8/10/23, 10:58 AM T-Test - Meaning, Types, Examples, Formula, Calculation 8/10/23, 10:58 AM T-Test - Meaning, Types, Examples, Formula,
0:58 AM T-Test - Meaning, Types, Examples, Formula, Calculation
One-sample, two-sample, paired, equal, and unequal variance are The measurement scale used for such hypothesis testing follows a set
the types of T-tests users can use for mean comparisons. of continuous or ordinal patterns. The accounted parameters and
variants influencing the samples and surrounding the groups are based
T-Test Explained on the standard consideration.
The tests are completely based on random sampling. As no individuality
A T-test studies a set of data gathered from two similar or different groups
is maintained in the samples, the reliability is often questioned.
to determine the probability of the difference in the result than what is
usually obtained. The accuracy of the test depends on various factors, When the data is plotted with respect to the T-test distribution, it
including the distribution patterns used and the variants influencing the should follow a normal distribution and bring about a bell-curved
collected samples. Depending on the parameters, the test is conducted, and graph.
a T-value is obtained as the statistical inference of the probability of the For a clearer bell curve, the sample size needs to be bigger.
usual resultant being driven by chance.
The variance should be such that the standard deviations of the
For example, if one wishes to figure out if the mean of the length of petals samples are almost equal.
of a flower belonging to two different species is the same, a T-test can be
Types
done. The user can select petals randomly from two other species of that
flower and come to a standard conclusion. The final T-test Some of the widely used T-test types are as follows:
interpretation could be obtained in either of the two ways:
A null hypothesis signifies that the difference between the means is
zero and where both the means are shown as equal.
An alternate hypothesis implies the difference between the means is
different from zero. This hypothesis rejects the null hypothesis,
indicating that the data set is quite accurate and not by chance.
This T-test, however, is only valid and should be done when the mean or
average of only two categories or groups needs to be compared. As soon as
the number of comparisons to be made is more than two, conducting this is
not recommended.
Assumptions You are free to use this image on your website, templates, etc,
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The test runs on a set of assumptions, which are as follows:
#1 – One-Sample T-Test
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8/10/23, 10:58 AM T-Test - Meaning, Types, Examples, Formula, Calculation 8/10/23, 10:58 AM T-Test - Meaning, Types, Examples, Formula, Calculation
While performing this test, the mean or average of one group is compared Where,
against the set average, which is either the theoretical value or means of the
mA – mB = means of samples from two different groups or populations
population. For example, a teacher wishes to figure out the average height
of the students of class 5 and compare the same against a set value of more nA – nB = respective sample sizes
than 45 kgs. s2 = standard deviation or common variance of two samples
The teacher first randomly selects a group of students and records individual #3 – Paired Sample T-Test
weights to achieve this. Next, she finds out the mean weight for that group
and checks if it meets the standard set value of 45+. The formula used to This hypothesis testing is conducted when two groups belong to the same
obtain one-sample t-test results is: population or group. The groups are studied either at two different times or
under two varied conditions. The formula used to obtain the t-value is:
Where,
Where,
T = t-statistic
T = t-statistic
m = mean of the group
m = mean of the group
= theoretical mean value of the population
= theoretical mean value of the population
s = standard deviation of the group
s = standard deviation of the group
n = sample size
n = sample size
#2 – Independent Two-Sample T-Test
#4 – Equal Variance T-Test
This is the test conducted when samples from two different groups, species,
or populations are studied and compared. It is also known as an This test is conducted when the sample size in each group or population is
independent T-test. For example, if a teacher wants to compare the height the same or the variance of the two data sets is similar. It is also referred to
of male students and female students in class 5, she would use the as pooled T-test. The formula applied here is as follows:
independent two-sample test.
The T-test formula used to calculate this is:
Where,
Mean1 and mean2 = average value of each set of samples
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8/10/23, 10:58 AM T-Test - Meaning, Types, Examples, Formula, Calculation 8/10/23, 10:58 AM T-Test - Meaning, Types, Examples, Formula, Calculation
var1 and var2 = variance of each set of samples
n1 and n2 = number of records in each set
#5 – Unequal Variance T-Test
The unequal variance testing is used when the variance and the number of
samples in each group are different. It is often referred to as Welch’s test,
and the formula is:
Step 2: Add up all the differences, i.e., -55
Where, Step 3: Square up the differences
mean1 and mean2 = Average value of each set of samples
var1 and var2 = Variance of each set of samples
n1 and n2 = number of records in each set
Example With Calculation
Let us consider the scores for each subject in the examination held in two
phases.
Subject Marks Phase 1 Marks Phase 2
Step 4: Add up all the squares of difference, i.e., 983
Maths 45 62
Physics 45 55 Step 5: Usage of formula to calculate the T value
Chemistry 45 55
Biology 50 65
= -9.16/√ {983-(-55)2/6)}/ (6-1) *6
History 55 68
= -9.16/√15.96
Geography 80 70
= -9.16/3.99
Step 1: Subtract the marks scored in both the phases T Value = -2.29
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