1 Basic Maths

1. Binomial theorem no. of

term
(1 + x)2 = 1 + 2 × 1x + x2
if x <<< 1 then Tn = a + (n-1) d
2
(1 + x) = 1 + 2x last 1
st Common
term term diff.
feel
MR*
(Carrier + love)2 = Carrier + 2 love
no. of terms.
Because carrier >>> love 
n
n n
x+Δx n Δx Δx Sn = 2 2a + (n-1) d
= X 1 + = xn 1 + n
x x
Δ X <<<< X. NOTE:- n = no. of terms not last term.
n
 (1 – x) = 1 – nx

 (1 – x)
–n
= 1 + nx GP series
–n
 (1 + x) = 1 – nx Next term = Previous term × Common ratio
a , ar , ar2 , ar3 , ar4
2. Imp formula
Ex 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, so on
(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab th
n term
(a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab r (Common ratio) =
(n-1)th term
2 2
a – b = (a + b) (a – b)
a
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b) Sum = , valid when r < 1.
1-r
(a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
Ex- 1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , ....
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2– ab) 2 4 8 16 1/4 1
r= =
a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + b2+ ab) 1/2 2
1 1
3. AP series Sum = =
1-1 1/2 = 2
2
Next term = Previous term + Common
Ex-
difference
1, - 1 , 1 ,-1 , 1 ,-1 , ....
a , a + d , a+2d , a + 3d , a + 4d..... 2 4 8 16 32

Ex 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, so on. 1

r= -
2
d = Common difference 1 1 2
th th Sum= =3 =
  = n term– (n–1) term 1--12 2 3
4. Quadratic equation (c) logy x = 1
logx y
ax2 + bx + c = 0
1/n 1
(d) logex = loge x
a, b, & c are constant in n
which a can not be zero n
(e) logex = n logex

- b b2-4ac (f) logba × loga b = 1

X=
2a.
(g) logaa = 1
-b c
Sum of roots = , Products of roots =
a a loge1 = 0
2
Q. Find roots of equation x – 5x + 6 = 0;
log102 = 0.30
find value of a, b & c by comparing with
ax2 + bx + c = 0
log101 = 0
Ans. a = 1, b = –5 & c = 6
- (-5) (-5)2- 4×1×6 log103 = 0.48 ≈ 0.5
X1 =
2×1
loge(sin90°) = 0
5 + 1
= =3
2 log105 + log1020 = 2
X2 = 2
log103
Q. x2 – 4x = 0 48
log23 = =
log102 30
x2 = 4x
 Concept of Anti-log
x = 4 wrong
log ex = Y
By taking Anti-log
x(x - 4) = 0 (convert into concept of power)
x = 0 ; x = 4 correct y
x=e

dka
Q. x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 then find roots. k a ta
*
2 MR log → Concept of Power
Ans. x – 3x – x + 3 = 0
x(x-3) –1 (x – 3) = 0 Power

(x - 3) (x – 1) = 0 23 = 8 log 28 = 3
Base ↑Result
x = 3, x = 1 Base wahi rahega (Power Result
5. Logarithms interchange hoga)
log yx = log x on the base y
loge x = 2.303 log10 x 6. Rule of Power

(a) loga (xy) = loga x + loga y 1. If Power of any non-zero number is zero
then result will be one.
x
(b) log = log x – log y
y Ex- 8° = 1

2
Physics
2. Negative Property of exponent (x is non Important roots
zero number)
121 = 11 400 = 20
n1 1 = x-n
x = –n n
x x 144 = 12 900 = 30
1
3
= 10-3 169 = 13
10

196 = 14 0.64 = 0.8
3. Product Property of Exponent
n m
x x = x
n+m
225 = 15 0.16 = 0.4

103 × 104 = 107 256 = 16

4. Division Property
xn
= xn-m
103
= 103-2
7. Trigonometry
xm 10 2
Arc = Rθ algebraic function
5. Power of a Power: Angle
(xn)m = xnm sinθ/cosθ/tanθ Trigo. function
2 3 6
(10 ) = 10 Angle have unit radian. but dimensionless.
2 3
6. 10 + 10 = 100 + 1000 = 1100
7. Fractional exponent For algebraic function, we always use
S.I. unit radian but for trigonometric
3/2
(x) = (x3)1/2 function we may use rod/degree.
8. Multiplication with fraction. 180° = π rad
1 4 π 180
0.5 = 1.33×12 = × 12 = 16 1° = rad 1rad =
2 3 180 π
6 1
0.6 = 16×.25 = × 16 = 4
10 4
(Anti-clock)
4 3 + ve rotation
0.4 = 0.75×16 = × 16 = 12
10 4
(clock wise)
2 1 – ve rotation
0.66 = 0.33×15 = × 15 = 5
3 3
4 3 Q. Total Angle moved by object in
1.33 = ⇒ 0.75 = ⇒ 0.33 = 1
3 4 3 π-rotation?
2
9. Important property Ans. - θ = π(2π) = 2π rad.
∞
2 = ∞ e∞ = ∞
∞  Some Important Triangles
1 = 1 e–∞ = 0
–∞
4 = 0 eo = 1
10 13 25
(8)2/3=(8)(1/3)×2=(2)3×(1/3)×2=22=4 6 12 7
3/5 37° θ
(32) =(25)3/5=23=8 θ
8 5 24

3
Basic Maths
 0º 30º 45º 60º 90º 120º 135º 150º 180º

Sin θ O 1
2
1
2
3
2 1 3
2
1
2
1
2 O
Cos θ 1 3
2
1
2
1
2 O -1
2 –
1
2 – 32 –1
Tan θ O 1
3 1 3 Not - 3 -1 -1
3 O
define

1 1 1 Sin2θ + Cos2 θ = 1 ⇒ 1+cot2θ = Cosec2 θ

Sin θ = Sec θ = Tan θ =
Cosec θ Cos θ Cot θ
Tan2θ + 1 = Sec2 θ
Sin (90 + θ) = cos θ 8. Phasor diagram
sin (180 – θ) = sin θ Vector representation of trigonometric
sin (90 – θ) = cos θ function
cos (180 – θ) = – cos θ Cos θ

cos (90 – θ) = sin θ -30° sin (θ + 60°)

or Cos (θ – 30°)
cos (90 + θ) = –sin θ
60°
sin (–θ) = – sin θ -Sin θ sin (θ) Let
cos (–θ) = cos θ
tan (–θ) = – tan θ -Cos θ

5°)
Sin θ = P Cos θ = B 13
H H +
53º (θ
5 3 sin
3 ) or
Tan θ = P Sin 37º = 5 45 Cos θ
37º B +
4 s (θ
Co
4 4 3 cos (θ - 60°)
Cos 37º = Sin 53º = Cos 53º =
5 5 5 45° or sin (θ + 30°)

Cos (-60°) = 1 1
Sin (-30°) =– 2 30°
2
sin θ
-Sin θ
tan (-135°) =–1 40°

Unique Relation -Cos θ sin (θ - 40°)

Equation-1 Equation-2 Phase difference

I = Io sin (θ + π/3) I = Io sin (θ - π/6) Φ = 90°
I = Io sin (θ + π/3) I = Io cos (θ - π/6) Φ = 0°
I1 = Io sin (θ) I = Io cos (θ + π/6) Φ = 2π/3
I1 = sin (θ - π/3) I = Io cos (θ + π/3) Φ = 7π = 210°
6
I1 = sin (θ - 60°) I = Io cos (θ - 30°) Φ = 2π = 120°
3

4
Physics
 9. Sin (A + B) = Sin A cos B + cos A sin B n(n+1)
11. Sum of 1st n-natural numbers =
Sin (A – B) = Sin A cos B - cos A sin B 2
Cos (A + B) = Cos A cos B - Sin A sin B Sum of Squares of 1
st
n-natural
Cos (A - B) = Cos A cos B + Sin A sin B n (n+1) (2n+1)
tan A + tan B numbers =
tan (A + B) = 6
1 -tan A tan B
Sum of Cubes of 1st n-natural numbers
tan A - tan B 2
tan (A - B) = n(n + 1)
1 + tan A tan B =
2
(a) A = B = θ
Sin (A + B) = Sin 2θ = 2sinθ Cos θ 12. Differentiation DC = - ve
2 2
Cos (A + B) = Cos 2θ = Cos θ – Sin θ
2
(b) 2 Cos θ = 1 + Cos (2θ). dy
2 = The rate of change in y [Link].x
2 Sin θ = 1-Cos (2θ) dx
If Angle is Small:- = Slope of y-x graph.
d2 y n
Sin θ ≈ θ tan θ ≈ θ cos θ = 1 2 = Double diff of Y w.r.t x
dx
Sin (2°) = 2° (wrong) dy
= The rate of change in w.r.t x
Sin (2°) = 2 × πrad = π rad dx
180° 90°
= Slope of Slope
Cos (4°) = 1
= Change in slope w.r.t x
πrad
tan 3° = 60

10. d sinx
= cos x
dx
Trigonometric Maximum Value
function
d tanx
= sec2 x
dx
Y = 3 sin θ Ymax = 3 Ymin = –3
d cotx
Y = 4 sin (5θ) Ymax = 4 Ymin = –4 = - cosec2 x
dx
Y = 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ Ymax = 5 Ymin = –5
d logex d lnx 1
Y = 3 sin θ + 4 sin θ Ymax = 7 Ymin = –7 = =
dx dx x
Y = 5 -2 sin θ Ymax = 7 Ymin = 3
d cosx
4 =- sin x
Q. Force acting on object F = dx
3sinθ + cosθ
d secx
Then find minimum magnitude of force. = sec x tan x
dx
4
Ans. Fmin = d cosec x
(3sinθ + cosθ)max =- cosec x cot x
dx
4 4 n
Fmin = dx
= = nxn-1
9 + 1 10 dx

5
Basic Maths
Rules :-
Y = e(5x) Y = e-4x
1. Addition Rule:- dy
= 5e5x dy
dx = -4 e-4x
dy dA dB dx
Y = A + B = +
dx dx dx Y = sin(4x2)
Y = (x2+4)3
2. Substraction Rule:- dy 2
2
2 d(x +4) dy
=3 (x +4) 2
dx dx dx = Cos(4x ) × 8x
dy dA dB
Y = A - B = - = 3(x2+4)2 × 2x
dx dx dx
3. Multiplication Rule:- Y = A sin (wt - kx)
dy A dB B dA dy
Y = A B = + dx = A cos (wt - kx) × (-k)
dx dx dx
Q. If radius of sphere is increasing 1/π m/s
4. Division Rule:- then find rate of change in volume w.r.t.
time when radius is 3m.
A dy dA dB
Y = = B - A
dx dx
B dx Ans. V = 4 πR3
2 3
B
dv = 4 π3R2 dR
d sin(90°) dy dt 3 dt
= 0 Y = t2 find
dx dx = 4πR2 1
π
dv
d ex dy dt2 dt
2
dt = 4R = 4(3) = 4×9 = 36
2
= ex = ×
dx dx dx dt
13. Maxima and minima:
d e
2 dy dt
= 0 = 2t MR* for maxima/minima
dx dx dx
dy
 For location of maxima/minima put
* dx
MR (slope) = 0 and find value where x will be
The
Outside Inside Rule m
max /min .
m

Y = f(z(x)) = y is function of z and

 For exact maxima and minima dont check
z is a function of x.
double differentiation. Just put value of x
differentiation and find y.
dy diffn of Inner
dx = of outer function × fun w.r.t x  Double differentiation check nahi karna
keep inside as it is
just x ki value put kark y nikala jo y jayda
wo maximum y ko kam wo minimum y.
Q. y = sin (3x)
Maxima
dy d(3x)
dx = Cos (3x) dx dy d2 y
=O = - ve
dx dx2
= 3 cos(3x)

6
Physics
 Cosθ
Slope

ymax ++ +

O 2 – –
3
2
2
θ

ymin Chain Rule → MR*

x1 x2 Applicable when power of x is one
Integration of outer function
Minima keep inside as it is.
dy d2 y y dx =
= O = + ve Coefficient of (x)
dx dx2
(2x +3)5
Slope 4
(2x+3) dx = +C
5[2]
14. Integration:
–cos(3x-4)
→ Area under the curve → Inverse of sin(3x-4) dx = +C
3
differentiation
15. Co-ordinate geometry and graph:
n+1
x y
xn dx = + C Not valid for n = -1 Q (x2 y2)
n+1

Addition Rule:

P (x1 y1)
(u + v). dx = [Link] + [Link] x

sin x dx = - cosx + c. distance = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

y2 − y1
tan
= θ slope
=
cos x dx = sinx + c. x 2 − x1

 Slope of straight line remains same at all

exdx = ex + c the point
 If 0° ≤ θ < 90° then slope is positive
1
x dx = lnx + c.
 If 90°< θ ≤ 180° then slope is negative

sec2dx = tan x + c  If θ = 90° then slope is infinite

3x  If θ = 0° then slope is zero

3x
e
e dx = + c.  If straight line parallel to x-axis then slope
3
zero
θ m3
Sin m2

m1
3
+1 +1 2

O –1 –1 2
2 θ

7
Basic Maths
 m3 > m2 > m1 y
S
R
Q yx = 7
yx = 5
P yx = 2 x

x ka pawer jitna jayda graph utna niche

jayga.
mP = mQ = mR = mS
m1

m2
1
m3 y=
x 1
y= 2
x

y = x2 + 3
y
m1 = m2 = m3 y = x
2

3
y
y x
+c -3
m = +ve
y = –x2
x y = –x2 – 3
m = +ve c = –ve 2
y 2 y y = -x + 4
y = x -4
+4
y
y
x x
+c
m = –ve -4
m = –ve
x c = –ve
y
y = x2

y = x
If two straight line perpendicular to each
other then product of their slope is –1. y= x

16. Rectangular Hyperbola:

x
K
y y =
x  graph for PV = nRT

P
T2 > T1
x
T2
K is value Jitna Jayda graph utna upar T1
V
shift hoga.

8
Physics
 P2 1 17. Equation of Circle
 K.E. = graph b/w K.E. and m for
2m
constant momentum. (x – x0)2 + (y – y0)2 = R2
R is radius & centre is at (x0, y0)
K.E. x2 + y2 = 52 centre at (0, 0) R=5
2 2
(x + 4) + (y – 3) = 49 centre at (–4, 3)
R=7
y
18. Ellipse
1 x2 y2 2b
m 2 + x
a b2 = 1
2a
MR* → Jisko x- & y-axis pe plot krenge
uska power dekhte hai. e
Slop
For
MR*
T2
T2 = KR3

g¡lrk gqvk jkeyky jksrk gqvk jkeyky

Slope always increasing Slope always decreasing
3
R For magnitude of slope → Now we are
talking about value of slope, we will ignore
+ve & –ve only consider magnitude.
T MR* → Locate where slope is zero
 Starting me zero then increasing
magnitute of slope.
 Last me zero then decreasing magnitude
of slope and becomes zero.
R

y = e–x y
y = ex

Slope → Increasing Slope → Decreasing

magnitute of slope magnitute of slope
1st decreasing then 1st decreasing then
x increasing increasing

y y y y

x x x x

Slope → decreasing increasing decreasing increasing

Magnitute of slope → decreasing increasing increasing decreasing

9
Basic Maths
19. Some Basic Geometry Shapes:
b
Equibtral Triangle of side (a) Circle r a

Circumference =2πr Area = πab

2
Area = πr Circumference =πr
3a
2
h Cube Cylinder
60° 60° 30°
A r
a/2 a/2
h
h
tan 30° =
a/2 a
a
h =
2 3 Area = 6a2 Area = 2πr2 + 2πrh
3
distance from centre to corner Volume = a Volume = πr2h
3a 2 a
= × =
2 3 3
2
Cone Sphere
3a
Area =
4
Hexagonal of side ‘a’ h
r

r
o
1 Area = 4πr2
Volume = πr2h 4
a 60° a 3 Volume = πr3
60° 60° 3
A a B
centre to corner 20. Average of a varying quantity
n
dist = a If y = f (t) then
Square Rectangle
t2 t2
t1  ∫   ydt t1  ∫   ydt
H <y>Avg = t2 =
t1  ∫dt
t2-t1

B Y may be any physical quantity.

2
Area = l Area = BH
Perimetre = 4l Perimetre = 2(H+B) yi + yf
MR* if y is varying linearly then yAvg =
2
Trapezoid
a
MR* If x+y = constant then xy will be
C
h h maximum for x = y =
2
b a
If sum of two number is constant then product
1 1 of these two number will be maximum, only
Area = (a + b)h Area = ah
2 2
when both number are equal.

10
Physics