Mechanics Energy conservation Density Pressure Buoyancy Bernoulli’s equationenergy conservation Charles’ Law

Vectors Total energy Archimedes principle: “when a body is immersed in fluid, At constant pressure for all ideal gasses:
the fluid exerts an upwards force in the body equal to the
weight of the fluid that is displaced from the body” V = a x T, (a is a constant & T is in kelvin)
• Boyle’s Law
Add/sub 2+ vectors: pick 2 directions, Period & frequency of SHM Properties of pressure • Torricelli’s theorem
find components for each using trig, find At constant temperature, pressure is
• Fluid exerts pressure in all directions •
resultant components for each then + • At a given depth, pressure is equal in all inversely proportional to volume
•
together directions Speed of efflux Dalton’s Law
• Fluid pressure always acts •
is equal to Total pressure in a system = P1 + P2 …
Conversion factors 1000m = 1km perpendicular to surface in contact with it speed a body
• Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is would acquire
transmitted undiminished to all parts Combining Gas Laws
in falling freely
of the fluid (Pascal’s law) through a For fixed quantity, PV = c x T
Waves -frequency, wavelength, velocity • Pressure can produce a change in height (hs-ho)
volume (same was as stress → length) Ideal Gas Law: PV = NkT
Kinematics • Pressure is the same at equal depths in OR
Generally
a stationary fluid of uniform density, PV = nRT
Transverse – oscillation is transverse to independent to shape of container
the propagation Surface tension
• Cohesion = attraction Kinetic Theory
Newtons laws Longitudinal – oscillation is in direction
between like molecules
1. Any object continues at rest, or at a to propagation • Adhesion = attraction
constant v, unless external force acts between unlike substances
2. An external force gives the object an • Molecules within are held together by Viscosity – gloopy (η)
• For a fluid with constant density, p the cohesive forces
acceleration proportion to the force • v of flow depends on d from the wall of pipe
Average Speed of Molecules
• At surface there is a net force to pull
3. Force comes in symmetrical pairs – difference in pressure ( P = P2 – P1) • For constant v – must apply a constant F to
down the surface (in the plane of the right on the upper plate, so indirectly on
equal in magnitude, opposite in direction between the fluid at height y1&y2 equals surface so tension) the upper liquid surface
• F is required to overcome resistive effects of v
Capillary • F to the right will be transmitted through the Real Gases
• When tube is in the fluid – drag the lower plate to the right The ideal gas law fails when:
liquid, attractive forces • To keep lower plate stationary – must apply
Solids and fluids between water & glass an equal and opposite force to the left
Elasticity = returns to original shape mean that the water is • Fluid layer experiences a shear stress
attracted up the sides Real Substance Isotherms
after undergoing change in size or shape • Absolute pressure is measured relative to a
vacuum of the glass - Isotherms are lines of constant T
• Gauge pressure is measured relative to • Centre of the tube - - Flat in regions of phase change
Stress & strain Constant proportionality is viscosity: η
atmospheric pressure cohesive forces drag
• Stress water upwards, water-water forces pull up the Energy of Phase Change
• Tensile strain Open tube manometer (measures gauge P) centre, and water-glass forces pull up water - T constant when phase change occurs
- Tensile strain is positive along the side of the tube η is the measure of friction in the fluid - Latent heat of phase change (L) =
- Compression strain is negative • Only when tube is very narrow bc rising of
thermal energy required for 1kg of a
fluid in the tube only takes place if the upwards
force is balanced by the mg of the fluid up the substance to melt or vaporise.
Hooke’s law and Young’s modulus tube, if the tube was wider then the mg will be Free diffusion - Solid → liquid = fusion
• stress strain much bigger • Slow - movement of a substance - Liquid → gas = vaporisation
• Young’s modulus ( ): units due to random thermal motion
Force is perpendicular to the area Dynamics of non-viscous fluids • Average distance moved by molecules Latent Heat 𝑄=𝑚𝐿
• Incompressible – fluid has constant • Q positive – solid → liquid
Circular motion of type A in substance B in time is
density throughout • Q positive – liquid → gas
• Viscosity – internal friction in fluid • Q negative – liquid → solid
Shear stress and strain • Q negative – gas → liquid
• Laminar flow – layers of fluid slide MECHANICS:
Friction - doesn't depend on area • Shear stress = smoothly past each other and there is a Two cars racing, initially side by side and at rest.
• Shear strain = steady state pattern, characteristic of Accelerate uniformly at different rates, car A by 1.3ms-2
Specific Heat, c (Jkg-1oC or Jkg-1K-1)
• Shear modulus = lower fluid velocity phenomena and car B by 2.5ms-2. After 10s, how far apart will the cars Q = MC T
Efficiency be in m?
• Turbulent flow – irregular, complex
Bulk stress and strain flow with swirling, mixing and eddies, Energy Conservation
no steady state pattern, occurs at high • For an isolated system: total energy
↑ pressure, ↓ volume strain, ↓ΔV
Types of collisions velocities or where objects in the flow
• Volume strain = conserved when two objects at
• Momentum is conserved produce large changes in velocity
• THERMODYNAMICS different T reach thermal equilibrium
• Momentum conservation:
Equation of continuity continued • Absolute temperature = measure of • 𝑄1+𝑄2…= 0
SI unit
• Kinetic energy conservation: average KE for an atom or molecule
Equation of continuity • Heat transfer = exchange of net energy
• Above equations combined: Mass flowing in = mass flowing out from one body to another, both ways,
T (not E) becomes equal in equilibrium Moist air
“The relative speed of the objects before the collision • Thermal expansion = objects expand
equals the negative of their relative speed after the
collision”
when heated