could use:
a=10 # Set the start value of A to 10
print(“The value of A is,”, a) # Print the current
value of A
ana-1 # Player lost a life!
print(“You’ve just lost a life!”)
print(“You now have”, a, “Lives left!”) # Inform
player, ond display current value of A (Lives)
BPP the comment, the hash symbol, can also be used to
‘comment out sections of code you dor‘t want to be
‘executed in your program. For instance, if you wanted to remove
the first print statement, you would use:
# print(“The value of A is,”, a)
4 print "The value of A is,
Player lost’ life!
F Inform player. and display current value of & (Lives)
prantc-vou've just lost a, 1ifet").
rane(-You now have", 3, “lives Lefe!~)
| Friction. alin of 4
‘Youcan use comments in different ways. For
example, Block Comments area large section of
text that details what's going on inthe code such as telling the code
reader what variables you're planning on using:
# This is the best game ever, and has been
developed by a crack squad of Python experts
# who haven’t slept or washed in weeks. Despite
being very smelly, the code at least
# works really well.
FEET BD) You also use three single quotesto comment
‘uta Black Comment or multi-line section oF
comments. Place them before and after the areas you want to
comment for them to work:
This is the best game ever, and has been developed
by a crack squad of Python experts who haven’t
slept or washed in weeks. Despite being very
smelly, the code at least works really well. my Python on Linux
Working with Variables
NARMS CUN RTL nana eae neore Clee eee
worth going through the way they operate and how Python creates and assigns certain
Neo WU (om
VARIOUS VARIABLES
You'll be working with the Python 3 IDLE Shelt in this tutorial. IF you haven't already, open Python 3 or close down the previous
IDLE Shelt to clear up any old code.
Insome programming lrguages youre required Yeu've seen previously that vaibles can be
us to use a dollar sign to denote a string, which is Suze ‘concatenated using the plus symbol between the
variable made up of multiple characters, such asa name of a person. variable names. In our example we can use: print (name + “:
In Python this isnt necessary. For example, inthe Shell enter: “+ tittle). The middle part between the quotations allows us to
name="David Hayward” (or use your own name, unless you're adda colon and a space, as variables are connected without spaces,
also called David Hayward). so we need to ade them manually.
[ie Est oh Dn Gt aoe
‘You can check the type of variable in use by HEED Youcan also
BD sing the ype commond, placing thename of — aa combine varibles
the variable inside the brackets. nour example, his would be. within another variable. For
‘type (name). Add anew tring variable: titles"Descended example, combine bath name
from Vikings”, and title variables into anew:
variable we use:
character-name +
title
2 “Then output the content of the
new variable as:
Ste acne re viking print (character)
eet
Numbers are stored as different
variables:
age-44
Type (age)
Which, as we know, are integers. However, you can’t combine both strings and
integer type variables in the same command, asyou
‘would a set of similar variables. You need to elther turn one intothe
‘other or vie versa, When you do try to combine both, you get an,
‘error message’
print (name + age)
Working with Variables ow
PEPER This presents a bit of aprablem when you want to
‘work with a number that's been inputted by the
User, as age + 10 won't work due to being a string variable and an,
integer, Instead, youneed to enter:
int(age) + 10
“This wil TypeCast the age string into an integer that can be
‘worked with,
gta sear in ec tr mei
‘hiss a process known as TypeCasting. The Python
code is:
aa
print (character +
old.”)
“is “4 strCage) + * years
‘or you can use!
print (character, “is, age, “years old.")
Notice again that in the last example, you don't need the spaces.
between the words in quotes a the commas treat each argument
to print separately
>>> print (name + age)
‘Traceback (most recent call Last)
File “™, line 1, n
print (nave * age)
Typetrror: can't convert ‘int’ object to str implicitly
S38"prane (character +" s='" + str(age) +." years old
David Hayward: Descended fron Vikings is 14 years olds
SSs'print (character, "is", age, years old.-)
David Hayward: Descended from Vikings is 48 years old.
‘Another example of TypeCasting is when you ask For
input from the user, such asa name. for example,
enter:
‘age= input (“How old are you? “)
All data stored from the Input commands stored asa string variable.
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Suelo usually converts the integer to a Float, but should
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doesn't return the exact value. When corwerting a Flat to an
integer, Python wil always round down to the nearest integer,
called truncating; in our case instead of 19.99 t becomes 19,
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User Input
We've seen some basic user interaction with the code from a Few of the examples
earlier, so now would be a good time to Focus solely on how you would get information
from the user then store and presenti.
USER FRIENDLY
‘The type of input you want from the user will depend greatly on the type of program you're coding. For example, a game may
‘ask For a character's name, whereas. database can ask for personal details.
Witsotatetopentne neon] [Link],— ERTRRE vow: etree vss ranestoredine
cue and start a New File in the Editor. Let’s begin with uz? ‘couple of variables we can call them up whenever
something realy simple, enter we want:
print (“Hello”) print(*Welcome”, firstnane, surnane, “. I hope
firstname-input(‘What is your first nane? “) you're well today.”)
printC*Thanks.")
Surnanesinput(“And what is your surname? “)
Saveand execute the code, andasyouaeady no fun the code and youan see ashtissue, the
Suda doubt suspected, in the IDLE Shell the program will Suz? full stop after the surname follows a blank space.
{ask for your first name, storing its the variable firstname, followed To eliminate that we can add a plus sgn instead of the comma in
by your surname; also stored in its own variable (surname). the code:
printC‘Welcome”, firstname, surnames. I hope
you're well today.”) User Input ow
PEPE You don't always have to indude quoted text within
the input command. For example, you can ask the
User their ame, and have the input inthe line below
print(‘Hello. What’s your name?*)
‘name=input()
userinput py - homne/pi/Documents/Python Code/us,
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rant Welle. What's your nane?™)
ane=input()
‘What you've created here's a condition, which we
ull cover soon. In short, we're using the input from
the user and measuring it against a condition, So, i the user enters
David a their name, the guard wil allow them to pass unhindered.
Else, iFthey enter a name other than David, the guard challenges
them to aight.
Sia}
‘The code from the previous step is often regarded
as being alittle neater than having a lengthy
Siar
‘amount of textin the input command, but it’s not arule that’s set in
Stone, so do as you lke in these situations. Expanding on the code,
try this
printC*Halt! Who goes there?’
‘name=input()
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It'sa good star toa text adventure game, perhaps?
Now you can expand on it and use the raw input
from the user to flesh out the game a litle:
STEP 7
if name=="Davia":
print(“Welcone, good sir. You may pass.”)
else
print(“T know you not. Prepare for battle!”)
mapas) e
eine aka, ied ie. You ay pas.)
PPD 2us:2s you learned previously, any input froma
User is automatically a string, so you need to apply a
TypeCast in order to tumit into something else. Thiscreatessome
Interesting additions to the input command. For example:
# Code to calculate rate and distance
printC*Input @ rate and a distance”)
rate = floatCinput(“Rate: “))
Foees Hostclaptttte!
FETE ERERD 7 Finalise the rate and distance code, we can ade:
distance = floatCinputC*Distance: “))
printC"Time:”, (distance / rate))
Save and execute the code and enter some numbers Using the
float{nput element, weve told Python tat anything entered isa
floating point number rather than a string, my» Python on Linux
Creating Functions
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Conditions and Loops
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complex. How you use them depends greatly on what the program is trying to achieve;
they could be the number of lives left in a game or just displaying a countdown.
TRUE CONDITIONS
Keeping conditions simple to begin with makes learning to program a more enjoyable experience. Let's start then by checking
iFsomething is TRUE, then doing something else if tint.
Lets create new Pthon program that vl ask
cue the user to input a word, then check it to see if it's
afouretter word or not. Start with File > New File, and begin with
the input arable
word-input(“Please enter a four-letter word: “)
Suda function and pass the word variable through it to.
get the total number of letters the user has just entered:
word-input (“Please enter a four-letter word: “)
word_Length=Len(word),
Now we can create a newvariable, then use the len
EB) Now you can useanif statementto check ifthe
BMD ror tons variables equal to four and rine a
friendly conformation if it applies tothe rule:
word-input(“Please enter a four-letter word: “)
word_length=len(word)
if word length — 4:
print (word, “is a four-letter word. Well done.”)
“The double equal sign ==) means checkif somethings equal to
something else
FETED The colon at the end of tells Python that if this
statements true do everything after the colon
that's indented, Next, move the cursor back tothe beginning of
the Editor:
wordsinput(“Please enter a four-letter word: “)
word_length=Len(word)
if word_length == 4:
print (word, “is a four-letter word. Well
done.)
else:
print (word, “is not a four-letter word.”) Press FS and save the cade to executelt. Enter
a Fourletter word inthe Shell to begin with, you
the word is four letters
his time enter a
i display that it’s not aFourletter word,
should have the returned message tha
Now press FS again and rerun the program but
Five-letter word, The Shell
LOOPS
Conditions and Loops ow
Now expand the code to include another conditions.
Ma)
Eventually it could become quite complex. We've
addeda condition for three-letter words:
word-input(“Please enter a four-letter word: “)
word_length=Len(word)
if word length = 4
print (word, “is @ four-letter word. Well
done.”)
elif word_length =
print (word, “is a three-letter word. Try again.”)
als
print (word, “is not a four-letter word.”
‘Aloop looks quite similar to a condition but they are somewhat different in their operation. A loop will run through the same
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Python on Linux
Python Modules
MASTERING MODULES
In this instance we're using Windows 10 to demonstrate installing modules, since they're already there in Pi OS. The same
steps apply for those Linux distro that don't Feature any modules, so don’t worry about cross platform compatibility.
ERED vst good te bitin functions win ts
limited. The use of modules, however, allows us
tomake more sophisticated programs. As you are aware, modules,
are Python scripts that are imported, such as import math,
a STEP 3 ) ‘The resultis an errorin the IDLE Shell asthe
Pygame module isnt recognised or instal
Python. To installa module we can use PIP (Pip Installs Packa
Close down the IDLE Shell and drop into a command prompt o
Terminal session, At an elevated admin command prompt, enter:
pip install. pygane
FETED some modules, especially on the Raspberry Pi
ri modules aren't always available. A good
example on non-Pi platforms is the Pygame module, which contains
many Functions to help create games, Try: import pygame.
Ee The PIP installation requires an elevated status
due i installing components at different locations.
Windows users can search For CMD via the Start button and right
click the result then click Run as Adminis Mac users
canuse the Sudo command, with s
ator, Linux ani Close the command prompt or Terminal and
relaunch the IDLE Shell, When you now enter:
‘import: pygane, the module wll be imported into the code
without any problems. You'll Find that most code downloaded or
copied from the internet will contain a module, mainstream of
Unique, these are usually the source of eras in execution due to,
them being missing.
&
Python Modules ow
PEPER Muttiote modules can be imported within your code.
[Link] our example, use
import random
‘import. math
for I in range(s):
print ([Link](1, 25))
print([Link])
ia oat
PPM the modules containthe extra code needed to
achieve acertain result within your own code, as
‘we've previously experimented with. For example:
import random
Brings in the code from the Random Number Generator module.
‘You can then use this module to create something lke
for i in range(10):
print([Link](1, 25))
a
BETS The resultis a string of random numbers Followed
by the value of Pas pulled from the Math module
Using the print(math.p) Function. You can also pullin certain
Functions From a module by using the from and import commands,
suchas:
from random import. randint
for i in range(5):
print(randint(1, 25))
Boe =
This code, when saved and executed, will display ten
Sus random numbers from 1 to 25. You can play around
withthe code to dsplay more orlss and froma resto leser
range. For example:
import random
for i in range(25):
[Link](1, 100))
ES eGRED Tishelpscreate a more streamlined approach to
programming, You can also use import module*,
‘which wil import everything defined within the named module.
However, it's often regarded as a waste of resources but it works.
nonetheless. Finally, nodules can be imported as aliases:
‘import math as m
print([Link]
OF course, adding comments helps to tell others what's going on.
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C++ is the driving Force behind most of what you use ona
daily basis, which makes ita complex and extraordinarily
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ifnotall, operating systems.
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Linux using a Raspberry Pi, From there, you can begin to
Crete
oe cD 4 » C++ on Linux
Why C++?
C++ is one of the most popular programming languages available today. Originally
called C with Classes, the language was renamed C++ in 1983. It’s an extension of the
original C language and is a general purpose object-oriented (OOP) environment.
C EVERYTHING
Due to how complex the language can be, and its power and performance, C++ is often used to develop games, programs,
device drivers and even entire operating systems.
Dating back to 1979, the start of the golden era of home computing labs and by regular people who didrit have access tothe
‘computing, C++, or rather C with Classes, was the brainchild of ‘mainframes and large computing data centres.
Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup while working on his
PAD thess. Stroustrup's plan was to further the original language, _C++'simpactin the digital world isimmense. Many of the programs,
‘which was widely used since the early seventies applications, games and even operating systems are coded using
C++. For example, all of Adobe's major applications, such as
‘CH proved to be popular among the developers ofthe'80s, Photoshop, InDesign and so on, ae developed in C+. You wil find
since ie was a much easier environment to get to grips with and that the browser you suf the Internet with written in C++, as
more importantiy, I was 99% compatible withthe original C well as Windows 10, Microsoft Office and the backbone to Google's
language. This meant that it could be used beyond the mainstream search engine, Apple's macOS fs written largely in C+ (with some
GS (C++ code is much faster than that of Python.
1] #include
2 | using namespace std;
3 | void main()
4 |D(char ch;
5 cout<<"Enter a charater to check it is vowel or not";
6 cin>>ch;
7 switch (ch)
8 jo (
9 case'a': case'A':
10 cout< ononds Indu comonents Language pucks
wom Summary
a a aa ce pg ee
SG (Microsoft's Visual Studio is great,
free environment to learn C++ in.
‘other languages mixed in depending on the function) and the likes begin with Python and spend some time getting to gris with
‘of NASA, SpaceX and even CERN use C++ for various applications, programming structure and the many ways and means in which
programs, controls and umpteen other computing tasks. you Find a solution toa problem through programming. Once
you can happily power up your computer and whip
‘out @ Python program with one hand tied behind
your back, then move on to C++. OF course,
there's nothing stopping you from jumping
straight into C++; if you Feel up to the task,
go for it.
CH is also extremely efficient and performs
vwellacross the board as wells being an
‘easier addition to the core Clanguage.
This higher level of performance over
‘ther languages, such as Python, BASIC
and such, makes itan ideal development
‘environment for modern computing,
hence the aforementioned companies
using it so widely
Getting to use C+ is as easy as Python, al
‘you need isthe right set of tools in which
[Link] withthe computer in
C+ and you can start your journey. ACr+
IDEs Free of charge, even the immensely
powerful Visual Studio From Microsoft
isfreely available to download and use.
You can get into C++ From any operating
system, be it macOS, Linux, Windows or even
mobile platforms.
while Python i a great programming
language to learn, C++ puts the developer
ina much wider world of coding. By
mastering Ci, you can Find yourselF
developing code forthe likes of Microsoft, Apple
‘and so on, Generally, C++ developers enjoy ahigher
salary than programmers of some other languages and
{due to its versatility, the C++ programmer can move between Just tke Python, to answer the question of Why Cr+ isthe
jobs and companies without the need to relearn anything specific, answer fs because i's Fast, efficient and developed by mast of the
However, Pythan isan easier language to begin with. If you're applications you regularly use. I's cutting edge and a fantastic
completely new to programming then we would recommend you language to master.
Indeed, the operating system you're
Using is written in C++.
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Windowst0 Mac debian ubuntu my » C++ on Linux
Your First C++ Program
The Raspberry Pi makes for a great coding base on which to learn C++. You won't need
any complicated, third-party IDEs or to install any extra components. Everything you
need to get started is already built into the Pi.
HELLO, WORLI
Its traditional in programming for the first code to be entered to output the words Hello, World!’ to the screen. Interestingly,
this dates back to 1968 using a language called BCPL.
PETTIED voucan usethe included Geary Programmer's PTSD ccocsit look ike much at the moment but you can
Editor to write, compile and execute your C++ code ‘get into what the C++ header commands mean in
‘on the Raspberry Pi You can find Geary as the first entry in the due course. Geany uses syntax highlighting, meaning itcolourcodes
Programming section From the main Raspberry [Link] the cade depending on the language. To activate this, save the code
Geany icon to open and start coding, by clicking on File» Save As. Now name the code [Link] and
click the Save button,
ESTEE The Geany editor's quite powerfulwhilestillbeing ERTS The colour coding helps a lot when your coding
sy to use. Allthe code you enter shows.n the
Now press Enter and start anew command online
main window and is numbered to help you keep track of your code. 3. Enter the following
For naw, inline 1, enter:
int main
Siete Note: there's no space between the brackets.
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cymbals > (hetonatécpp * |
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ne main) PEPID on thenext tne, below int main, enter acury bracket:
t
‘This can be done by pressing Shift and the key tothe right of Pon an
English UK keyboard layout.
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(Your First C++ Program Gl
Now you need to clase offthe code, by inserting the
‘opposite, closing, curly bracket. Online 7 enter:
t
Note that you won't need to backspace to the start ofthe tine,
removing the indent, just by entering the curly bracket Geany auto-
jumps to the correct part ofthe line, thus ening the code block.
Fe ea oven er Done Pet a OH Pep
B-toex 4e-08
a2
ESTEE Notice that Geany has automatically created a sight
indent. This is due to the structure of C++ and it's
‘here the meat ofthe codeis entered. Now enter:
My frst C++ program
SH See View Donat Pet Sl Te
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{rie [itm * |
Note again the colour coding change. Press Return
atthe end ofthe previous step's line and then enter:
std::cout << “Hello, world!\n"5
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S-b-'oex ae
[Syma [rtonna
PRP) ssentialy, these are your First steps into the world
(of coding in C++. We will ook at the structure of the
code in more detail on the next couple of pages; for now though,
lick on the Save button as represented by a fling cabinet with a
{green downward pointing arrow.
File Edit Search View Document Project Buld Tools Help
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IFyou haven't done so already, its always advisable
[Link] ablank folder where you can save all
your code. You can have one each for Python and C++ orsimply a
single folder called Code, whichever you prefer. ts not anecessity,
just good housekeeping
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C++ on Linux )
Structure of a
C++ Program
(SEENON Ke inte Rsertent cea R ROR R Nee Mee kell ae)
as small as a semicolon, and your entire program will fail to be compiled and executed.
Many a professional programmer has fallen foul of sloppy structure.
#INCLUDE
Learning the basics of programming, you begin to understand the structure of a program. The commands may be
From one language to the next but you can start to see how the code works.
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[Link] *
#include
a
2
3 int main()
4
5
oe
eres
PNTERTISTGRD The structure ofa C++ programs quite FRYER The oven brace (curly brackets) is something that
precise. Every C+ code begins witha directive: ‘you may not have come across before, especially if
+#include <>. The directive instructs the pre-processor to include _youlre used to Python. The open brace indicates the beginning of the
Section of the standard C++ code. For example: include main function and contains allthe code that belongs to that Function
includes the iostream header to support input/output operations.
[Link] *
[Link] * a) include strei
#include at! iin)
BONE Lines that begin with a double stash are
‘comments. This means they won't be
‘executed in the code and are ignored by the compiler. Comments
are designed to help you, or another programmer looking at your
‘code, and explain what's going on. There are two types of comment
7* covers multiple ine comments and // asingle ine.
[Link] *
#include
int main()
1
2
3
4
5 /My First C+ program
6
7
a
While std stands For something quite different, in C++ it
‘means Standard. t's part of the Standard Namespace in
‘C#, which covers a number of different statements and commands.
You can leave the std: : part out ofthe code butt must be
declared atthe start with: using namespace std; nat both, For
example
include
using namespace std;
[Link] *
1 #include
2
3 _int main()
4
5 /imy First C+ program
8 std::cout << "Hello, world!\n
7 |)
a
Inthis example we're using cout, whichis apart of
the Standard Namespace, hence why its there, as
you're asking C++ to use itfrom that particular namespace. Cout
means Character OUTput, which displays or prints, something to
the screen. iFyou leave stc: out you have to declare it atthe start of
the cade, as mentioned previously.
[Link] *
#include SSS
using namespace sti
int main()
Jy first c++ program
cout |
2
2
3
4
5
é
7
e |)
8
( Structure of a C++ Program Gl
The two chevrons used here are insertion operators,
‘This means that whatever Follows the chevronsisto be
inserted into the std:cout statement. n this case they/re the words
‘Hello, world’ which are to be displayed on the screen when you
compile and execute the code.
helewori cpp *
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
/My first c++ program
cout <<|
©ovousune
PATTEM Leading on, the “Hello, world” part is what you
‘want to appear on the screen when the code is.
executed. You can enter whatever you tke, a5 long as its inside the
{quotation marks. Sometimes brackets are needed, depending on
the compile. The \n partingicates a new line isto be inserted,
//My first C++ program
cout << "Hello, world!\n"|
Finally you can see that ines within a Function code
block (except comments) end with a semicolon. This
marks the end ofthe statement; al statements in C++ must have
tone atthe end or the compiler failsto build the code. The very ast
line has the closing brace to indicate the end ofthe main function.
[Link]
#include
using namespace std;
My first c++ program
2
a
3
4 _int main()
5
6
7 cout << “Hello, world!\n";
° c Li »)
= ++ on Linux )
Compile and Execute
You've created your first C++ program and you now understand the basics behind the
structure of one. Let’s get things moving and compile and execute, or run if you prefer,
the program and see howit looks.
GREETINGS FROM C++
Compiling and executing code from within Geany is remarkably simple and just a matter of clicking a couple of icons and
‘seeing the result. Here’s how it's done.
(Open Geany, if you haven't already, and oad up
the previously saved Hello World code you created,
Ensure that there are no visible errors, such asa missing semicolon
atthe end of the std:cout line.
~}> [helloworid cpp %
yp rinclude
int main()
2
3
4 At
El UMy first Cr+ program
6 Std: scout << "Hello, world!\n
7 |)
8
\henyou cck the Butdicon,the pane atthe
ue? bottom of the Geany interface displays some
rests, Falis wel you wile successful compilation, Fnot then
Geany sues an errr along ith theline the eror was ound on,
Gea. ax seo 8 a2
IF your code i ready, look to the menu bar along
the top ofthe Geany window. Notice that midway
‘along the line oF icons there's a red brick con. This is Bull, wihich
‘when clicked runs through the code, checking it against the C++
standards to see ifthere are any errors that stop it from running.
le Edit Search View Document Project Build Tools Help
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‘Symbols [Link]
@racions || [RN tinclude
nan 21 Ant main()
f ‘/iMy first C++ program
ER Cae Norte
,
PEP withthe code successfully built, i's nowtime to
‘execute it. Next to the Bulld icon there's a paper
aeroplane icon, this isthe Run icon, You cant run code that hasn't
been previously built or hasan errorin place. Click the Run icon,
int Project Build Tools Help
x ge. 7 5 ‘
pp x
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‘my first co program
td! :eout [heltowort. cpp *
#include
using namespace std;
Ks int main()
/MMy First c++ program
cout << "Hello, world! \n"
eosouaunn
STEER sing Return/Enter inthe commandline box BETTE Now ty and buld the code once more. Thistime,
closes it, returning you to Geany. Let’ alter the code notice that the bottom panelis displaying an eror,
slightly. Under the include ine, enter: regarding the missing semicolon. Notice that eror reads as being
a online 8, the frst character, the closed cury bracket. Thisis because
cI there'san expected semicolon missing before the closed bracket.
‘Then, delete the st: part ofthe Cout ln; tke so:
cout << “Hello, world\n”; ymbols |> {helloworid cpp *
rout <
> [[Link] * | ver 2g manespace 3:
Be rinclode
using namespace std;
int main()
x
/0y first c++ program
cout << “Hello, world!\n";
Gout << "And greetings From cr+!\n";
BETTER) 2¢ careful when commenting, especialy with block
comments. I's very easy to forget to add the closing
asterisk and forward slash and thus negate any code that fallsinside
the comment block.
However, you can also add comments to the end of
a line of code, to describe in a better way what's
rd
going on:
cout << “Hello, world!\n"; //This Line outputs the
words “Hello, worl
~ The \n denotes a new line.
Note, you don't have to put a semicolon at the end of a comment.
This is because it's ane in the cade that's ignored by the compile.
You can comment out several ines by using the
Forward slash and asterisk
7 This comment can
cover several Lines
without the need to add more slashes */
Just remember to finish the block comment with the opposite
asteriskand forward slash
Fetoobiacae* |
‘Obviously iF you try and build and execute the
code't errors out, complaining ofa missing curly
bracket to finish off the block of code. IF you've made the error
a Few times, then it can be time consuming to go back and rectify
“Thankfully, the colour coding in Geany helps identify comments
From code,
syrtais [ratowoiaene* |
eereeee,
ith block comments, t's good practisein C++ to
‘add an asterisk to each new line of the comment
block. This also helps you to remember to close the comment block
off before continuing with the code:
7 This conment. can
+ cover several lines
‘+ without the need to add more slashes */
Thankfully, Geany does this automatically but be aware of itwhen
using other IDEs, = C++ on Linux )
Variables
Variables differ slightly when using C++ as opposed to Python. In Python, you can
simply state that ‘a’ equals 10 and a variable is assigned. However, in C++ a variable has
to be declared with its type before it can be used.
THE DECLARATION OF VARIABLES
You can declare a C++ variable by using statements within the code. There are several distinct types of variable you can
declare. Here's how it works.
(Open upanew, blank C+ file and enter the usual
code headers
include
using nanespace std;
int mainQ)
1
i
|
[Link] *
‘include
Using namespace std;
2
2
3
4 _int main()
5
6
7
a
h
Start simple by creating two variables, aand b, wth
fone having a value of 10 and the other 5. You can
use the data type int to declare these variables. Within the curly
brackets enter
int a;
int b
a= 10;
b=
Variables cpp *
ay Finclude
2 using namespace std;
3
& int nain()
5 of
5 int a;
7 ant bs
a
9 a=;
20 be sq
a
2 |)
BERTIER) You can build and run the code butit won't do much,
‘other than tore the values 10 and 5 to the integers 8
and . Ignore the warnings about variables set but not used, the code
still works To output the contents ofthe variables, add:
cout << a3
cout << "\n"5
cout << bj
The cout €€"*\n"; part simply places newline between the
output of 1oand 5
Varabies cp * |
since Sostroan
say)
3
3
é
:
2
a
2
a
Fa
#
int result;
Naturally you can declare a new variable, callit
result and output some simple arithmetic:
result =a +b;
cout << result;
Insert the above into the code as per the screenshot. You can assign a value toa variable as soon as you
declare it, The code you've typed in could look ike
this, instead:
int a= 10;
int b = 5;
int result = a+b;
cout << result;
Specficto C++, you canakso use the Following to
assign values to avariabe as soon as you declare ther
int @ (10);
int b (5);
Then, from the C++ 2011 standard, using curly brackets:
int result {arb};
se 9 30) el
FETED) Vou can create global variables, which are variables
that are declared outside any Function and usedin
‘any Function within the entire cade, What you've used soar are
local variables: variables used inside the Function, For example:
include
using namespace std;
int StartLives = 3:
int main CQ
startLives = StartLives = 1;
cout << StartLives;
#include
using namespace std;
int StartLives = 3;
int main()
StartLives = StartLives -
cout << StartLives;|
‘The previous step creates the variable StartLives,
which is @ global variable. Ina game, for example,
a player's ives go up or down depending on how well or how bad
they/re doing, When the player restartsthe game, the StartLives
returns to its default state: 3, Here we've assigned 3 lives, then
subtracted 1, leaving 2 ives left
arabes oop *
nt min)
The modern C++ compiler ifr moreineligent
SUZ) than most programmers give it credit. While there
arenumerus data types you can declare for varibes,youcanin
factuse the atoeatre
#include
using nanespace std;
auto pi = 3.141593;
int main)
double area, radius = 1.5;
area = pi * radius * radius;
cout << area;
[Link] *
sp Pinclude
using namespace std;
auto pi = 3-141503;
int main()
2
3
4
5
6
7
double area, radius = 1.5;
area = pi* radius * radius;
20
a
2 |)
a
PEPPER though we said to ignore the warnings in Step
3, there'sa difference between a warning and
anertorInthis case, it's just a simple warning, The new data type,
double, means dauble-precsion floating point value, which makes
the code more accurate, The result should be 7.06858, Essentially,
you can often work with a warning but nat an error. 6) C++ on Linux
Data Types
Variables, as you've seen, store information that the programmer can then later call up,
Tae Rela eee Maelo celle eee TAY eR ue LaY A Cole] eek etree le)
the values the programmer assigns, depending on the data type used.
THE VALUE OF DATA.
‘There are many diferent data types avallable For the programmer
in C++, suchas an integer, Floating point, Boolean, character and so
‘on. It’s widely accepted that there are seven basic data types, often
called Primitive Builtin Types; however, you can create your own
data types should the need ever arise within your code.
Integer | int
Floating Point | float
Character
Boolean
Double Floating Point
Wide Character
No Value
char
bool
double
wehar_t
void
‘These basic types can also be extended using the following
modifiers: Long, Short, Signed and Unsigned, Basically this means
the modifiers can expand the minimum and maximum range values
For each datatype. For example, the int data type has 2 default value
range of 2147483648 to 2147483647, afair value, you would agree.
Now iFyou were to use one of the modifies, the range alters:
to 4294967295
147483648 to 2147483647
32768 to 32767
Unsigned Short int = 0to 65,535
Signed Short int =-32768 to 32767
Long int = -2147483647 to 2147483647
Signed Long int = -2147483647 to 2147483647
Unsigned Long int = 0 to 4294967295
Naturally you can get away with using the basictype without the
‘modifier as there's plenty of range provided with each datatype.
However, it's considered good C++ programming practise to use the
‘modifiers when possible.
‘There are issues when using the modifiers though. Double
represents a double‘loating point value, which you can use For
ineredibly accurate numbers but thase numbers are only accurate
upto the fifteenth decimal place. There's also the problem when
displaying such numbers in C++ using the cout Function, in that cout
by defaule only outputs the first five decimal places. You can combat
that by adding a [Link] () Function and adding a valve inside
the brackets but even then you're stil limited by the accuracy ofthe
double data type. For example, try this code
#include
using namespace std;
double PI = 3.141592653589793238463;
‘int main()
a
cout << PL;
}
[Link] *
include
Using namespace std;
double PI = 3.141592653500703220463,|
Aint main()
(
cout << PI;
b
Build and run the code and as you can see the output is only
3.14159, representing cout's limitations inthis example.
You can alter the code including the aforementioned cout: precision
Function, for greater accuracy. Take precision allthe way up to 22
decimal places, wth the following code:
#include
using namespace std;
double PI = 3.141592653589793238463;
int main
[Link](22);
cout << PI;
t include
using nanespace. std:
double Pr = 3. 14issz0sa5e07922304
1
5 ine main()
°
cout. precision( 2):
)
‘Again, build and run the code; as you can see From the command
line window, the number represented by the variable Plis different
to the number you've told C+ to use in the variable, The output
readsthe value of Plas 3.1415926535897931 15998, with the
numbers going awry From the fifteenth decimal place
Calculator - a x
Scientific 9D
15.142857142857142857142857142857
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M+ M- MS
x = sin. cos tan
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(Data Types Gl
Thisis mainly due to the conversion from binary inthe compiler
and thatthe IEEE 74 double precision standard occupies 64-bits
of data, of which 52-bitsare dedicated to the significant (the
significant digits ina floating-point number) and roughly 3.5-bits
are taken holding the values 0 to 9 f you divide 53 by 3.5, then you
arrive at 15.142857 recurring, whichis 15-daits of precision.
Tobe honest, iF you're creating code that needs to be accurate to
‘more than fifteen decimal places, then you wouldn't be using C++,
you would use some scientific speci language with C++ asthe
connective tissue between the two languages.
You can create your own data types, using an aliaike system called
typedef. For example:
#include
using nanespace std;
typedef int metres;
int mainQ
{
metres distance;
distance = 15;
cout << “distance in metres is: “ << distance;
[ Datatypes cpp
Pinelude
tusing namespace. std:
typedef int metres;
a
2
3
a
Sint nain()
6 a
7 ]\ otros distance;
@ | Gistence, = 15;
<< distance;
File Edit Tabs Help
This code when executed creates @ new int data type called metres.
Then, in the main code block, there's anew variable called distance
which san integer; so you're telling the compiler that there's
another name forint. We assigned the value 15 to distance and
displayed the output: distance in metres is 15.
Itmight sound alittle confusing to begin with but the more you use
C++and create your own code, the easier it becomes.
om ay » C++ on Linux
Strings
Strings are objects that represent and hold sequences of characters. For example, you
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called up wherever you like in the program.
STRING THEORY
‘There are different ways in which you can create a string of characters, which historically are all carried over from the original
Clanguage and still supported by C++.
Toute aating eusethedarrcon gene TREE sudden the ce woe pes
Sua? new C++ file and begin with the usual header: Suz? onthe screen. While this is perfectly fine, it's.
AUER [Link] sa class, which defines objects that can be
}________l represented as a stream of characters and doesn't need to be
TEST a tesminated like an array. The code can therefore be represented as
ican) #include
using namespace std;
i int main ©
i
stings cpp * char greet{] = “Welcome”;
include cout << greet << “\n";
Using namespace std; }
include Contre
By
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3
int main()
«
8
7
be ‘eing naneopace sed:
i aa
>
Beeveasune
PEPER 1's e239 to confuse a string with an array. Here's an
array, which can be terminated with a null character:
#include
CAITR PPT 19.c++ there's also string Function, which works in
int main ‘much the same way. Using the greeting code again,
you can enter:
char greet[8} = {'W" + include
7, NO"; using nanespace std;
‘cout << greet << “\n";
int main ©
: 1 st = “Welcome”:
string greet = “Welcome”;
‘ingsopp * cout << greet << “\n";
}
tet, ‘o's tat, tet, N07, || Stings %
include
sing namespace ste
int oni)
i
é owe
é »
a ‘There are also mary different operations that you can
apply with the string Function. For instance, to get the
length of a string you can use:
#include
using namespace std;
int main ©
{
string greet = “Welcome”;
cout << “The length of the string is:
cout << [Link]() << “\n";
stings opp *
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2 dog nawepace sti
& int main()
5 at :
3 | cour 2cThe Tengen of the string 4s
B | Sout << grove ite) cn
$
a P
BRED Youcan see that we used greet size() to output the
length, the number of characters there are, ofthe
Contents of the string, Naturally, f you call your string something
‘other than greet, then you need to change the command toreflect
this,’ always [Link], Build and run the code to see
the results.
#include
using namespace st
int main ©
{
You can of course add strings together, or rather
‘combine them to Form longer strings:
string greeti = “Hello”;
string greet2 = “, world!";
string greet3 = greetl + greet2;
cout << greet3 << “\n”;
cpp *
include “lone
int main()
¢
string greeea = ‘Welle
String greet2 = "world
String greets = greet + greet2:
‘cout
using namespace std;
int main ©
{
int. Length;
string greet1 = “Hello”;
string greet2 =“, world!”;
string greet3 = greet + greet:
Length = [Link]();
cout << “The Length of the conbined strings
‘<< length << “\n";
FETEEERD Using the avaiable operations that come with the
string Function, you can manipulate the contents of a
string. For example, to remove characters from a string you could use:
#include
using namespace std;
int main ©
{
string stra (‘Here is @ Long sentence in a
string.”);
cout << strg << ‘\n’;
[Link] (10,5);
cout << strg << ‘\n’
[Link] ([Link]()+8);
cout << strg << ‘\n’s
erase ([Link](}+9, [Link]()-9;
<< strg << ‘\n’s
strg
cout
FTE ERERD ts worth spending some time playing around with
the numbers, which are the character positions
in the string. Occasionally, it can be hitand miss whether you get it
right, so practice makes perfect. Take a look at the screenshat to see
the result ofthe code.
File Edit Tabs Help C++ Maths
ferere eT RAUL ee eek R ele E ule Lae een eee) (ayes
built-in scope for some quite intense maths. C++ has a lot to offer someone who's
implementing mathematical models into their code. It can be extremely complex or
CaN NEST
C++ =MC2
The basic mathematical symbols apply in C++ as they do in most other programming languages. However, by using the C++
Math Library, you can also calculate square roots, powers, trig and more.
FSTTSEDD <-+smatheratical operations follow thesame
patterns asthose taught inschoo in that mul
‘and dision take precedence over adltion and subtraction. You
that though, For naw, create anew fileand enter:
#include
using namespace std;
int main CQ
float numbers = 1
numbers = nunbers + 10; // This adds 10 to the
initial 100
cout << numbers << “\n";
nunbers = nunbers = 10; // This subtracts 10
from the new 110
cout << numbers << “\n";
FEED Muttnication and division can be applied as such:
#include
using namespace std;
int main ©
{
float nunbers = 100;
numbers = nunbers * 10; // This multiplies 100
by 10
cout << numbers << “\n";
numbers = nunbers / 10; // And this divides
1000 by 10
cout << numbers << “\n";
r
wile simple it does get the od maths muscle
Supe warmed up. Note that we used a float for the
numbers variable, Whi you can happy use an integer, you
suddenly started iouse decimals you would ned to change toa
Fost ora double, depending onthe accuracy needed, Run the
and ee thereat
FETIP cain, execute the simple code and see the
results. While not particularly interesting, it'san
Introduction to C++ maths. We used afloat here, so you can play
around with the code and multiply by decimal places as well as,
divide, add and subtract. ‘The interesting maths content comes when you cal
‘pon the C+ Math Library Within thisheader are
dozens of mathematical functions along with Further operations
Everything from computing cosine to arc tangent with two
parameters, to the value of PL. You can call the header with:
ifinclude
ifinclude
using nanespace std;
int main ©
1
+
[Link] *
I rinclude
5 Using nanespace std:
‘
5 ine wain()
7
wo |)
ESTED tart by getting the square root of 3 number:
#include
ifinclude
using nanespace st
int ain O
{
float nunber = 134;
cout << “The square root of “ << number <<“
‘is: “ << sqrt(number) << “\n";
}
rates
its oc
Bon mint
i
ea”
PETER Hece we created a new float called number and
used the sqrt(number) Function to cisplay the
square root of 134, the value ofthe variable, number. Build and run
the code and your answer reads 11.5758,
FETED 2lculating powers of numbers can be done with
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main ©
float nunber = 125
cout << nunber' <<“ to the poner of 2 is “
pow(number, 2) << “\n?;
cout << number << “ to the poner of 3 is “
pon(nunber, 3) << “\n";
cout << number << “ to the poner of 0.8 is “
<< ponCnunber, 0.8) << “\n?;
Here we created afloat called number with the
value of 12 and the pow(variable, power) is where
the calculation happens. OF course, you can calculate powersand
square roots without using variables. For example, pow (12, 2)
‘outputs the same value as the first coutline in the code.
BETSET RD the value ofPisalso storedin the cmath header
library. Itcan be called up withthe M_P! Function
Enter cout << M_PI; into the code and you get 3.14158; or youcan
useitto calulate
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main ©
a
double area, radius = 1.5;
MPI * radius * radius;
cout << area << “\n”;
area
(C++ Maths > C++ on Linux
User Interaction
There's nothing quite as satisfying as creating a program that responds to you. This
basic user interaction is one of the most taught aspects of any language and with it
you're able to do much more than simply greet the user by name.
HELLO, DAVE
You have already used cout, the standard output stream, throughout our code. Now you're going to be using cin, the standard
input stream, to prompt user response.
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system memory, soitcan be retrieved and used. Therefore, any _outputting "What is your age’ tothe screen, as indicated with the
input mus first be declared asa variable, soit’sready tobe used by __chevrons. Cin uses opposite Facing chevrons, indicating an input. The
the user. Star by creating a blank C++ file wth headers. inputs putinto the integer age and called up in the second cout
‘command, Build and run the code,
‘serinteraction cpp *
ize entre, EE
Using namespace std; File Edit Tabs Help
int main()
¢
1
.
3
a
5
7
a
20
ESTISE DD The data type of the variable must also match the
type of input you want From the user. For example, Ea ri
si rem ie BETEP DD youre asking a question, you need to store the
See ee ere input asa string; to ask the user their name, you
#include would use:
using namespace std; Hincludertostren
int main © using namespace std;
errs int main ©
cout << “what is your age: “;
string names
a cout << “what is your names“;
cout <<"\nYou are “ << age << “ years old.\n"; cin >> names
¥ cout << “\nHello, “ << name << “. I hope you’re
well today?\n";
vseintracion pp * }
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nt sain) Soy a an
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ee BN) SER ee
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Bb ‘The principal works the same asthe previous cade.
The users input, their name, is stored in a string,
because it contains multiple characters, and retrieved in the second
cout line. As tong asthe variable name’ doesnt change, then you.
‘an recallit wherever you lke in your code.
FETTSEED Youcan chaininput requests tothe user but just
make sure you have a vali variable to store the
input to begin with, Let's assume you want the user to enter two
whole numbers:
ifinclude
using namespace std;
int main ©
‘int num, num2;
cout << “Enter two whole numbers: “:
cin >> uml >> nun2;
cout << “you entered “ << numl <<“ and * <<
num << “\n”;
i
HRRCSSSErane
Likewise inputted data canbe manipulated once
Su? you have it stored in a variable, For instance, ask the
user for two numbers and do some maths on them:
include
using nanespace st
int main ©
1
float num, num;
cout << “Enter two nunbers: \n";
cin >> mum >> mum2:
cout << num
using namespace std;
int main ©
{
string mystrs
cout << “Enter @ sentence: \n";
getLine(cin, mystr);
cout << “Your sentence is
characters Long.\n”;
: << [Link]() <<
Build and execute the code, then entera sentence
with spaces. when you're done the code reads the
numberof characters. you remove the getline line and replace It
with cin >> mystr and try again, the result displays the number of
characters upto the fist space.
Gettin fs usally a commandthat new C++
programmers forget to include. The terminating
white space is annoying when you cant figure out why your code
isn’t working, n shot, it's best to use getline(cin, variable) in Future:
#include
using namespace std;
int main ©
a
string names
cout. << “Enter your full name: \n”;
getline(cin, nane);
cout <« “\ntlello, * << name << “.\n";
'
serinteraction pp
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