Industrial Maintenance

Basic Controls
Courseware Sample
49408-F0
Order no.: 49408-10
First Edition
Revision level: 11/2017

By the staff of Festo Didactic

© Festo Didactic Ltée/Ltd, Quebec, Canada 2017

Internet: www.festo-didactic.com
e-mail: did@de.festo.com

Printed in Canada
All rights reserved
ISBN 978-2-89789-157-2 (Printed version)
ISBN 978-2-89789-156-5 (CD-ROM)
Legal Deposit – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2017
Legal Deposit – Library and Archives Canada, 2017

The purchaser shall receive a single right of use which is non-exclusive, non-time-limited and limited
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The purchaser shall be entitled to use the work to train his/her staff at the purchaser’s site/location and
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 Safety and Common Symbols
The following safety and common symbols may be used in this manual and on
the equipment:

Symbol Description

DANGER indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, if not

avoided, will result in death or serious injury.

WARNING indicates a hazard with a medium level of risk which,

if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.

CAUTION indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not

avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.

CAUTION used without the Caution, risk of danger sign ,

indicates a hazard with a potentially hazardous situation which,
if not avoided, may result in property damage.

Caution, risk of electric shock

Caution, hot surface

Caution, risk of danger. Consult the relevant user documentation.

Caution, lifting hazard

Caution, belt drive entanglement hazard

Caution, chain drive entanglement hazard

Caution, gear entanglement hazard

Caution, hand crushing hazard

Notice, non-ionizing radiation

Consult the relevant user documentation.

Direct current

© Festo Didactic 49408-10 III

 Safety and Common Symbols

Symbol Description

Alternating current

Both direct and alternating current

Three-phase alternating current

Earth (ground) terminal

Protective conductor terminal

Frame or chassis terminal

Equipotentiality

On (supply)

Off (supply)

Equipment protected throughout by double insulation or

reinforced insulation

In position of a bi-stable push control

Out position of a bi-stable push control

IV © Festo Didactic 49408-10

 Table of Contents
Preface .................................................................................................................. XI
About This Manual .............................................................................................. XIII
To the Instructor .................................................................................................. XV

Unit 1 Basic Principles of Motor Control................................................ 1

DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS......................................................... 1
Control description .................................................................... 1
Safety procedures ..................................................................... 2
Three-phase distribution systems ............................................. 2

Ex. 1-1 Lockout/Tagout Procedure ........................................................... 5

DISCUSSION ...................................................................................... 5
PROCEDURE ...................................................................................... 7
Equipment required ................................................................... 7
Basic setup................................................................................ 7
Line–neutral voltage .................................................................. 8
Line–line voltage ....................................................................... 8
Lockout/Tagout procedure ........................................................ 9
Fuse replacement ..................................................................... 9

Ex. 1-2 Control Panel Devices ................................................................. 13

DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 13
Push buttons ........................................................................... 14
Selector and toggle switches .................................................. 15
Pilot lights ................................................................................ 15
PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 16
Basic setup.............................................................................. 16
Momentary contacts ................................................................ 17
Maintained contacts ................................................................ 19

Ex. 1-3 Manual Starters ............................................................................ 25

DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 25
Direct-on-line (DOL) starters ................................................... 25
Reversing starters ................................................................... 25
PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 26
Basic setup.............................................................................. 27
Direct-on-line (DOL) starter ..................................................... 27
Cam switch reversing circuit ................................................... 29

© Festo Didactic 49408-10 V

 Table of Contents

Ex. 1-4 Contactors and Control Relays .................................................. 35

DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 35
Contactors ............................................................................... 36
Control relays .......................................................................... 37
PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 38
Basic setup .............................................................................. 38
Contactor and control relay operation ..................................... 39
Dual contactors operation ....................................................... 42
Mechanical interlock................................................................ 44

Ex. 1-5 Current Protection Devices ........................................................ 47

DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 47
Circuit breakers ....................................................................... 47
Fuses....................................................................................... 48
Overload protection ................................................................. 49
PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 51
Basic setup .............................................................................. 52
Overload protection using the manual starter ......................... 52
Overload protection using the overload relay ......................... 56

Unit 2 Circuit Layout and Specifications.............................................. 65

DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS....................................................... 65

Ex. 2-1 Specifications Reading ............................................................... 67

DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 67
Rating labels of control devices .............................................. 67
NEMA and IEC standards ....................................................... 68
Pilot and control-circuit device rating ...................................... 69
Motor nameplate data and wiring information ......................... 72
PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 76
Brake motor ............................................................................. 77
Contactor ................................................................................. 78
Control relay ............................................................................ 79

Ex. 2-2 Symbols, Designations, and Diagrams ..................................... 83

DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 83
Wiring diagrams ...................................................................... 83
Schematic diagrams................................................................ 84
Graphic symbols ..................................................................... 85
Designations ........................................................................... 86
Target tables ........................................................................... 86
PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 87

VI © Festo Didactic 49408-10

 Table of Contents

Unit 3 Basic Control Circuits ................................................................. 99

DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS....................................................... 99
Motor reversal ......................................................................... 99
Control voltage ........................................................................ 99
Brake motor........................................................................... 100

Ex. 3-1 Motor Starters ............................................................................ 103

DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 103
Inertia wheel .......................................................................... 103
Separate control .................................................................... 104
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 105
Basic setup............................................................................ 106
Control transformer output voltage measurement ................ 106
Inrush current measurement ................................................. 107

Ex. 3-2 Two-Wire and Three-Wire Controls ......................................... 111

DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 111
Two-wire control .................................................................... 111
Three-wire control ................................................................. 112
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 113
Basic setup............................................................................ 113
Two-wire control circuit ......................................................... 114
Three-wire control circuit ....................................................... 115

Ex. 3-3 Manual Reversing Starters ....................................................... 119

DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 119
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 120
Basic setup............................................................................ 120
Reversing the rotation direction by manually changing the
line sequence ........................................................................ 120
Reversing the rotation direction using a cam switch to
change the line sequence ..................................................... 122

Ex. 3-4 Reversing Starters ..................................................................... 125

DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 125
Push button interlocking ........................................................ 125
Mechanical interlocking ......................................................... 126

© Festo Didactic 49408-10 VII

 Table of Contents

PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 128

Basic setup ............................................................................ 128
Push button interlocking ........................................................ 128
Mechanical interlocking ......................................................... 131
Reversing starter with push button and mechanical
interlock ................................................................................. 132

Ex. 3-5 Multiple Push Buttons ............................................................... 137

DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 137
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 138
Basic setup ............................................................................ 139
Multiple push button circuit.................................................... 139
Emergency button ................................................................. 140

Unit 4 Jogging Control Circuits .......................................................... 145

DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS..................................................... 145
Friction brakes ....................................................................... 146

Ex. 4-1 Friction Brakes........................................................................... 147

DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 147
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 149
Basic setup ............................................................................ 149
Brake torque calculation........................................................ 149
Brake coil testing ................................................................... 151
Motor stopping with and without friction brake ...................... 153

Ex. 4-2 Motor Starters with Jogging ..................................................... 157

DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 157
Jog/Run circuits ..................................................................... 157
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 159
Basic setup ............................................................................ 159
Simple jogging circuit ............................................................ 159
Jog/Run circuit with selector switch ...................................... 160
Additional exercise ................................................................ 162
Jog/Run circuit using a control relay ........................................162

Ex. 4-3 Reversing Starters with Jogging ............................................. 165

DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 165

VIII © Festo Didactic 49408-10

 Table of Contents

PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 168

Basic setup............................................................................ 168
Reversing starter with jogging circuit using push buttons
and a control relay................................................................. 168
Additional exercise ................................................................ 171
Jog/Run reversing circuit using a selector switch .................... 171

Unit 5 Reduced AC Voltage Starters................................................... 177

DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS..................................................... 177
The need for reduced current starting................................... 177
Typical starting methods ....................................................... 178

Ex. 5-1 Primary Resistor Starters ......................................................... 179

DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 179
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 180
Basic setup............................................................................ 181
Brake motor locked rotor current without resistors ............... 181
Brake motor locked rotor current with resistors .................... 183
Motor power line voltage with primary resistors .................... 185
Motor power line voltage without primary resistors............... 185

Ex. 5-2 Soft Starters ............................................................................... 189

DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 189
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 192
Basic setup............................................................................ 193
Starting voltage setting ......................................................... 193
Ramp-up time setting ............................................................ 194
Ramp-down time setting ....................................................... 195

Unit 6 Time Relay Circuits ................................................................... 203

DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS..................................................... 203

Ex. 6-1 Time Relays ................................................................................ 205

DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 205
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 208
Basic setup............................................................................ 209
On-delay function .................................................................. 209
Off-delay function .................................................................. 210
On- and Off-delay function .................................................... 211
Flashing ................................................................................. 212

© Festo Didactic 49408-10 IX

 Table of Contents

Ex. 6-2 Plugging with Time Relays ....................................................... 215

DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 215
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 216
Basic setup ............................................................................ 217
Manual plugging .................................................................... 217
Plugging using a time relay ................................................... 218

Ex. 6-3 Primary Resistor Starters with Time Relays ........................... 223
DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 223
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 224
Basic setup ............................................................................ 224
Primary resistor starter with time relay circuit ....................... 225

Appendix A Equipment Utilization Chart ..................................................... 231

Appendix B Diagram Symbols ...................................................................... 233

Appendix C Motor Frames Charts ................................................................ 237

Appendix D Basic Setup and Lockout/Tagout Procedures........................ 239

Basic setup procedure .......................................................... 239
Lockout/Tagout procedure (de-energizing procedure) ......... 241
Energizing procedure ............................................................ 242
Module identification ............................................................. 243

Appendix E Brake Motor and Inertia Wheel Installation............................. 245

Installation of the brake motor on the mounting plate ........... 245

Appendix F Brake Motor Characteristics..................................................... 247

Appendix G Glossary ..................................................................................... 249

Appendix H Fault Identification ..................................................................... 253

Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 257

X © Festo Didactic 49408-10

 Preface
Control systems for electric motors are vital to the proper performance and
protection of modern equipment. They are essentially the link in every complex
industrial process. These systems may range from the simple starting and
stopping of an electric motor to directing energy flow in a completely automated
factory. Between these extremes, we find semiautomatic controllers in which a
human operator must fill some of the required functions.

The Industrial Controls Training System, Model 8036, and the related modules
and manuals, provide a thorough understanding of the theory and operation of
electric motor controllers. Many genuine industrial components are included in
the system to familiarize the student with the way they actually operate and
special emphasis is put on safety.

Training starts with the basic fundamentals, and proceeds step by step, through
various types of controls encountered in industry. The student manual explains
what kinds of controls are available, how they operate, where they are used, and
why they are used in a particular application.

The multiplicity of modules makes it possible to implement setups that fit a large
number of needs. Control equipment and components are panel mounted with
hidden fault insertion switches in each module to develop the troubleshooting
skills of the students.

This program is fully compatible with existing modular components from other
training systems.

We invite readers of this manual to send us their tips, feedback, and

suggestions for improving the book.

Please send these to did@de.festo.com.

The authors and Festo Didactic look forward to your comments.

© Festo Didactic 49408-10 XI

 About This Manual
The exercises in this manual, Basic Controls, provide a foundation for further
study in the industrial control branch of knowledge. Additional material is supplied
in the following volumes of this series.

The present manual is divided into six units:

• Unit 1 provides basic safety procedures and presents most modules that
will be used in this manual;

• Unit 2 gives an overview of the data that can be found on industrial

control devices. This Unit also introduces graphical tools used to
represent industrial control circuits;

• Unit 3 presents basic motor starter and control circuits;

• Unit 4 is dedicated to jogging and braking features of a control circuit;

• Unit 5 shows methods of starting a motor smoothly;

• Unit 6 introduces time relays.

Each unit contains exercises which provide a systematic and realistic means of
learning the subject matter. Every exercise is divided into the following sections:

• A clearly defined Exercise Objective;

• A Discussion of the theory involved in the exercise;

• A Procedure Summary which provides a bridge between the theoretical

Discussion and the laboratory Procedure;

• A step-by-step laboratory Procedure in which the student observes and

quantifies important principles covered in the Discussion;

• A Conclusion to summarize the material presented in the exercise;

• Review Questions to verify that the material has been well assimilated.

A ten-question test at the end of each unit allows the student’s knowledge of the
unit material to be assessed.

Safety considerations

Safety symbols that may be used in this manual and on the equipment are listed
in the Safety and Common Symbols table at the beginning of the manual.

Safety procedures related to the tasks that you will be asked to perform are
indicated in each exercise.

Make sure that you are wearing appropriate protective equipment when
performing the tasks. You should never perform a task if you have any reason to
think that a manipulation could be dangerous for you or your teammates.

© Festo Didactic 49408-10 XIII

 About This Manual

Component specifications

A CD-ROM containing detailed specifications of the components is supplied in

the back cover of this manual.

Systems of units

Units are expressed using the International System of Units (SI) followed by units
expressed in the U.S. customary system of units (between parentheses).

XIV © Festo Didactic 49408-10

 To the Instructor
Before a student begins an exercise, ensure that the equipment is in good
condition and does not represent any risk when used.

Make sure that the students understand the objectives of the work to do.

© Festo Didactic 49408-10 XV

 Sample
Extracted from
Instructor Guide
 Exercise 3-4

Reversing Starters

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE • Implement magnetic reversing starters.

• Understand the principles of mechanical and electrical interlocking.

DISCUSSION OUTLINE The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points:

 Push button interlocking

 Mechanical interlocking

DISCUSSION As you have seen in the previous exercise, reversing rotation direction of a three-
phase motor is usually done by interchanging any two power lines. When the
equipment is sufficiently rugged, motor line reversal can be accomplished while
the motor is running at full speed. This has a major advantage: a counter torque
is developed and the motor stops faster. This motor braking method is called
plugging.

When phase reversal is executed in magnetic circuits, one contactor is used for
each direction. But a short-circuit can occur if the two contactors are energized at
the same time. Look at the Figure 3-9 power circuit, for example. If all contacts of
the F and R contactors close, lines 1 and 2 will be short-circuited. That is the
reason why forward and reverse contactors are usually electrically and/or
mechanically interlocked together.

Push button interlocking

Avoiding simultaneous actuation of two contactors can be done electrically, by

way of push button interlocking.

When the FWD push button in Figure 3-9 is pressed, the coil (F) is energized and
the related holding contact closes. If the REV push button is pressed while the
motor is running in the forward direction, the forward control circuit de-energizes.
At the same time, the reverse contactor (R) is energized and held closed, making
the motor run in the reverse direction. Note that it is not necessary to press
the STOP push button to reverse direction. This fact facilitates plugging.

If the FWD and REV push buttons are simultaneously activated, both contactors
will stay open. That is because push button NC contacts open the control circuit
completely, thereby forcing contactor coils to de-energize.

However, if a contactor coil is stuck closed or does not open fast enough, there
can still be a short-circuit when the other coil is activated.

© Festo Didactic 49408-10 125

Ex. 3-4 – Reversing Starters  Discussion

Figure 3-9. Push button interlocking circuit.

Mechanical interlocking

A mechanical lever is another manner of preventing both starter coils from being
energized simultaneously. Figure 3-10 displays the mechanical interlock located
between the two contactors of the Dual Contactors, Model 3119.

126 © Festo Didactic 49408-10

Ex. 3-4 – Reversing Starters  Discussion

Figure 3-10. Mechanical interlocking.

If you refer to the Figure 3-11 circuit, a mechanical interlock (in dashed lines) is
located between the two contactor coils. When one of the two contactors is
energized, the contacts of the other contactor are mechanically maintained, even
if the second coil is energized. This method provides a level of security against
short-circuits resulting from stuck contactors. This explains why mechanical
interlocks are so common in the industry.

Figure 3-11. Dual contactors testing circuit.

© Festo Didactic 49408-10 127

Ex. 3-4 – Reversing Starters  Procedure Outline

PROCEDURE OUTLINE The Procedure is divided into the following sections:

 Basic setup
 Push button interlocking
 Mechanical interlocking
 Reversing starter with push button and mechanical interlock
PROCEDURE

In the first part of this exercise, you will set up a reversible starter circuit with
push button interlocking and verify that this circuit enables changing motor
direction. You will also observe that motor direction reversing can be
accomplished without having to press the STOP push button, to stop the motor
faster. You will then verify that both contactors remain de-energized if the
operator accidentally presses the two push buttons. Finally, you will simulate a
stuck contactor to see that push button interlocking does not protect against
short-circuits resulting from that type of trouble.

In the second part of this exercise, you will study, with the assistance of pilot
lights, how a mechanical interlock operates. By manually applying pressure on
the dual contactors plungers, you will check that it is not possible to activate both
contactors at the same time. You will then visualize that, when both coils are
powered, only the first contactor has its related contacts closed.

In the last part of this exercise, you will connect a reversing starter with push
button and mechanical interlocks. You will see that this circuit, like the push
button interlock circuit, enables motor direction reversal and opens completely
when both push buttons are pressed. You will also discover that the mechanical
interlock included adds protection against stuck contactors.

The Power Supply provides high voltages. Do not change any AC connection
with the power on.

Basic setup

1. Perform the Basic Setup and Lockout/Tagout procedures.

Push button interlocking

2. Install the Brake Motor and the Inertia Wheel.

a
Connect the circuit shown in Figure 3-9.

Use one of the two contactors from the Dual Contactors, Model 3119, as the
forward direction contactor, and the Contactor, Model 3127, as the reverse
direction contactor, to make sure that there is no mechanical link between
contactors.

128 © Festo Didactic 49408-10

Ex. 3-4 – Reversing Starters  Procedure

3. On the Manual Starter, set the overload potentiometer according to the motor
FLA, and the O/I button to the I position.

Manually disengage the friction brake.

Perform the Energizing procedure.

Determine the motor rotation direction as you press the FWD push button.

 Clockwise  Counterclockwise

Clockwise

4. Press the STOP push button and observe the time taken by the motor to
stop.

5. Determine the motor rotation direction as you press the REV push button.

 Clockwise  Counterclockwise

Counterclockwise

6. Compared to the forward operation, does the motor turn in the other
direction?

 Yes  No

Yes

a The contactors are all AC-4 rated. This class allows for plugging
operation (reversing direction of rotation from other than off condition).

7. While the motor is running in the reverse direction, press the FWD push
button until the motor halts. Press the STOP push button before the motor

a
starts rotating in the opposite (forward) direction. Repeat if necessary.

Repeated motor starts and stops may cause the Overload Relay to trip.

Did the motor stop slower or faster than with the STOP push button only?

 Slower  Faster

Faster

© Festo Didactic 49408-10 129

Ex. 3-4 – Reversing Starters  Procedure

8. When the FWD push button was pressed, why were both
contactors (F and R) not activated at the same time, thereby causing a short-
circuit?

Push button interlocking. Pressing the FWD push button opens the reverse
holding contact R and closes the forward holding contact F.

9. What happens when you keep the FWD and REV push buttons pressed
simultaneously?

The motor de-energizes. The result is the same as pressing the STOP push
button.

10. Describe how the circuit operates while you simultaneously keep the FWD
and REV push buttons pressed.

When the FWD and REV push buttons are pressed simultaneously, the NC
contact of both directions opens.

11. What happens if you do not release both push buttons simultaneously?
Explain why.

The motor will restart. The last push button that is released causes the motor
to start in the corresponding direction.

12. Press the FWD push button to start the motor.

To simulate a stuck contactor, manually hold the forward contactor plunger

down (using the tip of a pen), then press the REV push button. What
happens?

The breakers in the Manual Starter trip.

13. Describe how the circuit operates while you simultaneously hold the forward
contactor plunger down and press the REV push button.

A short-circuit is produced because the two contactors had their contacts

closed simultaneously.

130 © Festo Didactic 49408-10

Ex. 3-4 – Reversing Starters  Procedure

14. Does push button interlocking offer a good protection against stuck
contactors?

 Yes  No

No

15. Perform the Lockout/Tagout procedure.

Mechanical interlocking

a
16. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 3-11.

Use the two contactors from the Dual Contactors module.

17. Perform the Energizing procedure.

18. Can you (manually) hold down completely the two contactor plungers
simultaneously? Explain why.

No. There is a mechanical interlock between the two contactors.

19. When you press the FWD push button alone, which contactor coil is
energized? (refer to the respective pilot lights)

F R

20. When you press the REV push button alone, which contactor coil is
energized? (refer to the respective pilot lights)

F R

21. Does pressing the FWD and REV push buttons energize both contactor coils
simultaneously?

 Yes  No

No

© Festo Didactic 49408-10 131

Ex. 3-4 – Reversing Starters  Procedure

22. When both push buttons are pressed, which contactor coil(s) energize(s), in
regard to the order in which the corresponding push buttons were pressed?

 The first  The second  Both  None

The first

23. Perform the Lockout/Tagout procedure.

Reversing starter with push button and mechanical interlock

24. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 3-9, this time using the two contactors
from the Dual Contactors module.

25. Perform the Energizing procedure.

Determine the motor rotation direction as you press the FWD push button.

 Clockwise  Counterclockwise

Clockwise

26. Press the STOP push button and wait for the motor to stop.

27. Determine the motor rotation direction as you press the REV push button.

 Clockwise  Counterclockwise

Counterclockwise

28. While the motor is running in the reverse direction, press the FWD push
button. Does the motor direction change? Explain what happens, considering
that the circuit now contains a mechanical interlock.

Yes. The push button interlock de-energizes the opposite direction contactor.
Since only one coil is energized, the mechanical interlock does not react.

132 © Festo Didactic 49408-10

Ex. 3-4 – Reversing Starters  Conclusion

29. Press both push buttons simultaneously, and determine which contactor(s)
energize(s), in regards to the order in which the corresponding push buttons
were pressed.

 The first  The second  Both  None

None

30. Press the FWD push button to start the motor. To simulate a stuck contactor,
manually hold the forward contactor plunger down (using the tip of a pen).
Press the REV push button.

Does the motor still run in the forward direction? Explain why.

Yes. There is now a mechanical interlock that prevents both contactors from
being energized at the same time.

31. Does mechanical interlocking offer protection against stuck contactors?

 Yes  No

Yes

32. Turn the individual power switch of the AC Power Supply off, disconnect the
circuit, remove the magnetic labels, and return the equipment to the storage
location.

CONCLUSION Reversing magnetic starters are built with two contactors, one per rotation
direction. If both contactors are actuated at the same time, a short-circuit can
occur. This is why electrical and/or mechanical interlocks are used.

Push button interlocking is an electrical means of disabling two contactors

actuation. When a push button is pressed, the circuit controlling the other motor
direction is automatically opened.

Mechanical interlocking uses a lever to artificially keep the second contactor de-
energized, while the first coil is actuated. This method is more rugged in the way
that it prevents short-circuits resulting from a stuck contactor.

Plugging is a method of making the motor brake faster. It is accomplished by

reversing phases while the motor is running.

© Festo Didactic 49408-10 133

Ex. 3-4 – Reversing Starters  Review Questions

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What is the purpose of interlocking in reversing starters?

a. Prevent any contactor from being energized.

b. Prevent any contactor from being de-energized.

c. Stop the motor in case of electrical overload.

d. Prevent two contactor coils from being energized at the same time.

2. How many contactors are necessary for reversing starters?

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

d. 5 or more

3. What is the motor braking method that uses the counter torque produced by
reversing connections?

a. Inching

b. Plugging

c. Jogging

d. DC injection

4. In mechanical interlocking, which item prevents both coils from being

actuated simultaneously?

a. Coil

b. Lever

c. Push button

d. Diode

134 © Festo Didactic 49408-10

Ex. 3-4 – Reversing Starters  Review Questions

5. In the Figure 3-9 circuit, which lines have been interchanged in the reverse
mode compared to the forward mode?

a. Line 1 and line 2

b. Line 1 and line 3

c. Line 2 and line 3

d. Line 1 and line N

© Festo Didactic 49408-10 135

 Bibliography

Rockis, G., and Glen Mazur. Electrical Motor Controls, Second Edition.
Homewood, IL: American Technical Publishers Inc., 2001, ISBN 0826916759.

U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout). 29 CFR 1910.147.

Wildi, T. Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems, Sixth Edition.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2005, ISBN 0131776916.

Herman, S.L. Industrial Motor Control, Fifth Edition. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson
Delmar Learning, 2005, ISBN 1401838022.

National Electrical Manufacturers Association. NEMA and IEC Devices for Motor
Services - A Guide for Understanding the Differences. ICS 2.4-2003.

National Electrical Manufacturers Association. Industrial Control and Systems:

Diagrams, Device Designations, and Symbols. ICS 19-2002.

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