Tea t 2023 Course Cutline 1 RexT TRANSFER = metheds ef Weak tranctey ~ Metneds OF rMEM SAG OF hy = Hear exchange 2 Evaporation =Defind von: = Funda mental a Evaporation a eat lesse “Hiypenioy = ae cvple 19 evaporation Uap nga sen cane Content Hrs of heat HANK = Methaniane of heat + convection 2 Conduction 3 Radiation e ee NVM Of the 3 muted, aorv : ste at oe iear W Ofer transfer RAIA ge & Lagarithernic rean reenperatur (Lint +b) & —Peocess ent transfer — ~ Neat Nanster us leerived os the study st the rater at Which hat 5 exchange! Tre source and the yecerver Cusually ted odepertenti = Prowes heal wransfer deals witn rates of heat exchange as they eceur v0 heat transfer etuiprunr 19 engineeriag ancl Chemical pre ceser = typical poblem of ear hansfer © Concerneel itty i Guantiiy of heat to be transferred, Wi Rates at whith heats May bo¢ Hansfens because Cf the Mature ef te bedties Wii The Arwing poteaha) ST Wopwmngeuar ef Surfaces » Separsting Soule and Yecewver Aeount OF mnechaical energy which may foe expended to aerdtate Me transfer - = Sine heal Nonsfey savelves an exchai ln gysterd The oss OF Heay by ene bac eAuals the grain CF heat by. anoths: within. the sycher ~ eat trangien . occurs because oF tempera: ture differen. behweeq otter dnt Colder bodies r (a echanncr of heal tmasfor eWew qi SModeg of Hear transfer Ve Genduclion, CenEE VoN ANd Yichiation —Lconduttisa ~ Conduction Ute Mansfer ef heay Mhreugh Fired meters such as Slationary Hal, “Ing sch tw flow CF Heat by Conduction LEG TOUTE AE Annet ae of beer Wiech Gea!F oxy fron one rioleale TE anothers! = Heat Pransey by Conduction ray ales occay toy rnorerent OF flee €lectens such as 7 metals ~considey the vial feo below Fur eduation 1 and 2 Went Hans fey Considered as 4 flow. mt, Thi cernbination OF therrfig Cerda iy Thickness of material and arg oni Censuleretl ASO YesyIOnG Wy Thu ty, The Fourier law Cin then be Hine, Meat flo = Them) prea difereny Ye — Gendclwe Thera Teak “3 mo ax Auveinee * pee i = - Ket = - KO, “Mead Washer ey candueticn As dectly proper * ea Hora) ty Brea (hd, Tenp. diterente (St) 1: Kali -Th) “WAC Anvercely Proportions te tite texness of x The Conductor | Hall. TW velahonship cag ke combined as: g qs Te dL oes Kr dd %- aT Hence: Ae ae Thermal potential difference 1s Tw-T2 and A& Aherenal conductiviny vesvtong i x Aq & - badge Sol vere Kn ax u seh da =-Kadt ... ap ax are 4 A) Nence tote! heat funsfered through the Hall ” Key Integration is K= Whe Fron The above eluations it can be g@bsert hat decreasing the thickness OF incréacing T= - Kp SE Croesectional “area Or increasing thermal ok Conductivity OF an object decreases the Ls - Keb Thermal vasistance and 1MCyeams it's het x transfer Yate. Equation 2 Kowa as Fourrer’ law OF conduction. Hiner = heat bansfer tobe in altay X= Tmornas oF Hall (m) x= wn Differential thernes BY =Tenp: clifferene behieen hot and Cold surtiegs Keld (ai (K) Ke There cenductiv ny “Kis the thermal Conductivity of the material \= Hling it a0 ee The Hellen cyrinder vepye ten TRIES oy tascle Todas Giside rodins begin of the cylinder = TEMP. 00 te outs g T= Inside. temp. = Abie deswed 1 Find an ex lon Oubsord OF the L i We oF Ihe Cylinder PYESSIOD OF heap Glinder ~Consdey & Very Thin Cynder concant CEmHe Concantie withe the Mair Cylinder having a revclins ¥, Where ¥ hes bh Yi and ry, y athe Mickness Of thes Hall = thin ke dy ~Rauatien ' can be applied OF eylinder is voy 1a thw form da = -KMart dt ax Treenese ly) das td 2 Boe “Katty L. ax ay * Rearanging “ euation 6 and ratergratieng behwed the Minit yields ade =-KanLdt + de = -Kamtar aM kK I i dqa-cb \ it Oreryrat Ng do ay a 7 bec ar <.-Kemef @ “a Ste 44 rd Yo yn Tt jie 2 aLK (oF do eT a 1, Nav - lao = QMLK (To-T) a ln tor lat = AML (T1-Te) a ms g\n fe = atten CHM Sn ae, ame 1 Z “Lor 4 = RTL C1) To) Fe 4 sang Ci-T) In ve He also Know thar! + KmlyTe)_- == == CD Yo-¥ PAuating Cduahen © aad.T BMLKGinty) 2 KAM Gite) _ Ta re AY) treks | w From hich: | Am = avin lt-w(ro- v1) \n ri | Am = 2TL(Te -r, tn Yo. y | Arf U Kon as tne rea. ~ ~ From eduatién 4, Ait is the sea of a Bineghinder Hilh Weus ten. ve Am = UL Yin. from eauatioa 4 Hegenthinre Meany Yin = Yo-¥, eo Vn Ko) * -- to) Yea ts Known as the fogarithirme mean vadhas —2-Ceavection Heat trensfer fn Conveticin re gre the ring OF Aha» lernenks = convectwe hear transfer May be classed according to Ya ature of flue floss: BNabpml Convection Ws the Yesulk OF density chiferences cre exam Whig a pool is heated fini below fitted Converter . Resuits fon -eddy rdovemenr 10 the Fluid for example Hhun! ca Mons thraygh a pire heated of the Outsiile ov Other Me WS CAteynal| Means Such cs PUNIPL or Sey~ Convection Yeaures icing + And Is nok Soermed ay Temp hferene lene as in Conduction er rechation, |" Nesten's law ok cooly & gyen as q:haGu-te) OF Fluted elemed TAN (dec) Yhermal W cold a bedy Yedahe Het enmitid 2 TRY... ree, : —h black bady will exes energy ay , Ceq Propethicral te the Poder of 1, Gasciuy —Cesauetieg __ feanp and tks surtan Mea Puch. Hhuck v= Lcondeveiie: hah boats Se, Oz Stefan - Boltarenn center, c Gefen W(t = Fb HI? ledie % gi BS ate om ~euahior 13 Kooun a shee, P =surfau Ore mt oF het Bobleenols ne OF Nee Yadietion brenster “and apply apiy be bee THe Wat, teenperaturt Teo = Teraperaher oF the leuval Ruta, PPP 9 Crduchen , traced ASSecrated Hi Convective Can be expressel as YSistene alse «hear trenster ang Neat Flow = Thermal Conwect Wie thertal Yeswtae —Tu=Teo Rey © = hy Gu -Tx) ---—~ Gjiy A’ roater@l Yadare therm) Heng the -& rmodes of heat brnsfer ave involved corttahsny ~Aftey prlorged usace Golid deposits nay fire of bath ‘Thi \Oney anal, cur Walls OF the Pires and. this wi contribute te acclitony Yesidlgnte’ Yo Wat tranver =the simplat form Of e4wation Which Neprescar the aloo, hea transfer operations _-08): > unpt--—— Hhore Le hear transfer per unt tue: A> pyailable req for flor of hear T= Diference vo teen. Uhr the Flartes Gea bvibing iN U= overgl eat Hansfer coemyeienryo Whee ne ackorice 4 corvinehove 4 Comteetnty ~The oven! heat transter Coemicitar % cornoinction OF all tre different a press. 6 | used fer deterrnining the fea hy Xewured for heat exchange Albatron OF Vis a Key Yerurvennt ‘rang deagn Priolea cavolving hetig oF ceding. ~The Value of U_ depends “on (Mechanism cr heat transfer % Fluid dunartiic of both heated and coled Drak OF Tw mMatenal.s Inrough Hhich heat es drancfewed. Ae The grocery of Ine Fluid Pathe TIE Rear is being transferred Mhugh 3 Media each OF even My and indwied coettiesenk far eath Mecha axe hy, hayhy and coresponcing tern pemhe changes cre BT) Big bTg Te Lv) be the cana Trnygh Zach Wy . 0 hy ati oh —" hy Sie he i.y Reananging had Aye & 3 he dT > pt tht, T BTS ear 4 ) ha ha, Frm efughen 15 nb TIE the rnedia awe different areas then: ars aint kat a) Pati cada Considered the Value of “3 Uni Vary according Tots area’ see as tu basic cad deo! ae :) ~ Since Land sr rawr independent of the area —-keggacnitmae—rQean Teotporanive —Butterens (Levin) stl Ty iret we fayaed vet euihranyer +] EM Wor h aid Wound TL Wh Wl Suet oie a-b Tat, Trt Bees Tavty “We akove *Figure Yepresents tne temps Ve rte OF Feat profile along a parnttel hea, exchanger Tis Tempemmire oF entering het Flurl % hat ato Couey «utent heat exchanger Ta Temperate cf eating hot Flare ty=Tedperatne oF entering Cold Fluid let @\= t= Tenperaave oF exiting cold. Fil } We Kooa that fora heat exchanger dz = UAyOm Where PT = Total area, LT Total heat ransferecl On = legaritninn’ ‘sean temnperanire elifvevence é&—EEEEE —lasilahoa-— “i Thermo insulahor= ts Te clu ction fransfer GH ObECHIO hurmo contac heat transfer Thmugh dia ico . 4 sie can be acer BIN Speer oF Press, and heat 4 Oru, Ny engineered woetho Ar A Hell as soca Dest snare Seehabt — mater vali ~insitates Materiel ov Comnburet waatariale Hhich. , Yoko {ved A (on OF uate fl fet or by Petar oo GM OF mnoee of ‘ ove oF ma falowing function: unchan ey ania Wr tenaeve ga BE TeAMuG atk los oy 2 Conte! Surface temp. fe pevnnell | Sl can Prt 3 faciitare feap: conyel OF Preasses 4 prevent — Vapour flow! geal. Sele cali ‘caldera Saka SUYFqu. 5 Increase ofembing Ventilating and Power sysren Found 1 eornptecial snsta\lalion G. prrer | ¥edu@ damgge form xpysite T Redluu eearniscun a abn opi ~ Rate Liculetang ~Thorino insulation cy uty dubdivided ink go 3 Genera) TED rounges varloo feenp Wrato (iteulakicn a ~NNTereDedlate terme insulghiod cc ~ High temp. therrne insulators = High Terre Ter sal taulahsr — ave yefferet b as ofracheresse. Qofra rortor_Re factories — tfcingy OF heating, to eupeent te bor bar. sail polutcnts be hr “A = he tgyzganc 1 Aon tye poudus and 1h. Eat Materials composed of PRFRAStale mineral aggre galer a wind faa anc Additives . TU Prauple Yaw marorials usd in duckcon ore MA as Yefrachuries art Ca, Z¥ TL 20rtonen), HIN 0K dE owe Hg , Si,_ BS retracts ented nyrides ; poryitts Girt and gant Saphire: Gooling ‘ Plumbing ste, Press| Refrachris ave ue in hgh refs Dovain bec of reir heak ¥@UraM PO Of buat "&utaat ShibIny PIB: ~Seatral _vesuveiehe ve fracher es: — Phil Withetand hygh temps PF Ability > witrstan igh Ferae ah sudden change sin bene: 3 Aoilly te Nunytand load % Pbity oh giaghand cheer’) 90 abrasive Action of Mater tals Sudyas aad Sludgy |pauiol eral, | Hh gases ete ee 5 > PeITY bo tester contamination of Me Anaterial vin Which tr comua ¢ntenker| Lahoud oe Wncontacminaing>- @ Ability be Maintain ~ Pymansiona) Stability ternp: 7 Abily to conserve heat =) B Low Coafiicien) OF fhuvene 2x parsicd —Clatfitation OF Vfrachories: Classified ante ON tw — asys of chemical Composi¥ian by hy plan of We, meinod OF Manufachire, Rhye fr throng ewing . comers) enor Plan oF ‘use raemod of sanufacnire Physical foren Thermo conductivity « Refractor ness —Hesi_eacvindaees c heat exchangers ave Classified 19 2 main Ways! 1 Conveck yonal (hell = tube He) & + Non Convectienal (special types of 1°) —feaultct naa) He Furtnee Classified vate ay Tecuperative by Tegenerabde sv cy Med He. Ma 2 3 * 5 & mA JERS, = sheams ave separated by wale aad ed Ae rrangferdd free tre shtarn Hhieygh FM hesacthure Sorte Surf ro centech HUN 2 Hea contact ithe the hot shed tts beep sey fata late tine / vr Yyects th ia Psy J = teat if gee of oud of tru ot shear GML sh + ed haat ochangors «TRL ie Sama, cong arte contact dr rt each oltw eg a wet Condensor sel to Cendéase Vapour} ang cock Gas: Th sMost Ieapovtenh type i this iegony is The hell and fable Heo ~cther include + = Baubl Pipe ~ Spy tube = Spral plate ~ Spray tube ~ Plate type G “Fu gat pe be Expand hikes Into Nbc plates “The Tubs con be arranged ta: \ Hexagonal Pattern li, Sides oF Seuares, \2hi ii Cente Cencentnic rater ~Topic RE —EvArBATon Definition: Evaporation Mans Vapourisation 5 From he Surfaa oF o Wud below it's bboitiog Peinty Yhus Ao boiling occurs, and Ih rate of Yapourisat ion Yhraigh the boundary layer above the hquia —Hiapartion vs Testing “Eyapomten Ocus on We Surfax of hauid and % & Napourisation of hauid, tesa State oF Maneition from hamid to gaseow State The proasy Occur. Slowly, On the, oftur hand). foiling OCs in hy entre rags OF Waid and alco invel¥es: Vapounsatin| Of hhaunds ~ Belling Occurs Yeipidly. Boiling Occurs Whee Feeap: of te Itqanid the Vapour pressun of tru baud equals or external pressure Watters fare _eyonayorbia ancl Wing | cLoteat heat - Cooma ltat v ¢uav ad.) Canveer a sold AMawnd oom .varon BY dveundae Mago Without chorye in Fem. = Saturated Wehr ~ carurated (Vator = water vapour dapat stew, ward) opens on chifusion OF vaPan} runs, Te occurs ok ny 2 a Slow PROS a-No bubles are forrnad: HeTeme: ay GS MB slower vote of hear SHPO to come evciporenon Secu ay fixed ters: Quien proces JP Pubbie ov fread “Te9P Femans condtant IS: Srecter tate oF trad ‘SupHy Yocate biting 'W Industy the aun ce evaporation is tp Concentrate solutions F The scluent Generally wore Yolectile Fran the Solute '9 evaporation the yeu is concntrard hance While in dryiog tha solvent us yapourised fe have @ drier Sehd end preduct: > Teenperohure RR Surface Area bs Agitation ft Atrmespherié pressor IS: Type oF proctuct @ EAupensat Beal chamttercties ti evaponcticn | \ Concentration of soln, 2 Teenp Sensitivity & Fetemig Foaming + Scale Formationing S Other properties Tine cufreeaing Pernt 2Sfeatic heat 3: Gos hoevation tte Eohirated arcane 89 Cr ytd tp charge, ysl | ©, aratetateonye | | aE stem in | | — eam ot ( Hag 3SMéarns 1 rece Pradget a ret . 1 r out Seeking wi Ihiake buy Poeden 1x Vere Keka pice Kettoian a ever andl dvldnb) Hate exe areda ot aoa = imastty mnece OF Steel aes ashy Comsiie Fuld spect “eeettrials in Used SUN 5 Cu iy Steines SRL, A, eve —Stnsteahion “Gt tue ancl Shett hege Tube and Shell HE aye Classified actordi % Rasttoming oF tube bundle Under tis Mart are 3 eMair coltcher combine 1 Fixed tbe ii O-tube fi Flocting. tube ig 0 hath Sule Fhualin @ SS ‘het resite Flue eat Swi fr outer Dog oubies aH Cashel pase ihiee Pad) Brntes Counter curent <— e me Tn, Btu cold Pro hot Toy Tm ic Gris Flow Povfeachealny fio. <—— Arrection oF fla ditchon fied wd dD) atl Wefitrrete Ht: Florin a condensor’ 1 Tt Pa m4,ihe bee Mella Under convective heat haastey, Show Hut; the ever Overa| bransfer coetticitar Vis ger by arate Assurt tht areas of te to Media are equal. ola Let meta thave Get he q-trtT- Media Zhao che 4: hast Lz hardin R= & - Re = Total temp: difference T L. AT = ST) t BT ‘wl let wedi eM Median = ha heat wonwtend = 2 Wm LS ch tonstont Nero Hs a » both Nach a> hASt qs ha Ab: Zz vAbT > hist Lez ¥ zt Le hak OTe wv Lal hy hor aT 7 iy slog ty hk hh har4, Derive ine heat Hansfer eaten Through a compare Wall Made oF Sraatenals, Pio, © wih thevreet —Conductiitis Kr, Kgs end Ke and Kemp dep Tp isto, and OTe Tespectivelyy Fourity law = ~ KR a L> =Kh Th Xa 1 = -Kehty EP yo Le Ky As On Weknon =" 2 a BL Ree Rnt Rat Re Total rebate =e Kanha te _Kehs Xe KePe Ais STh+ BIg + AT. Total Voltage: 1: Sh Rey iy tT. + BT. 3, 8 furnace is Constructed Hit 0-804 gy brig, oom oF insutating brik and o. OF ordinary bnveK » The inside temp ony fond outside ten? ts 330K. The thera Tenductivitiu are as shown below. Esheeate thy ett 10% per un ata ang ie temperatures. ab ta Yuaction oF and insulating frien, "ty Fecha [OTT | RST bak Nek oxen | = Jou foaom ee | Megan haem oT = Qx ¥ “Ka EAT = Sta DATE AATE avs Lika 4Xe 4 xe KoA Leh KAS ut wig Le hast tents fue 2) 2 o-4nb an C20 = O-RB6 om x Bat Bt ds137 = 121 vo~T, Ty = tRoo-137 Tr big > Big = Like Kp Agia ORR SRST Ky OT 4E7K | Ne krtn B7g eT) “Ta v.99 furcaasl 457% 106 pula 2 loge yer ja=_GooK Dre Om ef -E¥aporaor= A Kirt. inpat tw the, Cvapoatee ~LeQumy_ctan Wo ve va rove 1 Ua yous oy pba Wis ts founy of Water Napourisal We nyt A Mas ef yaaney time ~pias Saliahy, hay 3 shear —Etooerty ol ane a ~The ccestiny Of sqqy evaporator the Wo} maser Haley Vapourua per unit {Ass OF sleara Input Into the: evAPErEtEr —£vpnye ~The & the amtaunt > >of Water Nopourisd Per eit ta (Ger har) ‘ ~ Ratio OF capacity te eccmoray gues tne Seay — Consinag hon» ger uni ae , Eccrorey = Pass of Watey spar of evepuehon HPF stern tnput- AoporAL pass OF wader vapour. capacity | Tine Capacity = 5A rs ecneny TW Msrearn “TeneForney si mero a Yop <9} einpara tog —— Fe singhe effect a rauiple eee ° =the Feee| fo true evaporator Stoxas inside th hikes of try tubilar heb exchanger: etre balling Ind 19 Subyected Yo reederare Nactaura: =Vocuun Causes a Yecluttion vn thu boihing oink temp OF Wasid feed Which iy Wry Ancreags Ye Heng chferenayy hd Mu Sean ard tre Kolieg Neatid, Cosing, WNeeased Kneot Wonsfor wore in We evaporate. = Whan a singe evaporator (5 used and fx Napa gtnereied’ fora try looiNieg, Yu feed Ws Condtnsel and discarded to ee @ single — —Sitick_evoporater. ~ Single effect —cragorator ib Single out does Mok Use shear efficiently | 2: tutti efferteweposn ne, “1G tha Vagouy Fron One eva power he into Tre Seana Steam chest oF a seeand evaporator’ and tat Vapour Frown the 2%, As Sent fo the Condensey the operation ts Saja’ te be double effect + Ths operation. can be extended fo rove exipomtos &9 | 3 Ov! oF ewen’S ” Biving a enuttigle effect’ evopor atin... : > ws cordiost = AS exaporcin Preeeds the NGHOr Teamig Inte evaporator Wetermes 0% — Conantrata and its boiling pant Increases Thic i caltal ty ~ Extent of BPR defends on tu Nadie of material bang evaporated and upon te Corentation, “Changes Preclued corer sua toh" Uta fan ih caendia) I, Teenp of Stooe® v4 (onstonp Ve 5 betwee eelensing Mbit It neck of verpourssatiun, te Vapour Compressiin UL eanployed to Yetover bs grode Waste heat fron a HK Fluid Commonly Seam ~The heat of Condansatiin eters heat) oe Stearn vs recovered by WMerRasing Ns Tene Ar presume — And Thin cendinsing ty Ne yReCor fe S100). ‘Thermal Yopour Yecornpression ‘is Mechemical Yopour Re compression Ye ss ~The Compression of tru Steam for Neat Yeo} Fakes plaw 1 4 shea Jet pump: ~ A Certo amounr OF Iie Steam ws Yeu’ to Ok operate the Set sump: a The lt SHeam enters the purnp. and tna GNORL eHeErS “Te low pressure exhaut Stearn from the evaporator « The pressure tern? Of the @ exhqusr Ore eres Ancrtey J——==—————— the cenatin, egy sevinge Cons pana, 1 hung OK W Abou} an wdAHonad emparurvn Ate § wt 4 (vig #9 yoprscon pat ———_|~s, we Bean evaanprel sues Honky ‘ ton] aby Mawes of tacedeany [*, Gndeacur Ss 6 (ee WAH ee Bn | —helntugys of Lp. 1 woproud shea econginy for average Wnvestreunr Cornpared lover Than an addijor exagorater % KO Moving Pads % Wigh Cperaonal 41 Lanier invest rene & Sump desygn Types ocebthie onely Costs sin 19R try exhaust Vapour is tecomprtssel Yarhig Wethanicar rans Such as ebecttied Congreso = Complssion increases tee of ross ston: VAOT 3 Kw bk Component kalanw oF Gay = 325)2G9K Af are bry Q = s5080 15030 2 34a 69 Az 15030 © B64 Wet balanws . Heal entering = heot ! Heat 1p > leving ved eqtem at aga talleat entering wath feel SeHleat entering: by:.steor 1 Heat entering wih Feed =F A Jove dahien temp of 275. fy, = 1H 8296 25y 2808 Dy 25527 Ws | {owe we Pte (1-33) 2 otha «| Seed enkow a oo enibaphy oF 1Ssou WE Uns » Le tf why. WW Near entersng by steara Ree Soy 27088 theahous I Mea Jean am condensed? % Het leaving with hauoe 2 Heol leaving with Vapour 4 Neat veauved Jo Reny Fee! tp boiling Rank 1 Mah for sareiag fed to boi Dene COT = 13-76 (325-294) 815-99 kls ng terops ii 2 Neat tearing ‘Ly = vny SOx 2504 45 Bahl, Aly Yopour 3 Mat leaving. rivin. biawor Vs Mi COT Wy aeny Gas -273) = Ree 4 Heat tearing, win condsagates @o= Ste smc, AT SH 18 C 358:7-273) = Sa8155 Kile Hegt balance = Heat = Heot out sc psinytla_ to spoue S5n-74 27035 = Sis-92+ S33 taraet 2 poy Basen rs 270RS B33 S = BIS + 5RR TRV 5507 Raqyrsh S = 15030-@ Qe bent = heen ABU 2374-96 OE S* O33 Kgle tears flony vare = concleasate Flow vate» P