Formula Sheet A: Formula Sheet z 1- Activity A (Bq) is defined as: A=N2. where: N is the number of radioactive atoms in the sample and A is the disintegration constant (s'.) 2- The radioactive decay law A= A,e™ or AmAg/2* ( Ta ) where: expresses the time at which the activity was Ao , and 2 is the disintegration constant, Ty is the half-life time. = 0.693 + TR where: Typ is the half-life time. 4- The effective dose rate D’ for y-emitters is given as AO142ABf ae (Swi) \- Where: « A.- activity in (Mega Bq ) E- energy eV) { - the ratio of the‘number of a givert:gamma photon per decay d - theistance from the source to the point of interest in meters. 5- The effective dose rate D° for y-emitters may also be defined as: Dt a (Sv) where: T’-is the gamma specific factor. A~activity, (Mega Bq) 4d - distance from the source to the point of interest in meters 6- The effective dose rate D’ from a thin point beta source is given as: SHE pe Se (Sv) Where: A- activity in (Mega Bq). B-- energy in MeV averaged over the spectrum. D - the distance in meters, 7- The effective neutron dose rate D’ is given as +. 08CA De (Svm) Where: C is the neutron to dose conversion factor As the numiber of neutrons emitted from the source per second.Formula Sheet 8 The annual limit of intake ALI represents the maximum number of a certain radionuclide intake, which delivers the annual dose limit for occupational exposure. 9- The Annual Limit on Intake (ALI) for occupational workers: ALI; (Bq) =20x 1077 Where: Ci: Dose Conversion Coefficient for certain radionuclide in (Sv/Bq) 10- The Derived Air Concentration (DAC): (DAC); @a/m3)= ALI, (Ba) / 2500 Where: 2500: the inhaled volume of air during the 2000 working hours/year is “ 2500m* ,or (breathed:sir during the work hours) 11- The accumulated dose D with time t is given as D=D%t where DYisithe dose tate. 12- The “Inverse Square Law” for dose assessment D,S? = D,S? Where: Dy is the dose rate at distance 1. D, is the dose rate at distance 2. Sy is distance 1. Sy is distance 2, 13 - Attenuation equation D=De™* Where: attenuation coefficieat. x thickness of the absorber.Formula Sheet 14- Effect of build up factor When build up in the absorber is important, the dose attenuation of an absorber is given as: a) D=BD.e™ b) I=Bhe*™ Where: B is the build up factor. 15- Standard Deviation in the gross count rate 4G Gross count rate= © + ¢4F t ‘Where: C is the multiple representing the confidence level of interest G gross count T count time y 16- Standard Deviation o= z Woz Where: X is the mean value of separated measurement x1, %2, %5, --- NN is the total number of measurements. 17- The net count rate N: Where: tess the time of gross count axe the time of background count only G gross count B background only 18- The standard deviation oy in the met count rate N can be calculated from: Wy, a ee Tet Shock ot One fora + oR N= oO fample * ThackFomnula Sheet In case of one reading N, which can be considered as a real mean value, the standard deviation in that reading is calculated as: o=iN 19- Percentage statistical error E is defined as: E% =(o/ m) x 100 Number of |The standard The percentage Error % counts in the | deviation o lo 20 30 reading a 1 100 200 300 4 a 30. 100 150 16 4 25 50 78 25 5 20 40 60 100 10 10 20 30 400 | 20 5 15 20 1000 316 36 6.32. 948. 10000 100 i 2 3 100000 316 0316 0:63 0948 1000000 1000 ot 02 63 20- Formula for-desd tite correction of the count rate C=C, M(t C,) Where: ‘Cg: conested (tre) count rate C,, experimental coviat Fate of observed count rate. t: detector dead time 21- Relation between Half Value Layer (HVL) & Tenth Value Layer (TVL): HVL- 0.693/p & TVL=2.3/n 9 & TV ~ 3.32 HVL 22. The effective decay constant Aegp=AptAv Where: Ag - is the physical Half- Life dy. is the biological Half Life and hence, the effective Half-life Ter=(T» *Tp) / (Te +Tp)Formula Sheet 23- Range of Alpha Particles Range of @. particle in air Rar(em) = 0.325E7 Where: R: alpha particle range in cm E: alpha particle energy in MeV Range of c. particles in other materials can be found from the range in air using the Bragg-Kleeman rule: Raz 32x10 Ry Vid /p ‘Raat is the range in q substance m (em) p : density ( gui/em?) of m M : atomic weight of m 24- Range of Beta Particles B particles from a source are not monoenergetic. So it is difficult to assign cone range for all the partigles. Therefore, a “Maximum Range” is defined as the thickness of the absorber requited to stop the most energetic i particles. R(cm) . p(gu/em?) = 0.412 B 12600548 for E <2.5 MeV R(am) . p(gm/om®) = 0.530 E— 0.106 for B>2.5 MeV Where: R: Range in (ft) p : Density of niaterial in (g/cm’) E : Maximum beta energy in MeV ‘The quantity (R.p) is called the Arial Density or Density Thickness or Equivalent Thickness (g/cm*). 25- Absorption of B particles 1@)=he™ Where: is called Linear Absorption Coefficient in cm", defined as the probability of absorption per unit length in the absorber. X_ is shielding thickness Hm Mass Absorption Coefficient, in (cm’/g), may be defined which is independent of chemical or physical state of an absorber, as p density in (gm/cm3)Fonmula Sheet Hm = Wp 26- Intrinsic and Absolute Efficiency of the Detector ( MY s Mass ) Tins or = (No of counts recorded) (No. of radiation incident on the detector) Thess = (No of counts recorded /(No of radiations emitted by the source Taw= Fe ‘Where: & : Intrinsic Efficiency :: Solid angle (Steradian) F: Correction factor (equals one in most cases) 27- Solid Angle s ” qr (teradian) S: Area of the detector (cm*) d : Distance of the detector from the source(cm) 28- Counting Rate (C) C=FeQaA (Count/sec) Where: €: Intrinsic Efficiensy Q.: Solid angle (Steradian) A: Activity (Ba) F: Correction factor 26+ Shielding calculation X=n.HVL Xi: Shielding thickness ‘Ni: number of balf Value layer thicknesses 27- Gamma Factor T=012S 5,7, ro Where: D -(WSv.am’/hr. MBq) = (Rm . m/br. Curie) /3.7 E, .- energy in (MeV), {,- the ratio of the mumber ofa piven gamma photon per decayInformation Sheet B.5 relationship between applied voltage and the pulse size in gas detector £ 3 LT F wldlsjt@edé are ee eee a § es z & s 2, 2,2) 8, 8) 8 7 7 2 Pulse See ‘| | 6 s x *t ~ 4 & ‘Applied Votrege “The six region curve, showing the relationship between applied voltage and the pulse size, which indicate thie number of electrons collected on the anode. B.6 An illustration of the finite solid angle of a radiation detector Sphere with i 4x Solid Angle vy ; Detector + Solid Anale 2 Ayea of Detector, AInformation Sheet B.7 Gamma Factor, Half Value Thickness and Total Value Thickness ‘Technetium- 6.02h 1 = 0.02, . : a 0.022 Todisnst | 0059 | aja] ise [om [aa [= [= far [is Phosphorus |_| 143d] 257 | 17 (P-32) Cobalt-60_ 0.351 $25. 9.5. = 1 ao | 20 | 67 | 63 | 203 ‘Caesium-137 [0.086 | — 30a | —70_| - [66 | 22 | 16 [sa [49 | 167 2a 13000 = Tad | _20 oss as [ia [4s | [ia 16203 [8100 ‘60a 4388 ia [2 a 127d n 803d 65000 | as i zonpa00 | ~ 7a z = j a: Year i: day, be hour T Gamma Faotor for soine gamma emitting radionuclide ( Sv.m2/hr.MBq ) HVT Half Value Thickness (em) ‘ TVT Total Value Thickness (em) | B.8 Values of C, The flux to equivalent dose rate conversion factor Cerey » hay) Neutron Energy C, conversion factor 1 Kev 3.74 x 10° 10 Kev 3.56 x 10° 100 Kev 2.17 x 107 500 Kev [1 Mev 5 Mev 1.56x 10% 10 Mey 1.47 x 107Information Sheet B.9 Properties of the natural radiation decay chains NATURAL RADIOISOTOPES DECAY CHAINS URANIUM DECAY aaa s a2 U 45% 10° years fe 123% 204 goth 2a fe sox ee ZANPa 10 sata de te0x 2287 agAC S13 & e poTh 1a y srk * HT ey nae hay 228) Te Bes od fi 220 . eeFin c54' au ave a2 hb 288 ais Po ais oT a | 214, - BI 19.9 win ave 2a) 10.64 & - sz ATL. “249 164 x20" Bi patel eve i = f 10 212 0. az-Pb 22 y og Gi Ws ir Fl 2MBi cw 208 «3 2 nal 205 min mae : pe TI 219p9 104 4 BOTASSIUM DECAY 208 at ae 2h ole 49, 2 <2 ota Seat Tek 3x10" years STABLE ah ie ‘STABLE 40 eA STABLEInformation Sheet B.10 Radiation weighting factors: “Type and energy range Radiation weighting factor, Wa Photons, all ener 1 Electrons, all energies 1 Neutrons, energy <10 keV 5 10 keV to 100 keV 10 > 100 keV to2 MeV 20 >2MeV to 20 MeV 10 >20 MeV 5 Protons, other than recoil protons, Energy >2 MeV 5 Alpha particles, fission fragments, heavy nuclei 20Information Sheet B.11 Tissue weighting factors: Tissue or organ | Tissue weighting factor, wr Gonads 0.20 Bone marrow (red) 0.12 Colon uz Lung 0.12 Stomach 0.12 Bladder 0.05 Breast 0.05 Liver 0.05 Esophagus 0.05 Thyroid 0.05 Skin 0.01 Bone surface 0.01 Remainder 0.05 Note that tissue weighting factors are radiation independent and radiation weighting factors are tissué'independent. B.12 The Avogadro’s number is’ defined as the number of atoms or molecules in one-gram mole. Which equals = 6,022E23 B.13 Isotopes - DECAY Cs-137 Be DECAY Parent state: G.S. Ralf life: 30.04 ¥(3) Q(gs): 1175,63(17) kev Branch ratio: 1.0 Beta ray: Max.E(keV) Avg. E (keV) Intensity (re 1176( 1) 416.264 (72) 5.6{ 2) 892.1( -) 300.570(68) §.8E-4{ 8) §14.03(23) 174.320 (61) 94.4( 2) Gamma ray: Energy (keV) Intensity(rel} 203.5( 1) 5.88-4( 8) 661.657( 3) 85.14 2) 1) Spin 2+ 3/2 4/2+ q/2-Information Sheet 0-60 B- DECAY (5.2714 Y) Co-60 st S.2714 ¥_ 5.2714 ¥, Parent state: G.S- Half life: 5.2714 Y(5) Q(gs): 2823.64(11) keV Branch ratio: 1.0 . Ni-60 Bota ray: Max.£(keV) Avg.E(kev)- Intensity(rel) Spin st 1492(20) 625.87( 5) 9.05720) 2 670(20) -274.93( 5) 0.022) 2+ 317.88 (30) 95.77 4) 99,925(20) a Gamaa zay Enezgy (keV) _Intensity(xel) 346.93( 7) 0.0076( 5} 826.28( 9) 0. 0076( 8) 3173.287( 4) 89.9736 7) 1332.501( 5) 99.9856( 4) 2156.77( 9) 0.90112 (18) 2505 2,08-6( 8) TC-99 ITDECAY i Parent state: 142.6836(12) keV Tc-69 22. Sv a.14a3 Balf life: §.01 H() i 50M 6.01 Hy Gigs): () kev . ee ranch ratio: 9.999963( y To-99 6) Gamna ray: for absolute intensity multiply by 0.8906(24) Bnergy(keV) —‘Intensity(rel) 2.1726 4) = 140.512( 1) 100 142.63( 3) 0.021¢ 2)Information Sheet 1-131 B-DECAY Parent state: G.S. Half lige: 8.02070 D(11) Q(gs): 970-8(6) keV Branch ratio: Lo T-131 ra S.02070 p s.azave D 0.8709 20% ones & ez 2.40 Xe-131 Bete ray: WaxSe (kev) Avg.E (keV —Intensity{rel) spin 7/2+ 806.9( -) 283.24 (23) 0.48( 1) 11/2- 629.7 -) 200.22(23) .050(23) 9/2- 606.3( -) 191.58(23) * 99.9( 8) 5/2+ 333.8 -) 9e.62(20) 7.2710) aa 303.9( -) 86.94(20) 0.651(23) V2- 247.9 -) 69.36(19) 2.10( 3) 5/2+ Gamma, say: for absolute intensity multiply by 0.017(31 Bnergy (keV) Intensity(rel) ‘ 80.185( 2) 3.21( 4) 85.9( 2) 0,00011( 6) (163.930( 8) - 177,214¢ 2) 0.330( 4) 232.18(15} —0.0039( 5) 272.498(17) —0.0707(13) 284.305( 5) 7.51( 6) 295.8( 2) — 0.0022(10) 302-4( 2) 0.0058( 7) 318.088 (16) 0.095( 2) 324.651(25) 0.026( 3) 325.789( 4) 0.335 (26) 358.4( 2) 0.020( 7) 364.489( 5) 100.0( 7) 494.014( 4) 0.067{ 2) 449.6( 2) 0.009( 3) 503.004( 4) 0.441( 4) 636.989( 4) 8.78(11) 642.719( 5) 0.266( 5) 722.911( 5) 2.17( 3)C-14 B- DECAY Parent state: G.S. Half life: 5730 ¥(40) Information Sheet c-i4 5790 y_st20y 10.1565 Q(gs): 186.473(9) kev 100.00 = Branch ratio: 1 2.0000 Nel¢ Beta ray: Max.£(keV) Avg. E (keV) Intensity(rel) Spin oF 186.5( -) 49.47((nul1)) 100 es P-32 B- DECAY P32 a 34.26 014.26 D Parent state: 6.S. Half life: 14.26 D(a) Q(gs) :1710.3(6) kev Branch’ ratio: 10 Beta ray: Max. (keV) Avg. E (keV) aaa) 684.9 3) 4.7103 Intensity(rel) Spin at 100. oFInformation Sheet IR-192_ B- DECAY (73.827 D) TH SBT ET, Parent state: G.s Half life: 73.827 0(13) Qlgs): 1459.7(19) kev Branch ratio: 0.9513, 2 x tm Beta ray: for absolute intensity multiply by 1.0512(14) Max.E(keV) Avg. E (keV) Intensity(rel) Spin 4+ 672( 4) 209.3( 7) 48.0( 3) a 535( 2) 162.1( 7) 41,43 (20) 3 240(15) 71.6( 6) 5.60( 3) 4s @ 8.70 -) 21.405) 0.1027(25) 3 75.7¢ -) 13.5( 5) 0.0039(17) (5)- 53.5( -) 13-6( 5) 0.0035( 5) 3+ Gamma ray: for absolute intendity multiply by 1.0512 Energy(keV) — Intensity(rel) 136.3426 ( 3) 0.199(25) 176.98( 4) 0,0043(12) 214.7( 5) = 280.27(24) 0.009¢ 5) i 295.95650 (15) 28.72(24) 308, 45807 (17) 29.68(18) 314.80 (25) a 316.50618 (17) 82.71(21) 319.32 (25) a 415.4( 5) - 416.4698 ( 7) 0.669(21) 468.0688( 3) 47.81 (24) 485.30(12) 0.0023, 5) 588.5810( 7) 4.517 (22) 593.49(13) 0.0421 (17) 599.41(15) 0.0039(17) 604. 41105 (25) 8.201 4) 612.4621( 3) 5.34( 8) 738( 1) = 765.8( 3) 0.0013( 6) 684.5365( 7) 0.291( 7) 1061.48( 4) 0.053¢ 1) 1089.9( 3) 0.0012, 2) 1378.20(15) 0.0012, 3)| | Information Sheet 1R-192 B- DECAY (1.45 M) Ir-ig2 Parent state: a 4.45 14S 1 56.74(9) kev ‘ Half life: 1.45 M(5) Q{qs): 1459.7(19) kev Branch ratio: 1.75E~4 2.6125 a.2165 aeaee Pt-192 Beta ray: for absolute intensity multiply by 5714.29 Max.E (keV) Avg. E (keV) Intensity(rel) Spin a i511 537.4( 8) 0.007 oF 1285 409.2( 8) 0.008 2+ aga 294.2(-8) 0.0025 ae Gamma ray: Energy(keV) —‘Intensity(rel) 295,95650(15) - 316.50618 (17) 612.4621( 3) aInformation Sheet CO-57 EC DECAY Parent state: G.S. Half life: 271.74 D«6) Q(gs): 836.0(4) kev Branch ratio: OS) mi muy a ane wer 1.0 EC: total intensity = 100.0 Gamma ray: Bnergy (keV) 14,4129( 6) 12206065 (12) 136..47356(29) 230.4( 4) 339.69(21) 352.33(21) 366.8( 3) 570,09(20) =@692.41( 7) 706.54 (22) Intensity (rel) 9.16(15) 85.60(17) 10.68( 8) 4B-4( 4) 3.7E-3( 3) 3.0E-3( 3) 1.2E-3( 3) 0.0158(10) 0.149(10) 5.0B~3( 5) me HesInformation Sheet B.14 Materials density: Water air at °C, 760mmHg 0.001293 air at 20°C, 760 min Hg 0.001205 ‘Aluminum 2.79 Iron. : 78 Cadmium 8.65 Gold 19.32 | a Lead 11.35 Indium 7.28 is Silver 10.50 Copper 8.94 Tron 7.86 Uranium 18.68 “ B.15 Some Units, Constants and Conversion Factors B.15.1. SI Prefixes 1 q 106 Mega M 193 Milli ey 1083 Kilo Kk 105 Micro, # 1 ecto B Ww? Nanie 2 10! Deka a 192 Pico “Pp B.15.2 RADIOACTIVITY (A) Lourie (Ci) = 3.7x 10° dps =3.7x 10" Becquerel (Bq) B.15.3 Exposure (X) XedQ/dm in air by Gamma or x-ray 1X =1CiKg 1 R=2.58 10° C/Kg in air 1 roentgen (R) =1 eswlee of standard air 1 R=1 Rad= 1 remInformation Sheet B.15.4 Absorbed Dose (D) 1 Rad = 0.01 Gray (Gy) = 0.01 J/Kg =100 ergs/g B.15.5 Dose Equivalent (H) & Effective Dose (E) Trem = 0.01 Sievert (Sv) B.15.6 The percentage of nuclei remaining radioactivity as a funetion of half life 1 2 a 12.5 4 6.25 s 3.125 6 1.56 7 0.78 8 0.39 = 3 0.195, 10 0.0975 oa B.15.7 Classification of Neutrons 1. Thermal Neutrons E=0.25eV 2, Slow Nentions E<0,5eV 3. intermediate Energy Neutrons 0, 5eV10KeV 15.8 HIVL values for fast neutrons in ConcreteInformation Sheet B.16. CATEGORIES OF PACKAGES AND OVERPACKS | 0 @ Not more than 0.005 mSv/h 1- WHITE More than 0.005 mSv/h but - YELLOW omen not more than 0.5 mSv/h ee More than 0.5 mSv/h : te but not more than 2 mSv/h CL oe More than 2 mSv/h but Sa not more than 10 mSv/h ‘Under oeaherve toe (2) (Tis not greater than 0.005) (b) Shall also be transported under exchisive use& 88002-90-0¢-190yg woneULIOyUT “gl “wepuodep ABsoug, “¢ (99 00¢ >) S872 uw seaq ABiau9 Mo] 30 50 seudje 15919 30U [LAL sKoaims uoneuyaren0) ou JNd9 001 sfonang joutosied | (nym) Wap | Absrx ‘Ag HEM OPIS "jiepuadap ASU, (a9 02 > 0 ‘ACW. “uoRRUETEAUOS ‘p> 1) suyoq pur seydys ‘WSOULO} 2AyISUAg, 8109 M0] 1O3Y9P 100 TEAL seuodsod pid (Saye qunoo yBzy yw syuno9 argues ‘oda sfeqins woReuruTE}ao3 Karx eau 4J0.880]) aury peap 8.07] aagsuadouy | Wa OO > sfoamg jouuogeg | suram) waa | ‘Af | ‘mopuyy, pug PaanseaHL punosyoeg wOnEIpTY sodejueapusia, sodeyueapy roid, osq Areong | samp reodss | yo odds, separ | SYOLOALAC WD SINDANWISNE ATAUNS NOLLVIGVA AIAV.LUOd 40 AUVIANANS ‘LT'a yaotig woREUTOFTTSt 88007-90-0f-1904S UoNeULOFL “g 6 ‘postnbou uBtsop weumnsut so/pus soyouy ayeudoxddy , { ‘Aypraing, ‘amssoud “Cum” sjana} ‘aanresaduran Sty Aton sinsvous we ssomos Aei-x puw | «(9 20% ype) 0} aAnIsUag ‘sumprap ou Ayyemur, | «CYETIO0I-0L) | wog prezey uonepes surat) @) SusqWVHO asuodsar mois | — ayyu saunsvou Apoouig | 0 400N Jomowansrapy | mpg Sypu herx‘h SNIZINOL syd Jo woud ESTA . | sye3] B19 BET Ceprydins yurz ) sual] oF eansuog, Aquo seydye soa, OsFON sfaammg wydty Wdo 2 $uz‘q ‘anderg punosy;22q aajsuada ; : neu ca See eee (2p1por tumgpos ) luo syo9¥9q Wadd 8.0001 | sfoamns yoasy mor Aaa | oCUarlwad. Aerx ‘h PNe PaaS, Piinosypeg, WORMIDERL sorjazapenc sodujuvapy read A, asa Arma | smawads, | joadey soy} SHOLOALAC NOLLVTILLNIOS : ae ee