Physical Education

Practical File
-ISHAN AGARWAL
11th 'B'
 History of Ancient
Athletics.
Athletic contests in running, walking, jumping and
throwing are among the oldest of all sports and
their roots are prehistoric. Athletics events were
depicted in the Ancient Egyptian tombs in
Saqqara, with illustrations of running at the Heb
Sed festival and high jumping appearing in tombs
from as early as of 2250 BC. The Tailteann Games
were an ancient Celtic festival in Ireland, founded
c. 1800 BC, and the thirty-day meeting included
running and stone-throwing among its sporting
events. The original and only event at the first
Olympics in 776 BC was a stadium-length running
event known as the stadion. This later expanded to
include throwing and jumping events within the
ancient pentathlon. Athletics competitions also
took place at other Panhellenic Games, which were
founded later around 500 BC.
 A copy of the Ancient Greek statue
Discobolus, portraying a discus thrower
 Modern Era
An athletics competition was included in the first
modern Olympic Games in 1896 and it has been as
one of the foremost competitions at the quadrennial
multi-sport event ever since. Originally for men
only, the 1928 Olympics saw the introduction of
women's events in the athletics programme.
Athletics is part of the Paralympic Games since the
inaugural Games in 1960. Athletics has a very high-
profile during major championships, especially the
Olympics, but otherwise is less popular. The first
organized international competitions for athletes
with a physical disability (not deaf) began in 1952,
when the first international Stoke Mandeville Games
were organized for World War II veterans. This only
included athletes in a wheelchair. This inspired the
first Paralympic Games, held in 1960. Competitions
would over time be expanded to include mainly
athletes with amputation, cerebral palsy and visual
impairment, in addition to wheelchair events.
 Complete list of
Events in Athletics.
 Track Events in
Athletics.
1.Sprints
Sprinting is running over a short distance at the top-
most speed of the body in a limited period of time. It is
used in many sports that incorporate running, typically
as a way of quickly reaching a target or goal, or avoiding
or catching an opponent.Three sprints are currently held
at the modern Summer Olympics and outdoor World
Championships: the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 400
metres.
 2.Middle distance
Middle-distance running events are track races longer
than sprints, up to 3000 metres. The standard middle
distances are the 800 metres, 1500 metres and mile run,
although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a
middle-distance event. The 1500 m came about as a
result of running 3+3⁄4 laps of a 400 m outdoor track or
7+1⁄2 laps of a 200 m indoor track, which were
commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th.
century.
 3.Long Distance
Long-distance running, or endurance running, is a
form of continuous running over distances of at least 3
km (1.9 mi). Physiologically, it is largely aerobic in
nature and requires stamina as well as mental
strength. Within endurance running comes two
different types of respiration. The more prominent side
that runners experience more frequently is aerobic
respiration. This occurs when oxygen is present, and
the body can utilize oxygen to help generate energy
and muscle activity. n modern human society, long-
distance running has multiple purposes: people may
engage in it for physical exercise, for recreation, as a
means of travel, for economic reasons, or cultural
reasons. Long-distance running can also be used as a
means to improve cardiovascular health.
 4.Relay Races
A relay race is an event where a team of four athletes
run equal predetermined distances in a sprint race,
each passing a rod-like object called the ‘baton’ to the
next person to continue the race. The last runner in a
relay is called the ‘anchor’.

What are the types of relay races?

4x100m relay

The 4x100m relay is an event where a relay team

of four members each run a distance of 100m in
a single designated lane.
During each leg run, the athlete has to carry a
baton and hand it over to the next team
member.The 4x100m relay was introduced as a
men’s only event at the 1912 Stockholm
Olympics, while the women’s event was first run
at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam.
 4x400m relay
The rules for the 4x400m relay are largely similar to the
4x100m relays. The team members cover a distance of
400m each before passing on the baton to the next team
member, within the same 20m designated changeover
area. However, there is one key difference. While the first
member runs 400m in a single designated lane, the
subsequent members of a team can interchange lanes
starting from the back-straight halfway through the
second leg. Generally, 400m runners compete for the
inside line, which is the shortest route to the finish line.
The 4x400m relay was also introduced at the Olympics as
a men’s-only event at the 1912 Stockholm Games, while
the women’s event was first run at Munich 1972.
 5.Hurdling
Hurdling is a type of jumping in which an athlete
jumps over an obstacle at a high speed or in a sprint.
Hurdling is a highly specialized form of obstacle racing
that is part of the sport of athletics. Moreover, the
hurdling events, barriers or obstacles are known as
hurdles that are set at a defined distance according to
the event.
100 METER HURDLES
The event became popular from the wooden
barriers that were placed along a 100 yard stretch
in England during the 1830s.

400 METER HURDLES

The very first 440 yard hurdles race was
conducted at Oxford, England in 1860.
Competitors had to confront 12 huge (100 cm / 39
inch) wooden barriers that were sunk into the
ground.
 Jump events in
Athletics.
1.Long Jump
long jump, also called broad jump, sport
in athletics (track-and-field) consisting of
a horizontal jump for distance. It was
formerly performed from both standing
and running starts, as separate events,
but the standing long jump is no longer
included in major competitions. It was
discontinued from the Olympic Games
after 1912. The running long jump was an
event in the Olympic Games of 708 BCE
and in the modern Games from 1896.
 Step 1: Run up
In the run up phase, strive for consistency and speed.
The long jumper gets a huge boost from the run up
before the jump. The speed greatly affects the jump
distance. The jumper must also take note to jump
before the foul line. Otherwise, no matter the distance,
the jump would be void. Expert male jumpers take
about 20 strides, while female jumpers take about 16
strides. For the beginner, start with 8 strides. As you
approach the jumping board, do not hesitate and slow
down. Maintain your velocity - you should be at top
speed right before takeoff - and look straight ahead.
 Step 2: Takeoff
Your takeoff leg is the one that stays on the ground
to support your weight when you kick a ball. Usually,
if you are right-handed, your takeoff leg will be your
left leg. When taking off, the aim is to attain height
so that you can stay in flight longer and further.
Place the foot flat on the ground for takeoff. Taking
off heel-first will reduce your speed, while taking off
on the toes decreases stability and increases risk of
injury.
 Step 3 : Flight
There are a few techniques, namely the sail,
the hang, and the hitch-kick. But the hang
and hitch-kick techniques are arguably
effective only if you can jump further than
five metres. The sail is recommended for
beginners. To do the sail technique, thrust
your free leg in front of your body as long
as possible. The takeoff leg will follow suit
into the same position of the free leg
midflight. Lastly, bring your arms forward,
as if you are trying to reach for your toes.
 Step 4: Landing

When landing, it is imperative not to fall

backwards into the landing pit. Bring your
heels up and your head down towards your
knees. Jumpers often fall forward or
sideways after landing on their heels. Every
inch counts.
 2.Triple Jump
Triple jump, also called hop, step, and jump, event in
athletics (track and field) in which an athlete makes a
horizontal jump for distance incorporating three
distinct, continuous movements—a hop, in which the
athlete takes off and lands on the same foot; a step,
landing on the other foot; and a jump, landing in any
manner, usually with both feet together. If a jumper
touches ground with a wrong leg, the jump is disallowed.
Other rules are similar to those of the long jump.
 3.High Jump
The high jump is a track and field event in which
competitors must jump unaided over a horizontal
bar placed at measured heights without dislodging
it. In its modern, most-practiced format, a bar is
placed between two standards with a crash mat for
landing. Since ancient times, competitors have
introduced increasingly effective techniques to
arrive at the current form, and the current
universally preferred method is the Fosbury Flop, in
which athletes run towards the bar and leap head
first with their back to the bar. The discipline is,
alongside the pole vault, one of two vertical
clearance events in the Olympic athletics program.
It is contested at the World Championships in
Athletics and the World Athletics Indoor
Championships, and is a common occurrence at
track and field meets. The high jump was among
the first events deemed acceptable for women,
having been held at the 1928 Olympic Games.
 4.Pole Vault
Pole vaulting, also known as pole jumping, is a track
and field event in which an athlete uses a long and
flexible pole, usually made from fiberglass or carbon
fiber, as an aid to jump over a bar. Pole jumping
competitions were known to the Mycenaean Greeks,
Minoan Greeks and Celts.[citation needed] It has been
a full medal event at the Olympic Games since 1896
for men and since 2000 for women. It is typically
classified as one of the four major jumping events in
athletics, alongside the high jump, long jump and
triple jump. It is unusual among track and field sports
in that it requires a significant amount of specialised
equipment in order to participate, even at a basic level.
A number of elite pole vaulters have had backgrounds
in gymnastics, including world record breakers Yelena
Isinbayeva and Brian Sternberg, reflecting the similar
physical attributes required for the sports.[1][2]
Running speed, however, may be the most dominant
factor. Physical attributes such as speed, agility and
strength are essential to pole vaulting effectively, but
technical skill is an equally if not more important
element.
 Throw events in
Athletics.
1.Shot Put
Shot put, sport in athletics (track and field) in
which a spherical weight is thrown, or put,
from the shoulder for distance. It derives from
the ancient sport of putting the stone. The first
to use a shot (cannon ball) instead of a stone
competitively were British military sports
groups. Although the weight varied in early
events from 3.63 to 10.9 kg (8 to 24 pounds), a
standard, regulation-weight 7.26-kg (16-pound)
shot was adopted for men in the first modern
Olympic Games (1896) and in international
competition. The event was added to the
women’s Olympic program in 1948. The weight
of the shot used for women’s competition is 4
kg (8.8 pounds); lighter weights are also used in
school, collegiate, and veteran competitions.
 2.Discuss Throw
Discus throw, sport in athletics (track and
field) in which a disk-shaped object, known
as a discus, is thrown for distance. In
modern competition the discus must be
thrown from a circle 2.5 metres (8.2 feet) in
diameter and fall within a 40° sector
marked on the ground from the centre of
the circle. The sport was known in the days
of the Greek poet Homer, who mentions it
in both the Iliad and the Odyssey, and it
was one of five events included in the
pentathlon in the ancient Olympic Games.
Throwing the discus was introduced as an
event in modern athletics when the
Olympic Games were revived at Athens in
1896.
 3.Javlin Throw
Javelin throw, athletics (track-and-field)
sport of throwing a spear for distance,
included in the ancient Greek Olympic
Games as one of five events of the
pentathlon competition.
The javelin that is used in modern
international men’s competition is a
spear of wood or metal with a sharp metal
point. It is constructed in accordance with
a detailed set of specifications published
by the International Association of
Athletics Federations (IAAF). Its overall
length must be at least 260 cm (102.4
inches) and its weight at least 800 grams
(1.8 pounds). The women’s javelin is
somewhat shorter and lighter—a
minimum 220 cm (86.6 inches) long and
600 grams (1.3 pounds) in weight.
 4.Hameer Throw
Hammer throw, sport in athletics (track
and field) in which a hammer is hurled for
distance, using two hands within a
throwing circle. The sport developed
centuries ago in the British Isles. Legends
trace it to the Tailteann Games held in
Ireland about 2000 BCE, when the Celtic
hero Cú Chulainn gripped a chariot wheel
by its axle, whirled it around his head, and
threw it farther than did any other
individual. Wheel hurling was later
replaced by throwing a boulder attached to
the end of a wooden handle. Forms of
hammer throwing were practiced among
the ancient Teutonic tribes at religious
festivals honouring the god Thor, and
sledgehammer throwing was practiced in
15th- and 16th-century Scotland and
England.