RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
Dibawakan oleh Agus Santoso Budiharso

Sumber : Kuliah SUNARTO Department of Environmental GeographyFaculty of Geography - Gadjah Mada UniversityYogyakarta
 What do you want to research?

Don’t forget: “Iqra’

(Membaca)………....!”

What do you want to disaster research?

Don’t forget:
”The present is the key to the past”.
 UNDERSTANDING
THE NATURE OF THE RESEARCH

• Research is the manner in which we attempt to solve

problems in a systematic effort to push back the
frontiers of human ignorance or to confirm the validity
of the solutions to problems others have presumably
resolved (Leedy, 1980).
•Penelitian adalah cara di mana kita mencoba untuk memecahkan masalah dalam upaya sistematis untuk mendorong kembali batas-batas
ketidaktahuan manusia atau untuk mengkonfirmasi validitas solusi untuk masalah yang mungkin telah diselesaikan orang lain.

• Research is a way of thinking (Leedy, 1980).

• It is a way of looking at accumulated fact so that those data
become meaningful in the total process of discovering new
insights into unsolved problems and revealing new meanings.
•Ini adalah cara melihat fakta yang terakumulasi sehingga data tersebut menjadi bermakna dalam proses total menemukan wawasan
baru ke dalam masalah yang belum terpecahkan dan mengungkapkan makna baru.

• Research is the process of enquiry and discovery

(Kitchin and Tate, 2000).
Penelitian adalah proses penyelidikan dan penemuan
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
• Research begins with a problem in the form of a question in the
mind of the researcher.
•Penelitian dimulai dengan adanya masalah berupa pertanyaan di benak peneliti.

• Research demands the identification of a problem, stated in clear,

unambiguous terms.
•Penelitian menuntut identifikasi masalah, dinyatakan dalam istilah yang jelas dan tidak ambigu.

• Research requires a plan.

•Penelitian membutuhkan rencana.

• Research deals with the main problem through appropriate sub-

problems.
•Penelitian berkaitan dengan masalah utama melalui sub-masalah yang sesuai.

• Research seeks direction through appropriate hypotheses and is

based upon obvious assumptions.
•Penelitian mencari arah melalui hipotesis yang tepat dan didasarkan pada asumsi yang jelas.

• Research deals with facts and their meaning.

•Penelitian berkaitan dengan fakta dan artinya.

• Research is a cyclic process.

Research begins with a problem:
Research sees the goal in a clear
an unanswered question in the
statement of the problem.
mind of the researchers.

Research interprets the meaning

Research subdivides the problem
of the facts which leads to a
into appropriate subproblems.
resolution of the problem, thus
Each subproblem seeks guidance
confirming or rejecting the
through an appropriate
hypotheses and providing an
hypotheses.
answer to the question which
began the research circle.

Research posits tentative solutions

Research looks for facts directed to the problem(s) through
by the hypotheses and guided by appropriate hypotheses. The
the problem. The facts are hypotheses direct the researcher
collected and organized. to the facts.

THE CIRCLE OF RESEARCH

 GOAL OF RESEARCH (1)
• Exploration
• To investigate little-understood phenomena
• To identify/discover important variables
• To generate questions for further research
• Description
• To record and to document the phenomenon of interest
• To characterise the phenomenon of interest
• Explanation
• To explain why forces created the phenomenon in question
• To identify why the phenomenon is shaped as it is
• Prediction
• To predict future outcomes for the phenomenon
• To forecast the events and behaviours resulting from
phenomenon
 GOAL OF RESEARCH (2)
• In a disaster study we might start with some
exploratory investigations to determine which
variables or factors are important. We might explore
possible reasons why cyclone disaster can be
happened in Yogyakarta City.

• Next we might try to describe the phenomena and how

they are related. We might describe the pattern of
cyclone traveling in the area based upon the factors
found during exploration.

• We might follow this by seeking to explain what

caused the phenomena, using this information to make
a prediction about future outcomes.
 ASSIGNMENT (1)

• Please you write a scientific paper about

goal of disaster research, choose 2 of 8
disaster types in Yogyakarta Special
Province:
• Volcanic eruption of Mt. Merapi
• Earthquake in Bantul Regency
• Tsunami in coastal area of Parangtritis
• Landslide in Kulonprogo Regency
• Inundation in Yogyakarta City
• Ice rain at Lempuyangan area in Yogyakarta City
• Cyclone at Lempuyangan area in Yogyakarta City
• Anthropogenic disaster in Adisucipto Airport
RESEARCH PLANNING AND
DESIGN
• The statement of the problem(s)
• Literature review
• Research method:
– Choosing the research method compatible with
the data:
• The historical method
• The descriptive-survey method
• The analytical method
• The causal-comparative method
– Sampling techniques:
• Probability sampling
• Non probability sampling
 RESEARCH PLANNING
• Research planning requires a
conceptualization of the overall
organization and a detailed plan before
work on the project can begin.

• Therefore, successful research is planned

research.
DISCOVERING KNOWLEDGE
• The sole aim of all research:
• To discover knowledge
• Two ways to seek the unknowable:
• Deductive logic
• Inductive reasoning
• Deductive logic:
• It relied upon logical reasoning.
• It began with a major premise.
• A major premise was a statement, similar to axiom, which
seemed to be a self-evident and universally accepted truth:
the Earth is flat.
• Inductive reasoning:
• It is familiarly called the scientific method.
 SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• As a way of thinking to an unsolved

problem.

• Inductive reasoning begins with an

observation, not with a major premise.

• It is based on rational framework and

empirical facts.
 THE STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM (1)

• Problem is a heart of the research project.

• Problem must researchable.

• Researchable problems fit the requirements

of the scientific method.

• No problem, no research.
 THE STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM (2)
• Problem is lack of information, in fact it is
very important for planning and making
decision.

• Problem is condition if it was neglected

will cause disaster.

• Problem is an anomaly of phenomena in

an environment.
 SOME APPROACH FOR
PROBLEM INVENTION
• Analogical approach
• Based on another concepts, ideas, and
experiences.
• Empirical approach
• Based on field experiences.
• Phenomenological approach
• Based on phenomena which found in the field,
on aerial photographs, or on satellite imagery.
• Deductive approach
• Based on literature review.
 RIP CURRENT

Problem invention based

on analogical approach
Problem invention based on empirical approach
 If this area was happened tsunami
disaster, how can the community effort
Problem invention based on to save and evacuation ?
phenomenological approach
Number of landslide event

Problem invention based on deductive approach

 TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTION

Formula General form Example Level

A=? What is A like? What is the landslide? Descriptive

Do landslide and erosion

A=B ? Is A like B ?
have the same factors?

A≠B ? Do earthquake different

Is A different from B ?
from tsunami ?
Comparative
Is ice rain batter than
A>B ? Is A better than B ?
water rain ?

Do Krakatao eruption bigger

A>B ? Is A bigger then B ? than Merapi eruption?
 TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTION

Formula General form Example Level

How do Merapi eruption

A B? How do A relate B ? correlate with earthquake
in Yogyakarta 27 May 2006 ?

Associative

How do rain fall affect

A B? How do A effect B ? landslide disaster ?

Why do earthquake cause

A B? Why do A cause B ? the drying up of the wells?

Causative
 ASSIGNMENT (2)
• Please you create the research problems
(main issues) and the research questions
based on the four approaches for problem
invention (look at slide # 16-19).
 LITERATURE REVIEW
• The purpose of the review:
• It can help you to see your own study in historical
and associational perspective.
• It can provide you with new ideas and
approaches.
• It can reveal to you sources of data.
• It can suggest a method or a technique of dealing
with a problematic situation.
• It can assist you in evaluating your own research
efforts.
• It can be used to create a theoretical framework
of your research.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

• Theoretical framework is a framework for

solving the research problem based on
the results of the literature review.
• Theoretical framework can be created as
a conceptual model.
• The conceptual model was used to solve
the research problems and to formulate
the hypothesis.
 HYPOTHESIS
• Hypothesis is a statement which require
testing its validation.
• Hypothesis provides a direction for
solving the research problem.
• To create a hypothesis, you require a
premise and a assumption.
• Premise is a statement which was
considered a truth.
• Assumption is something which was
considered constant or wasn’t influence.
 FORMULATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
• Hypothesis is formulated with declarative
sentence and it isn’t formulated with
normative sentence.
• Hypothesis was formulated with clearly
and unambiguous sentence.
• Hypothesis expressed type of relation
between two variables.
• The variables must be measurable and
testable.
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

• Descriptive hypothesis
• Comparative hypothesis
• Correlative hypothesis
• Causative hypothesis
 TESTING HYPOTHESIS

• Logical consistency or logical reliability

• Factual matching:
– Statistical analysis
– Numerical analysis
 ASSIGNMENT (3)
• Please you formulate some hypothesis
based on your research problems on
Assignment (1).

• Can you test your hypothesis? Please you

choose between the logical consistency
and the factual matching.
 THE DATA

• The data are some information gathered by

the observations and the measurements which
express the facts in the field.
• Without data, inductive reasoning vanishes
and the scientific method collaps.
• Data are manifestations of the truth.
• Data are merely representative,
intermediate, elusive surrogates of Truth.
• Data reflect Truth as a mirror reflects a object.
 TYPES OF DATA
• Based on their sources:
• Field data
• Laboratory data
• Textual data
• Based on their usage:
• Primary data
• Secondary data
• Based on their characteristics:
• Quantitative data
• Qualitative data
• Based on their grouping:
• Discrete data
• Continue data
• Based on their interpretation:
• Factual data
• Non-factual data
 THE QUALITY OF DATA
• The quality of data depend on:
• Instrument validity
• Instrument reliability
• Tangible objects
• Ratio of the accurateness-efficiency:
• All researcher necessary know when they ought to
sacrifice the accurateness for the efficiency and when
they ought to sacrifice the efficiency for the
accurateness.
• Dilemma of the accurateness-efficiency:
• Because of researchers enter in a difficult situation on the
making decision, so they exactly undergo the dilemma of
the accurateness-efficiency.
 HISTORICAL METHOD
• History is a phenomenon.
• It is a record of the sequential of events.
• The sequential of events for example:
• The historical method aims to assess the
meaning and to read message of the
events.
• The events for example:
• Return period of volcanic activity
• Return period of earthquake disaster
• Return period of flood
• etc.
 THE DATA OF HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
• Types of historical data
– Textual data:
• Documents
• Inscriptions
– Evidences of events (primary data)
 CHRONOLOGY
• We need to distinguish very carefully
between two concepts that are frequently
confused.
– The concept of historiography
(genuine historical research)
– The concept of chronology (the setting down
of occurrences and events in the order of
their happening.
 HISTORICAL SPACE AND
TIME
• History is dimensional:
– Dimension of historical time
– Dimension of historical space
• Both of these dimensions are extremely
important in interpreting historical data.
Kronologi kubah lava Merapi 2006

1. 26 April 26, kubah lava baru

muncul dng laju 100 – 150 m3/hr

2. 8 Juni, volume kubah

4,35 juta m3

3. Akibat AP pada 8 – 9 Juni,

bagian tengah kubah mengalami
penurunan 20 m

4. 14 Juni, kubah lava longsor

hingga Terjadi AP besar
mencapai jarak 7 km ke K.
Gendol
 Java Earthquake Potential

Jogyakarta earthquake (1867)

On land earthquakes 1600-1921 (Dr. Visser, 1922)

SEISMICITY OF JAWA

NEIC- USGS (1973-2006)

HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKE OF JAWA

Various sources (1630-1985)

Java Active Fault Map
USGS Project
 1m 1&741MZ 1lfl tNS
.·• 165711111141 1176 1tl3
16591]1631151 1 . , 1 .
·•J 6)
1m 17151152 1t5D. ;j"
0 ,
 THE DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY
METHOD
• The descriptive survey method is
sometimes called the normative survey
method.

• The descriptive survey method is

employed to process the data that come to
the researcher through observation.
THE MEANING OF THE TERM
“SURVEY”
• The word survey is composed of two word
elements which indicate precisely what
happens in the survey process.

• Sur- derivative of the Latin super, meaning

above, over, or beyond. The element –vey
comes from the Latin verb videre, meaning to
look or to see.

• Survey has the basic connotation of “the act of

looking over or beyond” or the superficial
observation.
THE MEANING OF THE TERM
“DESCRIPTIVE”
• The word descriptive, frequently coupled
with the word survey in describing this
method, also gives insight into the nature
of the method.
• The word descriptive comes from de-
meaning from, and scribere meaning to
write.
• Therefore, the term describes the
essential character of the method.
EMPLOYING THE DESCRIPTIVE
SURVEY METHOD

• The researchers do two things:

– They observe with close scrutiny the
population which is bounded by
research parameters.
– They make a careful record of what they
observe so that when the aggregate
record is made.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY
• The descriptive survey method deals with a situation that demands the
technique of observation as the principal mean of collecting the data.

• The population for the study must be carefully chosen, clearly defined,
and specifically delimited in order to set precise parameters for ensuring
discreteness to the population.

• Data in descriptive survey research are particularly susceptible to

distortion through the introduction of bias into the research design.

• Although the descriptive survey method relies upon observation for the
acquisition of the data, those data must then be organized and
presented systematically so that valid and accurate conclusions may be
drawn from them.
 THE IF-TEST TECHNIQUE
• The point of beginning is the problem. State it completely. Then
answer the questions.
• If I have this problem, what data do I need to resolve it?
• If I need these data, where are they located?
• If they are located there, how can I obtain them?
• If I can obtain them, what do I intend to do with them?
• If I do that with the data, will the result of doing it resolve my problem?
• If my problem is resolved, what the hypothesis was I testing based on
that problem?
• If that was my hypothesis, what do the facts show with respect to the
support or rejection of it?
• If my hypothesis is supported, I hypothesized correctly?
• If my hypothesis is not supported, then I have discovered something
that I did not suspect to be so.
THE ANALYTICAL SURVEY
METHOD
• The research employs statistics in the
data analysis.
• Statistics word comes from the word for state.
• It was as a function of the business of the
state.
• Originally, statistics was a system of counting
employed by the early states and kingdoms
to account for their resources.
• It was used to count people, the
sedimentary characteristics, etc.
 THE EXPERIMENTAL
METHOD
• This methodology goes by various names:
• The cause and effect method
• The pretest-posttest control group design
• The laboratory method.

• The basic idea behind the experimental

method is to attempt to account for the
influence of a factor or of multiple factors
conditioning a given situation.
• It attempts to control the entire research
situation, except for certain input variables
which then become suspect as the cause of
whatever change has taken place within the
investigative design.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

• The experimental method deals with

the phenomenon of cause and effect.
• We assess the cause and effect dynamics
within a closed system of controlled
conditions.
• We assess each to establish comparability.
• Then, we attempt to alter one of these by
introducing into it an extraneous
dynamic.
• We reevaluate each situation after the
intervening attempt at alteration.
 THE CHOOSING OF THE
POPULATION FOR THE STUDY
• A population is the total of the all objects displayed the
characteristics and contain the information which was needed
for the study.
• The size of a population is determined by the size of the group
that we wish to make generalizations about.
• Nothing comes out at the end of a long and involved study which
is any batter then the care, the precision, the consideration, the
thought that went into the basic planning of the research design
and the careful selection of the population.
• The results of a survey are no more trustworthy than the quality
of the population or the representativeness of the sample.
 THE POPULATION
• Population parameters and sampling procedures are of
paramount importance and become critical as factors
in the success of they study.
• A population at least haves one characteristic differed
between the population and the other population.
• Based on the number of member, a population can be
differed:
• Finite population: the number of population member can be fixed.
• Infinite population: the number of population member can not be
fixed.
• Based on the homogeneity of the population, a
population can be differed:
• Homogeneous population
• Heterogeneous population.
 THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

• A sample is the representation of a population.

• The sample should be so carefully chosen that

through it the researcher is able to see all the
characteristics of the total population in the same
relationship that he would see them were he
actually to inspect the totality of the population in
fact.
 SAMPLING PROCEDURE
• In the all sampling, the following three
processes are indigenous to the selection
of the sample:
• The population must be identified, an analysis made of
its structure, and an assessment made of its
characteristics.
• The process of randomization must be outlined and the
selection of the sample from the total population must be
made in accordance with a method of the
randomization.
• The data must be extracted from the sample population.
 TYPES OF SAMPLING
• Probability sampling (random sampling):
• The sampling techniques which all member of the
population have the same chance to be selected
as the sample.

• Non probability sampling (non random

sampling):
• The sampling techniques which not all member of
the population have the same chance to be
selected as the sample.
 THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Sampling techniques are the ways of sample selection

which represent the population.

Probability sampling Non probability sampling

(Random sampling) (Non random sampling)
 Probability 1. The finite population
sampling 2. The same chance

SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE

Non probability 1. The infinite population

sampling 2. The no same chance
 If this area was happened tsunami
disaster, how can the community effort
Problem invention based on to save and to evacuate ?
phenomenological approach
 1. Simple random sampling
Probability 2. Stratified random sampling
3. Systematic sampling
sampling 4. Area sampling
5. Cluster sampling

SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE

1. Purposive sampling
2. Accidental sampling
Non probability 3. Quota sampling
sampling 4. Judgment sampling
5. Snowball sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• Simple randomized sampling is the least sophisticated
of all sampling procedures.

• It consists of having a population whose texture is

either homogeneous or homogeneously
conglomerate.

• The derivation of the sample is by means of a simple

randomization process.

• The randomization method:

• The roulette wheel method
• The lottery method
• The random number method:
– The table of random number
– The random number in the calculator
 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING DESIGN

Population level Population is homogeneous or

homogeneously conglomerate

Random selection of sample population by

Randomization level any method yielding true randomization

Data extracted by any data gathering

Data level instrument: personal observation,
interview, questionnaire, etc.
 Bilangan Acak

76 52 01 35 86 34 67 35 48 76 80 95 90 91 17 39 29 27 49 45
64 89 47 42 96 24 80 52 40 37 20 63 61 04 02 00 32 29 16 65
89 53 19 64 50 93 03 23 20 90 25 60 15 95 33 47 64 35 08 03 36 06
25 29 09 37 67 07 15 38 3113 11 65 88 67 67 43 97 04 43 62 76 59
99 70 80 15 73 61 47 64 03 23 66 53 98 95 11 68 77 12 17 17 68 33
34 07 27 68 50 36 69 73 61 70 65 81 33 98 85 11 19 92 91 70
45 57 18 24 06 35 30 34 26 14 86 79 90 74 39 23 40 30 97 32
02 05 16 56 92 08 66 57 48 18 73 05 38 52 47 18 62 38 85 79
05 32 54 70 48 90 55 35 75 48 28 46 82 87 09 83 49 12 56 24
03 52 96 47 78 35 80 33 42 82 60 93 52 03 44 35 27 38 84 35
14 90 56 86 07 22 10 94 05 58 60 97 09 34 33 50 50 07 39 98
89 80 82 77 32 50 72 56 82 48 29 40 52 42 01 52 77 56 78 51
8980 83 13 74 67 00 78 18 47 54 0610 68 7117 7817
36 6 66 79 51 go 36 47 64 93 29 6o 91 1o 62
7o 84 01
91 82 60 89 28 93 78 56 13 68 23 47 83 4113
 STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING
• The characteristics of populations:

• The population may be generally homogeneous. The

separate units may be similar in observable characteristics.

• The population may contain definite strata of discretely

different units.

• The population may contain definite strata, but each strata

may differ from every other stratum by a proportionate ratio
of its separate stratified units.
Populasi Stratifikasi Sampel

06
0
0 D D 0 D
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING DESIGN
Fourth rade Students: Strata # 1
--------------------------------·
Fifth-Grade Students: Strata #2
---S-i-
x-
t-
h-G-
r-
a-
d-
e--
S-
t-
u-
d-
e-
n-
-
ts-
:--
S-
t-
r-
a-
ta--
#-
---
3

:---
Fourth -Grade Fifth-Grade Sixth-Grade
Students: Students· Students:
Strata No. 1 St; :. No. 2 Strata No.3
- r
1
Randomized Randomized Randomized
Sample from Sample from Sample from
Strata No. 1 Strata No.2 Strata No.3
1 I

Total Randomized Sample Comprising All

the Individuals in the Samples Above

Data Extracted from the Randomized

Stratified Sample Indicated Above
PROPORTIONAL STRATIFIED SAMPLING DESIGN

•
0
+ 0 + 0 • 0 0
•
+ + +
0 0
0 + 0 0
•
+ 0
0
0 Populat ion is conglomerate. Each +
+ 0
•
symbol represents 100 persons.
+ legen d : o = Protestant, + = Catholic, 0
• = Jewish +
0

•+0
0
0 0 0 +
+ +
+
+ •o •o·
• •
0 0 + 0
0
0 0 0 + +
I
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
+++ ++
+ t -+1 t {- ·...
•• •• •• •• ••
o o o oo o4
Strata No.3
0 0 0 0 0
l
0 0 0 0 0 Strata No . 2
Strata No. 1

0 0
0 0
+ +
+ +
••
0 0

Data Extracted from the Proport ional

Stratified Randomized Sample
 CLUSTER OR AREAS SAMPLING DESIGN

•
0 0 0 0
+ +
+ 0 +
3

•
2
1 +
0 0
• 0
0
4
+

POPULATION LEVEL 0 +
+ + 0 • 0
A commun ity divided +
•
0 8
5 6 0 7 + +
equally into twelve
clusters or areas 0
0 + 0
•• 0
0
•
• •
0
0
0
+ 0

+
9
,.
+
-- 0 ---..
0
+tO

0
· -0 + 11
0
0
+
12
0
+

RANDOMIZATION LEVEL --'- r

To select the clusters for
sampling the two blocks of I43S3
.,
•s€D"
8 I{; l 'f·"
-:;-- .;.
.....l

j'¢ +
96 46 9 1 • 2 J "
random numbers from the 10 45 6b 04 l 6 '">- i!t 0 l • ":.0
Table of Random Numbers
2 5 20 57 21
' ....i t 4 .
from p. 99 were used.
Numbers 1, 4, 9, 10 were
6 0 4 1 2 1
76 70 90 86
1 6 9 2 sa"ss IG
'/ 0
+
9 0+ 10
selected as the only appli 4 0 1 4 91 ... 0

•+
62 0 )II.
00 43 48 8 5
0

,
.............
-- -oo +

0 0
0 0
..,.,...
/

++
++
++
••
••
.

0 0
001
+
J

Data Extracted from

Within the Clustars

·
 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
• It was used in flat areas.
• It was also known as grid system.
• Systematic sampling design:
• Population level
• Randomization level
• Data level
 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING DESIGN

0
+
•
0 0 +
0
+ +
1 + 2 3 0 4

•
0
0
0 • 0 +

+
0 +
+
+ 0
0
+
• 0
0
s 0 6 7 8
• 0 + 0 0 • 0
•
+

•
+
•
0
0 0
+ 0 0
0 +
9 + 10 11 ... 12 +
+
• 0
I

:•
0
0 0
C>
.
•I -
I I . . -•"·:- • !.'.
i . l
0
l i 0
0
+
•4 + + i!
·
0 0
+ ' v +
2 0 6 I 10 0 12 +
0 I
0
• •
!- 0
0 0
0 + + lo
I I
ooo ++ +++ • •• •
++ + + ++
0
0 0 0 0
I
00 0 0 0

Data Extracted from

Those Ind ividua ls
Withi n t he Clusters
 Source

r .-::- - " - - ::::.• --'--

""!. . - Headwater
stream

Tributaries

Salt
marsh

Mouth

Ocean
Tahap-tahap Pelaksanaan Pemetaan Geologi
Metode pemetaan geologi permukaan (geological surface mapping).

Metode ini meliputi :

pengamatan, pemerian, pengukuran langsung dan perekaman data di lapangan yang
berupa kenampakan data dan kondisi geologi yang tersingkap di permukaan bumi saja.

Data geologi tersebut meliputi :

❑ jenis batuan, Sketsa Gambar Lapangan
❑ warna, tekstur, struktur,
❑ komposisi batuan, kedudukan batuan,
❑ bentang alam,
❑ batas kontak dan
PERSIAPAN
❑ berbagai aspek geologi yang menyertainya

✓ Peta Geologi Regionalnya

TITIK KOORDINAT dengan GPS
✓ Peta Geomorfologi Tentatif
✓ Jalur Pangamatan
✓ Lokasi Sampel Pengamatan
✓ Citra Satelit
✓ Administrasi
Diagram skema pelaksanaanTugas Akhir
Peralatan yang digunakan
Peralatan merupakan bagian penting dalam suatu
pemetaan geologi di lapangan, Hal ini menjadi
penting karena alat – alat yang digunakan dalam
suatu pekerjaan di lapangan akan mendukung
efektifitas data yang didapat di lapangan. Peralatan
yang diperlukan dalam pekerjaan lapangan ini
adalah :
a) Peta topografi lembar Bojonegoro No. 1508-5,
berskala 1 : 25.000 terbitan H. Pringgoprawiro dan
Sukido Tahun 1992.
b) Peta geologi regional lembar Bojonegoro dengan
skala 1: 100.000.
c) Kompas geologi.
d) GPS (Global Positioning System).
e) Palu geologi, jenis batuan sedimen dan batuan
beku.