er ‘AC Fundamentals —so Similarly, E 0 i, I O age = HB = ie (3.15) [2 Enon v2 usoidally varying alternating current of frequency 60 Hz has a maximum value of 15 amperes. (@ Write down the equation for instantaneous value, @ Find the value of current after 1/200 second, (iii) Find the time taken to reach 10 amy iperes for the first time, and () Find its average value, Solution: Maximum value of eurent,1,_ = 15 A Frequency of altemating current,f = 60 Hz (9 The equation for instantaneous value of sinusoidal altemating curent with 8 as zero when time is zero, i given as sin 2 mf t= 15 sin 2m x 60 ¢= 15 sin 120m Ans, . 1 “4 (ii) Substituting = = second in the expression I= 15 sin 120nt we have value of current after = 15sin 120nx * = 15 sin 0.6 = 15 x 0.951 = 14.266 A Ans. (Gi) Letthe instantaneous value of current be 10 A for the first time ¢ seconds after the instant the currentis zero and becoming positive Ss " 15 sin 12008 a10 pgs 3S = 1 sin 0.6667 = 0.001936 second Ans. Ton" 15 ~ i200 ° suena g 0 (iv) Average value, 1,, ea An ac sinusoidal current has rms value of 40 A at 50 Hz frequency. Write expression of instantaneous current and obtain its value 0,002 sec after passing through maximum positive value. [Pb Technical Univ. Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering First Semester 2004-05} Solution: Expression for instantaneous value of an ac sinusoidal current with @ as zero when time is zero is given as 2 i= 2% 15-0554 Ans. me sin a =I... sin 2nft= 40V2 sin 2m x 50r= 56.57 sin 314 Ans. /e maximum value, the above equation is modified into 40V2 sin (s103) = 40,2 cos 314 When time is measured from the posit 402 cos 314 x 0.002 = 40)2 cos 0.628 = 42 cos * =45.77A Ans.116 Analternating current when passed through a resistance immersed in water for 5 minutes, just Tulsed the of water to boiling point, When a direct current of 4 amperes was passed through the same re identical conditions it took 8 minutes to boil the water. Find the rms value of the alternating curren, nee r Solution : Let the rms value of alternating current passed through the resistance be 1,,,amperes, Heat produced when an alternating current of [,,, amperes is passed through a resistance R immersed jn minutes, "aap, = (Inns)? ¥ RX 5x 60 = 300 [?,,, R joules Heat produced when a direct current of 4 A is passed through the same resistance R immersed in the ‘water forg, = (42x RX 8 x 60 = 7,680 R joules Since heat produced in both of the cases is same, equating Eqs. () and (i), we get 30017, R =7,680R ¥25.6 = 5.06A Ans. OF Legs = An alternating current varying sinusoidally with a frequency of $0 Hz has an rms value of 20 A. Write dowaty equation for the instantaneous value and find this value (a) 0.0025 second (4) 0.0125 second after Passing ‘through a positive maximum value. At what time, measured from a positive maximum value, will the ‘instantaneous ‘curren, be 14.144? [Allahabad Univ. Electrical Science 19 Solution : The current waveform is shown in Fig. 3.11. Peak value of current, Tyna = V2 Tims = V2 20= 28.28. A The equation of alternating current with respect to origin is i = Iggy Sin 2nft = 28.28 sin 2 x 501 = 28.28 sin 100 x1 The above equation is valid when time is measured from the instant the current is zero and increasing in positive direction, Since the time is measured from the positive maximum value (point A in Fig. 3.11), the above equation is modified to Fig. 3.11 i = 28.28sin {io0xr +S) «2628010 Ans, : (a) When 1 = 0.0025 s, the instantaneous value of current, i | = 28.28 cos 100 x 0.0025 = 28.28 cos 7 = 28.28 x F =20A Ans. 2 (b) When ¢ =0.0125 s, the instantaneous value of current, 5 f= 28.28 cos 100 nx 0.0125 = 28.28 cos =F = 28.28 (6) Substituting 7 = 14,14 A in expression /= 28.28 cos 100 x1, we have 14.14 = 28.28 cos 100 mr = oon © 28.28 ~ 100m 100% 1 1 Sigg ok a Bi a, ort cos! AU cos 05= T= x5 second Ans,417 3.9.1. Form Factor. In certain cases emf over half a period, th the effective or rms valu average or mean value ases itis convenient to have calculations at first upon the mean value of the \erefore, it becomes essential to have some means of connecting this mean value with ie. The knowledge of form factor, which is defined as the ratio of effective value to the of periodic wave is, therefore, Necessary, Mathematically form factor is given by the relation Form factor = Effective value “Average value Form factor for sinusoidal wave, Ky Eons 3.9.2. Peak Factor. Knowledge of peak factor of an altemating voltage is very essential in connection with determining the dielectric strength since the dielectric stress developed in any insulating material is proportional to the maximum value of the voltage applied to it. Peak or crest or amplitude factor of a periodic wave is defined as the ratio of maximum or peak to the effective or rms value of the wave 7 i.e. Peak factor, K, = Maximum value ? Effective value Ena E, eee gt Ems Eqax/N2 Peak factor for sinusoidal wave, K, = Analternating voltageis » = 100 sin 100c, Find (i) Amplitude (if) Time period and frequency (iii) Angular velocity (iv) Form factor (v) Peak factor. IW. Technical Univ. Electrical Engineering Second Semester 2007-08] Solution: Instantaneous value of alternating voltage is given by equation v = 100sin 1007 (Amplitude of alternating voltage is given by the coefficient ofthe sine of the time angle. so Amplitude of given wave = Vi, = 100V Ans. (i) Frequency is given by coefficient of time, divided by 2. 5.9Hz Ans. 100 s.Frequeney,f = Time period, T = + = 1. = 0.063 second or 63 ms Ans. f° 159 (iii) Angular velocity, = 2m f=2 mx 15.9 = 100 radians/second Ans. Vngs _ 100 RMS value, V,,, = “a = 1% = 70.71 “ee ‘Average value Vy = 0.637 Vix = 0.637 X 100 = 63.7 V y, ; (i Form ator, Ky = SE = BM Ai Ans. y (©) Peak factor, K, = Yass = 100 1.4142 Ans.ee Esa -20, 40 ete. one half cycle only. Calculate the rms value, the form factor and peak factor of a time intervals, changing suddenly from one value to the next 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 100, 120, 100, 40, 30,25 tor, periodic voltage having the following Yah [G.GS.LP. Univ. Dethi Electrical Science rs “in Solution: The waveform ofthe given alternating voltage is shown below in Fig. 3.12. Since wave is symmerrcg) = iy Average value, V,, = RMS value, V,... Form factor Wty tug tug ts +6 +p tM tN HM HM FM Uy ty tg tg +5 +¥6 + M7 t Mg +9 Mo HM FM 0 +10+20+30+40+100+120+100+40+30+20+10 520 mi =p 2433 co pobteb eda bad a bod tf 405 + vio toh th 12 __ |0° +10? +20? +30 +40? +1007 +1207 + 100? + 40? +30? + 207 +10? 12 = 58 V Ang Vins 58 = Ym -_58_ Vn 35.35 7 13386 Ans. Vinex _ 120 = Naar 120 _ 4 gy Vs Ans. TIME, t —> Fig. 3.12ave rectified alternating current is oe tine auring ons nea ae Whose one-half cycle has been suppressed i.¢., one which flows a mentioned earlier, for determini strated in Fig. 3.13 where suppressed half cycle is shown dotted. \ abe carried over the period for which "ms and average values of such an alternating current summation woul current actu; nl 7 wee from 10 2 ally flows i.c., 0 10 m but would be averaged for the whole “=, RMS value of current, forh cE a a 2 2 5 ‘Average value of current, © I so Lfides 1 j To Sq [max sind = 2n4 2m} 2 I Peak Factor = 2 Tea? Form factor = fru/? mL 137 Tmax /®% 2 Eee Analternating voltage e = 200 sin 314¢ is applied to a device which offers an ohmic resistance of 20 2 to the low of current in one direction, while preventing the flow of current in opposite direction, Calculate rms value, average value and form factor for the current over one cycle. [Nagnur Univ, Elec. Engineering 1992) Solution: The instantaneous voltage applied to the rectifying device is given by the equation e = 200sin 3141 Maximum value of applied voltage, Ena. = Coefficient of the sine of time angle = 200 volts Resistance of rectifying device, = 202 Maximum value of half-wave rectified alternating current, E Tan = EB = 2 = 10-amperes max = RO 29 RMS value of half-wave rectified alternating current, I pax 1 = iow 10 = =S amperes Ans, ims = 9 = Average value of the half-wave rectified alternating current, = lm _ 10 =3.18 At Igy = “SR = <= 3.18 amperes Ans,120 It (- ified alternating curren! factor ofthe half-wave rect! ne Tens 5 = 1.57 Ans. =a 38 it is alue of current th in 100ti jreuit shown. What is the rms ¥: a A voltage v(¢) = 220 it - ee applied to the circu {pb, Technical Univ. Electrical Engineering me Ne R of 100.2? Derive the formula used. . Solution: The maximum value of voltage applied tothe cireut -~ v,, = 20v2 V DE aoe, 220V2 11 wv Maximum viae of circuit curentI,,, = —R~ = “799 fciruitcurenI_, = 2 = RMS value of circuit current, = > " : Fig. 3.14 iue for the waveform shown in Fig. 3.15, Define average value of alternating current. Find this val ; 10AR--7 [Pb Technical Univ. Basic Electrical Engineering December 2002] Solution: Maximum value of alternating current, I,,, = 10 A | I Average value, = -™ Find the average and effective values of voltage for sinusoidal waveform shown in Fig. 3.16. {Allahabad Univ, Electrical Science-I, 1991} Solution: The equation of the given sinusoidal waveform is v= 100sin@ Voy = z { 100sino.co by ‘ uae ae — = ze cos, =27:17 V Ans. Fig. 3.16 a +4 4 Vis = 5 | 100" sin? 940 = 10:000 F (1 os20)40 Fs an Of Vins = 2273 = 47.67 V Ans, RMS VALUE, AVERAGE VALUE, FORM FACTOR AND PEAK FACTOR OF A TRIANGULAR WAVEFORM Let the maximum value of the current be Igy amperes. Since i=1,,,, when 0 = m. Hence, expression for the instantaneous current can be written as I i= 6 for0<é, V3 and V, along X-axis and Y-axis, we have Algebraic sum of X-components = 100 cos 0° +200 cos = +50 cos ( $} 150 cos ( 4) 3 2 = 100+ 200x 0.5 +04 i Algebraic sum of Y-components = 100 sin O° +200 sin ™ + 50 in (-3}+1sm0(-2) 3 i A =0+ 200 x 0.866 — 50 — 106 = 17.2V ere ant voll 2 Maximum value of resultant voltage, Vmax RMS value of resultant voltage, V rims