A Report on Internship

From – 10th Jan 2022 to 16th Feb 2022

“Floating Solar Power Plant (Title)”

By
Mr. Student Name
(Exam Seat No. T190…..)

Sandip Institute of Engineering and

Management Nashik
Department of Mechanical Engineering
[2022-23]
 Sandip Institute of Engineering and Management Nashik
Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Name of Student, has successfully completed the
Internship Work entitled “Title” under my supervision, in the partial
fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering - Mechanical Engineering, of
Savitribai Phule Pune University.

Date:
Place: Nashik

Prof.
[Class Teacher] [ EXAMINER]

Dr. A. S. Dube Dr. D. P. Patil

H.O.D. Principal

Seal
 Internship Place Details

Company Background & Activities

Scope & Object of Study

Supervisor Details

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 CONTENTS
Sr. No. Title Page No.
Certificate i
Internship Place Details ii
Index iii
List of figures v
List Table vi
Nomenclature vii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 What is Floating Solar PV 1
1.2 Advantages 3
1.3 Disadvantages 4
2 Problem statement 5
3 Objectives 7
4 Scope 8
5 Methodology 9
5.1 Pontoon 9
5.2 Floats 9
5.3 Mooring System 10
6 Case Study 12
 Photovoltaic Fundamentals: 14
6.1.1 PV Effect 14
6.1.2 PV Terminology 14
6.1.3 Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 14
6.1.4 Short Circuit Current (Isc) 15
6.1.5 Peak power Pmax (PV) 15
6.1.6 Maximum Power Point (MPP) 15
6.1.7 PV Cell Type 15
7 Analysis 17

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 7.1 No land occupancy 17
7.2 Installation and decommissioning 17
7.3 Water saving and water quality 17
7.4 Cooling 17
7.5 Tracking 17
7.6 Storage opportunity 18
7.7 Environment control 18
7.8 Efficiency improvement 18
7.9 Meteorological data 18
7.10 Water quality information 18
7.11Simulation 19
7.12 Bathymetry/Hydrography and Soil Testing 19
7.13 Strength (internal, positive factors) 21
7.14 Weakness (Internal, Negative factors) 22
7.15 Environmental effects of floating solar 22
8 Conclusion 23
Suggestions / Recommendations for improvement to industry if
9 24
any
10 Attendance Record 25
11 Acknowledgement 29
12 List of reference 30
Appendix 31

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1.1 Floating Solar Power Plant 2

5.1 Pontoon 9

5.2 Floating Structure 9

5.3 Mooring System 10

6.1 PV Cell 14
A flow chart of steps in floating solar PV project
7.1 20
design

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Name Page No.

6.1 Specification of a Single Solar Panel 13

vi
 NOMENCLATURE

Symbol Explain meaning of symbol for example (also mention units

in SI format)

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is Floating Solar PV:

FSPV, also known as Floatovoltaics is a solar PV application in which PV panels are
designed and installed to float on water bodies such as reservoirs, hydroelectric dams,
industrial ponds, water treatment ponds, mining ponds, lakes, and lagoons. In this, solar
panels are usually mounted upon a pontoon-based floating structure to keep its location
fixed. Floating structure is anchored and moored. Recently there has been an interest in
FSPV globally as well as in India. Further, it is also seen that if the capacity of FSPV
deployment is scaled up, the tariff may also come down closer to the tariff discovered for
ground-mounted solar PV.

The use of photovoltaic (PV) has increased very rapidly in recent years. In 2015, the PV
market had achieved a massive expansion on a world scale with an installed capacity of
230GW, where its development began to move from Europe to Asia and the USA. This is
certainly not without reason. With the massive movement in the use of clean and
environmentally friendly energy, solar power has the highest attractiveness from society
because of the abundant and endless energy resource. Easy installation, semiconductor
technology as a basis for growing PV technology, and policy intensives are the main
reasons why PV is increasingly favored by the public. PV converts solar radiation into
electrical energy without polluting the environment. PV performance itself depends on
climatic conditions, electrical operation parameters, and design parameters such as
temperature, solar irradiance, etc. In general, PV can convert 4- 17% of solar radiation
into electrical energy, depending on the factors above. The higher the intensity of solar
radiation will increase the module temperature and will reduce PV cell efficiency. Solar
energy is energy produced by the sun created through a thermonuclear process and this
process creates heat and electromagnetic radiation. These electromagnetic radiations have
the energy that reaches the earth. As solar energy is an indirect source of energy, we need
two components: one the collector and other the storage device initially. The collector
will collect the radiation coming from the sun and convert it in the form of electrical

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energy. One the other hand we require storage unit since the radiations keeps varying
throughout the day and during night hours there will be no radiations.
Now let us discuss the types of collectors. These are of three types-
1) Flat-plate collectors
2) Focusing collectors
3) Passive collectors

Most of the time we use flat- plate panels which is a combination of array of solar cells
arranged in a simple plane. The output of these panels depends upon the size of panel,
intensity of radiation and the cleanness of the panel. Now with the concept of floating
solar we are enchasing the availability of water bodies in different regions. Since with
this idea we do not have to utilize a large area, the problem of land for the solar plant can
be easily solved. Also, keeping in mind the fact that land acquisition in India is not an
easy task, this sort of an idea keep itself away from disputes.

Fig 1.1 Floating Solar Power Plant

A solar cell or PV cell converts solar energy into electrical energy by the photo voltaic
effect. When the sunlight is incident upon a material surface, the electrons present in the
valence band absorb energy and, being excited, jump to the conduction band and become
free. These highly excited, non-thermal electrons diffuse, and some reach a junction

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where they are accelerated into a different material by a built-in potential (Galvani
potential). This generates an electromotive force, and thus the light energy is converted
into electric energy. An Array of solar panels are used to generate electricity. The output
of solar panels is of DC (Direct current) nature. The output of each solar panel is
combined through the combiner who has two input ports and two output ports and has
connected with the lightening arresters and store in the storage device. The output of the
combiner is attached to an inverter which converts DC into 3-phase AC. The 3 phase AC
power is then given to meet the load demand or fed to grid. Now introducing the concept
of floating to the above previous theory is what we aim to do. With this, the basic idea is
that we float the solar panels over the water bodies. With this not only we can solve the
problem of land as we have discussed earlier but there are many other environmental
benefits that we can accomplish. We all know that during summers canals face the threat
of drying up due to which irrigation problems arise. With floating solar, around 70% of
the evaporation could be prevented which would in turn help in the retaining enough
waters in the canals and small river bodies.

1.2ADVANTAGES:

• Floating power plants can freely be movable at sea or river.

• The Floating power plant can economically supply electricity to a specific district
or to a specific facility that temporarily uses electricity, and can minimize
limitations caused by environmental regulations, and can be used as an emergency
electric power source.
• The floating power plant is freely movable on the sea, so that the power plant is
not limited to the place. Thus, the floating power plant can be moved to any
district having facilities requiring electricity or can generate electricity on the
open sea or river.
• Floating power plants overcomes problems of conventional land power plants
and, particularly, solves the problem of the waste of land caused by construction
of power plants on land, and thus reduces environmental pollution.

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1.3 DISADVANTAGES:

• Floating Power Plant as a problem with end-user power demand and supply not
being synchronized.
• The access to the installations is critical when working offshore.
• Infrastructure is costly when working offshore.

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2. PROBLEM STATMENT

Shading on panels due to water- Solar shading is the dirty phrase of the solar industry.
Due to waves created in the water, sometimes water come on the surface of the panels.
So, due to this the PV cells acts as a load and the efficiency reduces, also the power out
decreases. Because without getting the heat, electrons whole pairs cannot form in the
solar cells and the energy cannot be generated. So, to eliminate this effect panels tilted by
some angle so, water can easily remove. As compared to land mounted system the energy
generation decreases only 2-3% of total energy that of in land mounted it decrease 50%
of total.

Effect of flood in rainy season- As it is known in rainy season more water come into the
reservoir with more kinetic energy. So, due this more waves created in the reservoir and
system gets displaced & some time it gets damaged. Mostly system is installed in the
man-made pond. So, there is no such causing. But if the system installed in river, so it
must protect and eliminate this effect. So, to eliminate this and to save the system,
mooring system must be strong enough to with stand and more weights are connected to
system.

How to transfer energy from panel to battery- Cables used for this system should be
robust and mechanically strong. High temperature resistance and excellent
weatherproofing characteristics provide a long service life to the cables used. The
connectors with high current capacity and easy mode of assembly are to be used for the
connections of the power plant cables. With this cables power can be transfer to the
battery, which is installed in battery room.

The floating solar power plant or FSPP or FSPV is designed to be a project that can
function in the daytime that is when the sunlight shines on the panels, the electricity is
generated which is then directly transmitted to the electricity grid or to any source to
power up. In the case of using, it with electricity grid, the DC or Direct Current electricity

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that is generated by the solar panels is first converted to AC or Alternating Current with
the help of a inverter and then it is stepped up with the help of a step up transformer
according to the desired voltages by the user.

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3 OBJECTIVES

• FLOATING SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (FSPV): FSPV is a concept of utilizing

a water body as a PV installation area, certainly not independent of floating
technology. In short, FSPV is a combination of PV technology and floating
technology that produces electricity generation. The most important parameter in
evaluating the performance of FSPV is that effective conversion efficiency in
operative conditions, which has an impact on electricity generation as the main
objective of the FSPV components. PV module conversion efficiency is a
comparison between the electricity generated and the solar radiation intensity
incident, which is formulated accordingly as follows:

• SOLAR RADIATON: It is radiant energy emitted by the sun from a nuclear

fusion reaction that creates electromagnetic energy. The spectrum of solar
radiation is close to that of a black body with a temperature of about 5800 K.
About half of the radiation is in the visible short-wave part of the electromagnetic
spectrum. Vapor Compression Air Conditioning with Earth heat exchanger and
Peltier module unit and derive performance characteristic.

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4. SCOPE

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5. METHODOLOGY
5.1 PONTOON:
Pontoon is a floating device made up of Polymer and has enough buoyancy to
float on water with heavy load placed on it. The platform is design to hold
suitable number of modules in series parallel combination according to the
requirement and space availability.

Fig 5.1 Pontoon

5.2 FLOATS:
Floats multiple plastic hollow floats with effective buoyancy to self-weight ratio
are connected in series such as to form a giant pontoon. The floats are typically
made of HDPE (high density polyethylene), known for its tensile strength,
maintenance free, UV and corrosion resistance. Glass fiber reinforced plastic
(GRP) can also be used for construction of floating platforms. HDPE is
commonly used for the fabrication of fuel tanks, milk bottles, water pipes, and can
be recycled as well.

Fig 5.2 Floating Structure

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Floating structure characteristics:

1) Main float supporting PV module
2) Secondary float
3) Tab connection
4) Gasket to mount module
5) Module locking

5.3 MOORING SYSTEM:

It is a permanent structure that holds the system in one place. Examples include
quays, wharfs, jetties, piers, anchor buoys, and mooring buoys. In the case of a
floating solar system, the mooring system keeps the panels in the same position
and prevents them from turning or floating away. The biggest challenge is to
install mooring system in deep water. The mooring system for floating platform
can be done with nylon wire rope slings which can be tied to bollards on bank and
lashed at each corner.

Fig 5.3 Mooring System

The layout of plant:
1) Module
2) Structure
3) Substation
4) Distribution line

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5) Buoyancy anchor
6) Floater
7) Weight
8) Under water cable

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6. CASE STUDY

India’s largest floating Solar Energy Plant at Kerala, capacity of 100 kWp SELECT
Energy Systems Ltd (a leading Manufacturer of Solar PV Modules & Integrator of High-
Quality Solar PV Power Systems) has successfully built and commissioned India’s
largest Floating Solar Energy plant at Rajiv Gandhi Combined cycle power plant
(RGCCPP in Kayamkulam, Kerala) for NTPC. The floating structure was commissioned
in a short span of 22 days. This plant was constructed under campaign of 'Made in India'.
To reduce the cost of the system, a collaborative indigenous floater development project
has been taken up by NETRA with Central Institute for Plastic Engineering and
Technology (CIPET), Chennai. NETRA, NTPC and SWELECT Energy Systems Ltd
worked jointly on this program. And the system has 25 years of continues working life.
Features:
1) Indigenously developed floaters:
• Cost effective (compared to commercially available floating PV system).
• India’s largest installation of its kind at NTPC.
• A good display of Make in India initiative.
2) Benefits:
• No land required (no land cost/availability/acquisition issues/no uprooting of
trees).
• Reduction of evaporation of water and algae growth in water bodies.
• Expected increased generation because of cooling effect on PV panels (water is at
cool temperature when the atmospheric air is hot – per day generating around 5.7
kWh / kWp).
• Reduced installation time when compared to land.
• PV modules stay free from dust to a large extent – resulting in low maintenance
on cleaning.
3) PV Modules:
• The CEA specifies design qualifications and quality standards for both crystalline
and thin film modules. In addition, the MNRE also specifies standards through the

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National Solar Mission. These standards are IEC 61215 for crystalline silicon PV
modules.
• IEC 61730, that provides requirements for construction of the module, testing and
safety qualification. IEC 61701 specifies the salt mist corrosion testing for
modules that are used in coastal corrosive atmospheres. The IEC standards apply
to all modules, used in Indian solar PV projects, either manufactured in India or
imported into India. They, however, consider the environmental effects of the
Indian weather conditions into their quality check process.

Table 6.1 -Specification of a Single Solar Panel

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 Photovoltaic Fundamentals:

6.1.1 PV Effect: Solar photovoltaic systems use the PV effect to convert solar energy into
electricity. Simply stated, the PV effect is the generation of a current under exposure to light.
PV cells absorbs direct normal irradiance (DNI) and diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI).
When a photon from solar light contacts a PV material, the photon can be transmitted,
absorbed, or reflected. In the case of absorption (Figure 6), an electron can be released and
removed if the energy of the photon is higher than the band gap of the semiconductor. This
physical effect is done through the P-N junction of the PV cell, which basically acts like a
diode, and thus creating an electric direct current, as free electrons are flowing between the
N-type and the P-type semi-conductors.

Fig. 6.1 PV Cell

6.1.2 PV Terminology:
PV parameters used by the manufacturers are defined and explained shortly. This
terminology is common to the global PV market, and thus will be used extensively in this
project.
6.1.3 Open Circuit Voltage (Voc): Open-circuited voltage of the PV module, at rated
irradiance and temperature.

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6.1.4 Short Circuit Current (Isc): Short-circuited maximum current generated by a

solar module, at rated irradiance and temperature.
6.1.5 Peak power Pmax (PV):
Module power generation at rated conditions.
6.1.6 Maximum Power Point (MPP):
Voltage-current pair (Impp and Vmpp) for which the PV module delivers the maximum
power output, at given irradiance and temperature. The MPP plays a crucial role in the
PV module and system performance analysis.
6.1.7 PV Cell Types:
PV cells are generally optimized to maximize both the amount of light received and
absorbed, together with the power generated. Thus, metal grids are used for conduction,
and anti-reflection coatings are applied to the top of the cell. In much the same way, the
efficiency of the PV cell is strongly linked with the fabrication of the cell, which involved
very often high laboratory and fabrication costs with regards to material costs (for
instance with silicon Si). The efficiency of the PV cells is highly impacted by optical
losses (reflection or high-energy photon) and resistive losses (series and shunt resistance),
which are independent of given environmental operating conditions. The two main PV
cell technologies are crystalline silicon (C-Si) and thin film (TF).
The solar PV market is currently strongly dominated by crystalline silicon which
represents approximately 90% of the Market, while thin film technology accounts for
around 10% of the market share. C-Si cells are composed of monocrystalline (mC-Si) and
polycrystalline (pC-Si) cells. mC-Si cells are made from pure monocrystalline silicon and
are composed of a single crystal with almost no impurities. The main advantages of this
single continuous crystal lattice structure are the high efficiency reached by the cell,
which is typically around 17%-19%. Recent tests of NREL and SunPower have even
shown efficiency up to 28%. However, mC-Si cells fabrication involves critical
manufacturing costs. pC-Si cells are produced using numerous grains of monocrystalline
silicon. Instead of using a single crystal, pC-Si cells are manufactured by cutting very
thin wafers of molten polycrystalline silicon. They are less expensive than mC-Si, but
have lower efficiencies, around 14%-16%. Both cells are highly affected by temperature

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variation. TF cells are separated in amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe)
and Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS).
TF cells are produced by arranging atoms in a thin homogeneous layer, since they absorb
light more effectively than crystalline silicon. TF cells have lower manufacturing costs
and are usually less affected by temperature.
Moreover, a Si and CIGS cells offer flexibility, which can be useful for certain
applications. However, they operate with lower efficiencies, approximately 7%-9% for a-
Si, 10%-12% for CdTe and CIGS. For a couple of decades, multi junctions PV cells have
also started to join the market, providing very high efficiency (up to 50% in 4 junctions)
thanks to lower spectral and resistive losses. However, their very high manufacturing
costs are a critical barrier for large-scale applications.

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7. ANALYSIS

There are several reasons for this development:

7.1 No land occupancy:
The main advantage of floating PV plants is that they do not take up any land, except the
limited surfaces necessary for electric cabinet and grid connections. Their price is
comparable with land-based plants, but they provide a good way to avoid land
consumption.
7.2 Installation and decommissioning:
Floating PV plants are more compact than land-based plants, their management is simpler
and their construction and decommissioning straightforward. The main point is that no
fixed structures exist like the foundations used for a land-based plant so their installation
can be totally reversible.
7.3 Water saving and water quality:
The partial coverage of basins can reduce water evaporation. This result depends on
climate conditions and on the percentage of the covered surface. In arid climates such as
India, this is an important advantage since about 80% of the evaporation of the covered
surface is saved and this means more than 20,000 m3/year/ha. This is a very useful
feature if the basin is used for irrigation purposes.
7.4 Cooling:
The floating structure allows the implementation of a simple cooling system. Cooling
mechanism is natural but can also be active by generating a water layer on the PV
modules or using a submerged PV module, the so-called SP2 (Submerged Photovoltaic
Solar Panel).
In these cases the global PV modules efficiency rises thanks to the absence of thermal
drift, with a gain in energy harvesting up to 8-10%.
7.5 Tracking:
A large floating platform can be easily turned and can perform vertical axis tracking: this
can be done without wasting energy and without the need for a complex mechanical

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apparatus as in land-based PV plants. A floating PV plant equipped with a tracking

system has a limited additional cost while the energy gain can range from 15 to 25%.
7.6 Storage opportunity:
The presence of water naturally suggests using gravity energy storage mainly in the
coupling with hydroelectric basins. However, other possibilities have been explored and
CAES systems have been suggested.
7.7 Environment control:
A parallel advantage is the containment of the algae bloom, a serious problem in
industrialized countries. The partial coverage of the basins and the reduction of light on
biological fouling just below the surface, together with active systems can solve this
problem. This is only a part of the more general problem of managing a water basin
generated by industrial activities or polluted by them.
7.8 Efficiency improvement:
Many studies claim that there is a significant improvement in efficiency of putting solar
panels over water. These studies are not conclusive and differ in their conclusion. The
energy gain reported ranged from 5 to 15%.

Upon receiving the clearance from ESIA, designing of FSPV plants can begin. For the
sake of simplicity, the entire project design needs the following three components:

7.9 Meteorological data –

Meteorological or MET data are essential to understand the local resources pertaining to
FSPV. The met data comprise solar radiation, wind direction, wind velocity, wave height
and amplitude, humidity, ambient temperature, rainfall, etc.
7.10 Water quality information –
Water quality information is crucial in selecting the material of anchoring and mooring
system, floating platform, cables and understating the long-term effects it may cause on
the life of FSPV plant components. Hence it is essential to have a thorough investigation
on water quality of the water body while taking the sample from multiple points. A
typical water quality report should contain information such as physical and chemical

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properties of water (PH, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids
(TDS) level, temperature of water, etc., and must follow ISI:10500 2012.
7.11Simulation –
Simulation software like PVsyst, HelioScope, ANSYS, OrcaFlex, CFD, etc., can be used
in designing the layout, angle of tilt, plot size, designing of anchoring and mooring lines,
placement of inverters, plant capacity, balance of system (BOS), estimates of energy
generations for the entire project life, etc.
7.12 Bathymetry/Hydrography and Soil Testing:
A bathymetric survey is a method to estimate the depth of a water body, and it also helps
in understanding the underwater geography of a particular water body. There are several
methods available for carrying out bathymetric surveys such as multibeam, single beam,
sub-bottom profilers, Eco Mapper Autonomous Under Vehicle (EAUV), and acoustic
doppler current profiler (ADCP). A hydrography survey deals with providing physical
features such as understanding underwater navigations, accurate positions, depictions of
hills, etc., of water bodies. Both bathymetric and/or hydrographic surveys are useful in
understanding the topography of waterbed such as locating any bed-rock outcrops,
obstacles at bed level if any, and optimum locations for placing anchors and mooring for
the floating platform.

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Fig 7.1 A flow chart of steps in floating solar PV project design

In comparison to ground-based solar PV plants, FSPV plants are easy to install and may
not require heavy civil construction in most cases. The entire process of installation and
commissioning can be divided into three steps: -
A) Site preparation and construction.
B) Installation
C) Commissioning.
As in any solar PV-based plant development, the first step is to prepare the site. This
involves civil works for grading and leveling, excavating the foundation for mooring and
anchoring, fabricating a dedicated launching platform for launching the floating platform
into the water surface (this depends upon access to the water surface at the site),
fabricating inverter housing, building embankment for foundation protection, etc.
Installation begins after the initial site preparation is completed. It includes connecting
the rows of floats to form a floating platform, mounting PV panels on the floating
platform, connecting cables, inverters, transmission lines, etc. Since FSPV plants are
installed on water bodies and are often subjected to harsh environmental conditions like
high humidity, high winds, etc.

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Recommended that the solar PV panels, supporting structure and other balance of
systems such as inverters, cables, etc., are chosen wisely. Some activities involved in
installation and commissioning are likely to generate air and noise emissions. Such
emissions and waste generated could have an adverse impact on local biodiversity.
SWOT Analysis is the most renowned tool for analysis of the overall business and its
environment. SWOT is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and
Threats. Strengths (S) and Weaknesses (W) are internal factors over some measure of
control exist. Opportunities (O) and Threats (T) are external factors over which
essentially no control exists. SWOT Analysis is a useful technique for understanding the
Strengths and Weaknesses, and for identifying both the Opportunities open and the
Threats faced. SWOT analysis is the foundation for evaluating the probable opportunities
and threats from the external environment and the internal potential and the changing
trends. It views all positive and negative factors inside and outside the project that affect
the success. It helps in the decision-making process and helps in forecasting/predicting
the success of the project. The strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of Floating
solar plants are highlighted in the following section.

7.13 Strength (internal, positive factors)

1) Floating solar power generating systems typically generate more electricity than
ground-mount and rooftop systems due to the cooling effect of the water.
2) The floating platforms are designed and engineered to withstand extreme physical
stress, including typhoon and storm conditions.
3) LSA installations reduce water evaporation and algae growth by shading the water.
4) Geographically any water bodies with abundant sunlight can be used to install floating
plants.
5) Floating platforms are 100% recyclable, utilizing high- density polyethylene, which
can withstand ultraviolet rays and resists corrosion.
6) More module installation compares with the other system.
7) Non-use (and disturbance) of land which conserves the local environment.
8) Easy to erect and faster deployment.

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7.14 Weakness (Internal, Negative factors)

1) Long-term maintenance requirements and durability of floating solar PV is yet to be
seen.
2) Ecological and adverse impacts on the water ecosystem.
3) Relatively young and immature technology.
4) Lack of experience and knowledge. 5) Lack of cooperation from local distribution
utility.
6) Solar energy concentration levels on floating platform.
7) High waves and salt water possibly damage the solar panels over time.
7.15 Environmental effects of floating solar:
Floating solar platform allows standard PV panels to be installed on large bodies of water
such as drinking water reservoirs, quarry lakes, irrigation canals or remediation and
tailing ponds. Simple and affordable floating solar platform is particularly well suitable
for energy and water-intensive industries who cannot afford to waste either land or water.
Wineries, dairy farms, fish farms, mining companies, wastewater treatment plants,
irrigation districts and water agencies are industries which can benefit from the synergy
that floating solar system creates between sun and water.

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8.CONCLUSION:
The floating solar concept seems simple enough, but there are major technological
hurdles. Floating solar application with challenges and opportunities has been discussed.
1) The SWOT analysis presented in this paper can be utilized as tool for future
development of floating photovoltaic systems.
2) To revolutionize floating solar, threats identified need to be tracked appropriately.
However, the future seems bright for the floating solar technology.
3) In the near future, the surface of the water bodies associated with hydroelectric dams,
pumped storage installations, and cooling ponds of electric power plant locations that
typically have existing power grid connections will be totally covered with the floating
system.
4) Floating Solar system is technically feasible and economically viable. A brief
commercial viability analysis was performed based on the material costs of the structural
system fabricated with different materials. It found that the structural system fabricated
with FRP is the most cost effective due to the light weight of the material. For the
commercialization of a large-scale floating PV
generation systems using FRP members, it may be necessary to develop appropriate
elemental techniques, construction skills, mooring systems, etc. Therefore, the design and
construction techniques developed in the 1 MW class floating PV generation complexes
may be positive examples for the construction of large-scale floating PV generation
complexes in the future.

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9. SUGGESTIONS / RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT

TO INDUSTRY, IF ANY

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10. ATTEDANCE RECORD

Name of Student
Branch
Seat Number
Date - From to
Company Name -

Sr. Date Work Carried Out Time Signature

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

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11.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With all respect and gratitude, I would like to thank all people who have helped me
directly or indirectly for the completion of this Internship work.

With a deep sense of gratitude, I thank our Principal Dr. D. P. Patil and Management of
the Sandip Foundation for providing all necessary facilities and their constant
encouragement and support.

I express my thanks to Dr. A. S. Dube, Head of the department of mechanical

Engineering, for providing the necessary information and required resources.

I am very much thankful to Mr. Industrial Guide Name and the Management of
Company Name for providing all guidance and necessary resources required to complete
the task.

Finally, thanks to all the Teaching & Non-teaching staff members of Mechanical
Engineering Department for providing necessary information and required resources.

I am ending this acknowledgement with deep indebtedness to my friends who have

helped me.

MR. STUDENT NAME

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12. LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Ankit kumar& Rajneesh KumarGedam “Hybrid Air Conditioning For Better Energy
Economic Consumption” IJATES , Vol No 4,2016.

2. Manoj Kumar Rawat, Prasanta Kumar Sen, HimadriChattopadhyay, SubhasisNeogi,

“Developmental and Experimental Study of Solar Powered Thermoelectric Refrigeration
System” ,IJERAISSN: 2248-9622 ,Vol. 3, pp.2543-2547, Jul-Aug 2013.

3. M.J. Goldsworthy ,“Building Thermal Design For Solar Photovoltaic Air-Conditioning

In Australian Climates” ,PII:S0378-7788(16)31600-0 ,Reference: ENB 7161,2016.

4. Christine Junior, Christoph Richter, Wilhelm Tegethoff, Nicholas Lemke, Jürgen

KöhlerInstitutfürThermodynamik, TU Braunschweig, Germany ,“Modeling and
Simulation of a Thermoelectric Heat Exchanger using the Object-Oriented Library TIL”
,Modelica 2008.

5. Lisa Mucke, Daniel Fleig, Klaus Vajen, Ulrike Jordan, “Hybrid liquid desiccant air-
conditioning systems: a conceptual study with respect to energy saving potentials”, PII:
S0140-7007(16)30097-4, Reference: JIJR 3330. 2016.

6. Muhammad Tauseef Nasir Kyung Chun Kim,“Working Fluids Selection and

Parametric Optimization of an Organic Rankine Cycle Coupled Vapor Compression
Cycle (ORC-VCC) for Air Conditioning Using Low Grade Heat”,PII: S0378-
7788(16)30678-8,Reference: ENB 6899.2016.

7. Jean PeltierPart C: “Electronics Cooling Methods in Industry”. MPE 635: Electronics

Cooling.2014.

Sandip Institute of Engineering & Management, Nasik T.E. (Mechanical)

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8. Xin Zheng, Hong-Qi Li, Ming Yu, Gang Li, Qi-Ming Shang , “Benefit analysis of air
conditioning systems using multiple energy sources in public buildings”,PII: S1359-
4311(16)30565-8Reference: ATE 8125.2016.

9. Haitao Wang, Shunbao Zhou, Zhongshi Wei, Ren Wang ,“A study of secondary heat
recovery efficiency of a heat pi peheatexchanger air conditioning system” ,Energy and
Buildings 133 (2016) pp 206–216 .2016.

10. ChetanJangonda ,KetanPatil , AvinashKinikar , RavirajBhokare , M.D.Gavali,

“Review of Various Application of Thermoelectric Module” IJIRSET ,Vol. 5, Issue 3,
March 2016.

11. SafwanKanan, Jonathan Dewsbury, Gregory F. Lane-Serff , Muhammad Asim ,“The

effect of ground conditions under a solar pond on the performance of a solar air-
conditioning system”. Energy Procedia 91 ( 2016 ) pp 777 – 784,2016.

12. ReinhardRadermacher , “Investigation Of Two Performance Improvement Options

For Household Refrigerators” Ahmet Ors, Master of Science, 2006.

13. A. R. Trott and T. Welch, ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. American Society

of Heating; “Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers”, Inc., Atlanta, GA SI
Version, 1993.

14. Y.H. Yau, A.S. Tucker, The performance study of a wet six-row heat pipeheat
exchanger operating in tropical buildings, International Journal of Energy Research 27
(2003) pp 187–202.

15. Y.H. Yau, A.S. Tucker, The performance study of a wet six-row heat pipeheat
exchanger operating in tropical buildings, International Journal of Energy Research 27
(2003) pp 187–202.

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16. Ehsan Firouzfar, and Maryam Attaran , “A Review of Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers
Activity in Asia” , International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and
Metallurgical Engineering Vol:2, No:11, 2008.

17. Dr. Kishor P. Kolhe , Ashish A. Wankhede , “Experimental Application of Heat Pipes
in Hydraulic Oil Cooler”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
(IJERT)IJERTV4IS030822 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License.) Vol. 4 Issue 03, March-2015.

18. ChetanJangonda, KetanPatil, AvinashKinikar, RavirajBhokare, M.D.Gavali, “Review

of Various Application of Thermoelectric Module” International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 5, Issue 3, March 2016.

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APPENDIX
• Additional photograph (photograph of student while working in company)
• Table
• Images

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