A Level Article No. 292 Physics Paper-2 Topical Workbook with Mark Scheme Updated Till - 2021 — Questions order new to old — References of repeated questions added — Mark schemes included — Unsolved READ & WRITE PUBLICATIONS Lahore Sale Point: Shop No. 25-28 Lower Ground Floor, Haadia Haleema Centre, Ghazni Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Gell: +92-336-5314141 Karachi Sale Point: Shop No. 4, Imperial icon, Robson Road, Urdu Bazar, Karachi Cell: +92-321-1100575 Web: [Link] E-Books: [Link] E-mail: readandwriteoffice@[Link]All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior vwritten permission of the Publisher. Title Physics A-Level Paper-2 Topical Workbook (Article 292) Author Editorial Board Published by Read & Write Publications Printed by Sadaat Printers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Composed Department Sharjeel Khan, Salman Buksh, Waqas, Shahab, M. Awais, Khalilullah, ‘Abu Bakar, Umar, Samson, M. Sohail Graphics Department Sharjeel Khan Legal Advisor Mian Tariq Ahmad (Advocate Supreme Court) Room No. 10, 11, 12 Al-Majeed Centre 1-Mozang Road, Lahore. Tel: 042-37236145, Fax: 042-37241367 Edition: 2022-202200025 DISTRIBUTORS ‘Shop No. 25-28 Lower Ground Floor, ‘Shop No. 5, Imperial icon, Robson Road, Urdu Bazar, Haadia Haleema Centre, Ghazni Street, Karachi, Celt +92-321-1100575 Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Ph: 042-35714038 MARYAM ACADEMY Tayyab Ali Building, Urdu Bazar, Karachi Tel: 021- 32214243 , 021-32634243, BURHANI BOOK CENTRE ‘Shop # 6 Hashmi Trust Building Rotson Road New Urdu Bazar Karachi Tel: 021-32212640 ‘Bookland Rawalpindl City Plaza, Iqbal Rd, Committee Chowk, Raja Bazar, Naya Mohalla, Rawapiindl Tel 051-87733413 Read and Write Publications CONTENTS Physical Quantities And Units UNIT 4 Answer Section — 32 unit 2 | Measurement Techniques a Answer Section 61 UNIT3 Kinematics -. 67 Answer Section 115 UNIT4 Dynamics -- 127 Answer Section 173 UNITS Forces, Density And Pressure 185 ‘Answer Section 224 Work, id Px _ unirg |Werk, Energy And Power 235 Answer Section 270 UNIT? Deformation Of Solids 281 Answer Section 323 Waves 333 INIT 8 v Answer Section 356 | UNITS Superposition -- 363 Answer Section 405 lUNIT 10 Current Of Electricity 417 459 474 1 UNIT Answer Section -- 515 He UNIT 42 Particle And Nuclear Physics. 529 ‘Answer Section 5515 Read and Write Publications Unit 1 A PHYSICAL QUANTITIES cove! AND UNITS A-Level Physics Paper-2 Topical Workbook Article Number: 292 Editorial Board READ S WRITE PUBLICATIONS Lahore Sale Point: Shop No. 25-28 Lower Ground Floor, Haadia Haleema Centre, Ghazni Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore, Cell: +92-336-5314141 Karachi Sale Point: Shop No. 4, Imperial icon, Robson Road, Urdu Bazar, Karachi. Cell: +92-321-1100575 Web: [Link] E-Books: [Link] E-mail: readandwriteottice@[Link]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 4: Physical quantities and units 6 Read and Write Publications 41, OIN 21/P23/Q2 (a) State what is meant by work done. (b) Use your answer in (a) to show that the SI base units of energy are kg ms? a) (c) Ametal rod is heated at one end so that thermal energy flows to the other end. The thermal energy E that flows through the rod in time tis given by _cA(T, - T,)t ae where A is the cross-sectional area of the rod, T, and T, are the temperatures of the ends of the rod, Lis the length of the rod, and cis aconstant. Determine the SI base units of c. E ‘SI base units . 2. OIN 20/23/01 (a) Ap electromagnetic wave has a wavelength of 85um. {i) State the wavelength, in m, of the wave. wavelength (ii) Calculate the frequency, in THz, of the wave. .m (1 .. THz [2] (iii) State the name of the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that contains this wave. (1)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 7 Unit 4: Physical quantities and units Read and Write Publications (b) The current I in a coil of wire produces a magnetic field. The energy E stored in the magnetic field is given by PL 2 where L is a constant. The manufacturer of the coil states that the value of L, in SI base units, is 7.5 x 10-6 + 5%. The current J in the coil is measured as (0.50 + 0.02) A. The values of L and J are used to calculate E. Determine the percentage uncertainty in the value of E. percentage uncertainty = % (2) 3. MiJ 20/P22/Q1 (a) Define velocity. ese .. sessee esses bese esseuennaneessee 0) (b) The drag force F, acting on a car moving with speed v along a straight horizontal road is iven by a u Fy = v?Ak where k is a constant and A is the cross-sectional area of the car. Determine the SI base units of k, SI base units . (c) The value of k, in SI base units, for the car in car is 5.1m? (2) the drag force F, is doing work against the car. Determine the speed of the car. speed ms” [3]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 1: Physica quantiles and units 8 Read and Write Publications 4, Mid 20/21/01 {a) Use an expression for work done, in terms of force, to show that the ST base units of eneray are kgm?s~?. (2) (b) (i) The energy E stored in an electrical component is given by @ E=26 where Qis charge and C is a constant. Use this equation and the information in (a) to determine the SI base units of C. SI base units . (ji) Measurements of a constant current in a wire are taken using an analogue ammeter. For these measurements, describe one possible cause of: (2) 4. a random error 2. a systematic error. (2) 5, MAR 20/P22/01 (a) Length, mass and temperature are all SI base quantities. State two other SI base quantities. 1 awe . (2) {b) The acceleration of free fall g may be determined from an oscillating,pendulum using the equation S > = 42 2M where Lis the length of the pendulum and Tis the period of oBtifation. In an experiment, the measured values for an oscillating pehdulyrt are Ss L= 150m +2% and T= 2.488 + 3%. (i) Caloulate the acceleration of free fall ¢. 7 S 9 ..ms? [1]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 8 Unit 4: Physical quantities and units Read and Write Publications (ii) Determine the percentage uncertainty in g. percentage uncertainty = (iii) Use your answers in (b)(i) and (b)\ calculated value of g. % (2) to determine the absolute uncertainty of the absolute uncertainty = ms? [1] 6, O/N 19/P22/01 (a) Distinguish between vector and scalar quantities. . essen wesseee [2] (b) The electric field strength E at a distance x from an isolated point charge Q is given by the equation Q xb where bis a constant. (i) Use the definition of electric field strength to show that Ehas SI base units of kgmA™' s~. (2) (ii) Use the units for E given in (b)(i) to determine the SI base units of b. SI base units of b .. (2 7. OIN 19/P21/01 {a) Make estimates of: (i) the mass, in g, of a new pencil mass = g [1]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 10 Unit 4: Physical quantities and units Read and Write Publications (ii) the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation. wavelength o (b) The period T of the oscillations of a mass m suspended from a spring is given by T= 2x2 where kis the spring constant of the spring. The manufacturer of a spring states that it has a spring constant of 25Nm”" + 8%. A mass of 200 x 10-%kg + 4 x 10-°kg is suspended from the end of the spring and then made to oscillate. () Calculate the period Tof the oscillations. .m [i] T: vo 8 [1] (li) Determine the value of T, with its absolute uncertainty, to an appropriate number of significant figures. we S [3] 8. M/J 19/P21/01 (a) Define velocity. equation where kis a constant that has no units. ae & An experiment is performed to determine the value of k. Theta fr6m the experiment are shown in Fig. 1.1. as e ¢—— quantity | value aincertainty v | £3% P £2% | 24%Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 1 Unit 4: Physical quantities and units Read and Write Publications (i) Use data from Fig. 1.1 to calculate k. k . - eset [2] (ii) Use your answer in (b)(i) and data from Fig. 1.1 to determine the value of k, with its absolute uncertainty, to an appropriate number of significant figures. 9, Mid 19/P23/Q1 (a) (i) Define resistance. [1] (ii) A potential difference of 0.60 V is applied across a resistor of resistance 4.0GQ. Calculate the current, in pA, in the resistor. current = - pA] (b) The energy E transferred when charge Q moves through an electrical component is given by the equation E=Qv where Vis the potential difference across the component. Use the equation to determine the SI base units of potential difference. SI base units ... (3) 10. MAR 19/P22/Q1 (a) The ampere, metre and second are SI base units. State two other SI base units. 1. ese . Deve Gag . (2) (b) The average drift speed v of electrons moving th¥ough a metal conductor is given by the equation:Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 12 Unit 1; Physical quantities and units Read and Write Publications where eis the charge on an electron Fis a force acting on the electron and jis a constant. Determine the SI base units of 1. SI base units ....... 44. Mid 18/P22/01 (a) Define force. (11 (b) State the SI base units of force. a seseeceseeee [1] (c) The force F between two point charges is given by where Q, and Q, are the charges, ris the distance between the charges, cis a constant that depends on the medium between the charges. Use the above expression to determine the base units of €. base units 42, Mid 18/P21/Q1 « (@) State what is meant by a scalar quantity and by a vector quantity. g (2) scalar: vector:.. . 5 2] (b) Complete Fig. 1.1 to indicate whether each of the quantities is: HNectoror a scalar. —_—_—— 34 quantity vector or scalar Sy” a a power | temperature L momentum Fig. 1.1 2)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 13 Unit 4: Physical quantitos and units Read and Write Publications (c) An aircraft is travelling in wind. Fig. 1.2 shows the velocities for the aircraft in still air and for ‘the wind. <--- west 65° aircraft velocity in still air 95ms~* wind velocity 28ms" Fig. 1.2 The velocity of the aircraft in still air is 95ms~ to the west. The velocity of the wind is 28ms™" from 65° south of east. () On Fig. 1.2, draw an arrow, labelled R, in the direction of the resultant velocity of the aircraft, (1) (ii) Determine the magnitude of the resultant velocity of the aircraft. magnitude of velocity .ms™ [2] 43. OIN 17/P21/Q1 (a) The drag force F, acting on a sphere moving through a fluid is given by the expression = Kov where Kis a constant, pis the density of the fluid and vis the speed of the sphere. Determine the SI base units of K. base units (3] (b) A ball of weight 1.5N falls vertically from rest in air. The drag (ores Fg Facing on the ball is given by the expression in (a). The ball reaches a constant (terrainaly’speed of 33m“! Assume that the upthrust acting on the ball is negligibleand that 'the density of the air is uniform, & For the instant when the ball is travelling at a speed. ss mee, determine (i) the drag force F, on the ball, Ni2]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 14 Unit 4: Physical quantities and units Read and Write Publications (li) the acceleration of the ball. acceleration = ms? [2] (c) Describe the acceleration of the ball in (b) as its speed changes from zero to 33ms™'. (3) 14, O/N 17/P23/Q1 (@) (i) Define power. (ii) Show that the SI base units of power are kgm?s~*. (1 (b) All bodies radiate energy. The power P radiated by a body is given by P= kAT* where Tis the thermodynamic temperature of the body, Ais the surface area of the body and kis a constant. (i) Determine the SI base units of k. base units ... (1)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 18 Unit 4: Physical quantities and units Read and Write Publications 15. M/J 17/P22/01 (a) State two SI base units other than kilogram, metre and second. 1 . (b) Determine the SI base units of resistivity. base units (C) () Awire of cross-sectional area 1.5mm? and length 2.5m has a resistance of 0.030.2. Calculate the resistivity of the material of the wire in nQm. resistivity = State what is meant by precision. seven [3] 2. Explain why the precision in the value of the resistivity is improved by using a micrometer screw gauge rather than a metre rule to measure the diameter of the wire. (2) 16. M/J17/P21/01 (a) Determine the SI base units of stress. Show your working base units AS [2] (b) A beam PQ is clamped so that the beam is horizontal. A nia8s M61 500g is hung from end Q and the beam bends slightly, as illustrated in Fig. 1.1. Ci S clamp R — horizontal Fig. 1.1Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 16 Unit 4: Physical quantities and units Read and Write Publications ‘The length Lof the beam from the edge of the clamp R to end Q is 60.0cm. The width b of the beam is 30.0mm and the thickness d of the beam is 5.00mm. The material of the beam has Young modulus E. The mass M is made to oscillate vertically. The time period T of the oscillations is 0.58s. The period Tis given by the expression ‘4M T= 2n [ae {i) Determine Ein GPa. E GPa [3] (ji) The quantities used to determine E should be measured with accuracy and with precision 1. Explain the difference between accuracy and precision. accuracy: precision: .... ne . a see (2) 2. In a particular experiment, the quantities | and T are measured with the same percentage uncertainty. State and explain which of these two quantities contributes more to the uncertainty in the value of E. 1a} 47. Mid 17/P23/Q1 (a) Two forces, with magnitudes 5.0N and 12N, act from the same point on an object. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force F for the forces acting (i in opposite directions, (ii) at right angles to each other. .N(1]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 17 Unit 4: Physical quantities and units Read and Wiite Publications (b) An object X rests on a smooth horizontal surface. Two horizontal forces act on X as shown in Fig. 1.1. 18N 115° a 55N Fig. 1.1 (not to scale) A force of SSN is applied to the right. A force of 18N is applied at an angle of 115° to the direction of the 55N force. (i) Use the resolution of forces or a scale diagram to show that the magnitude of the resultant force acting on X is 65N. (2) (il) Determine the angle between the resultant force and the 55N force. angle = ° (2) (€) A third force of 80N is now applied to X in the opposite direction to the resulta force in in(b) The mass of X is 2.7kg. \ Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of X. acceleration ms? [3]Unit 1: Physical quantiies and units 18 Read and Write Publications Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook. 18. O/N 16/P22/01 (@) (i) Define pressure. (il) Show that the SI base units of pressure are kgm~'s~?. 1) (b) Gas flows through the narrow end (nozzle) of a pipe. Under certain conditions, the mass m of gas that flows through the nozzle in a short time tis given by T= kCvpP where — kis a constant with no units, Cis a quantity that depends on the nozzle size, pis the density of the gas arriving at the nozzle, Pis the pressure of the gas arriving at the nozzle. Determine the base units of C. base units . 49. Mid 16/P23/Q1 (a) Allist of quantities that are either scalars or vectors is shown in Fig. 1.1. T scalar | vector L quantity |__ distance v energy _ momentum | _ power _ “time __k weight Fig. 1.1 Complete Fig. 1.1 to indicate whether each quantity is a s One line has been completed as an example. 3 (b) A girl runs 120m due north in 15s. She then runs 801ndue egst in 12s. (I) Sketch a vector diagram to show the path [Link] the:Girl. Draw and label her resultant displacement R. (2) east (1)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 19 Unit 4: Physica! quantiies and units Read and Write Publications (il) Calculate, for the girl, 1. the average speed, average speed = ms“[1] 2. the magnitude of the average velocity vand its angle with respect to the direction of the initial path. magnitude of v = angle = 20. O/N 15/P22/Q1 (a) The frequency of an X-ray wave is 4.6 x 10?°Hz. Calculate the wavelength in pm. sesoeene PM [3] (b) The distance from Earth to a star is 8.5 x 10'°m. Calculate the time for light to travel from the wavelengt! star to Earth in Gs. tim Gs [2] (c) The following list contains scalar and vector quantities. & Underline all the scalar quantities. S acceleration force © mass power ~—temperature «weight i (d) A boat is travelling in a flowing river. Fig. 1.1 shows the velocity vectors for the boat and the river water. $ boat velocity 14.0ms~120 Unit +: Physical quantities and units Read and Write Publications The velocity of the boat in still water is 14.0ms~ to the east. The velocity of the wateris 8,0ms7 from 60° north of east. () On Fig. 1.1, draw an arrow to show the direction of the resultant velocity of the boat. [1] (ii) Determine the magnitude of the resultant velocity of the boat. magnitude of velocity = ms“(2] 24, O/N 15/P21/Q1 {a) State two SI base quantities other than mass, length and time. 1 2... so ; 2 (b) A beam is clamped at one end and an object X is attached to the other end of the beam, as shown in Fig. 1.1. oscillation of X clamp beam object X Fig. 1.1 The object X is made to oscillate vertically. The time period T of the oscillations is given by T=K where Mis the mass of X, Tis the length between the clamp and X, Eis the Young modulus of the material of the beam SS and Kis a constant. ; (i) 1. Show that the SI base units of the Young modulus are kgs a 2. Determine the SI base units of K. SI base units of K .. [2]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 21 Unit 1: Physica! quantities and units Read and Write Publications (ii) Data in SI units for the oscillations of X are shown in Fig. 1.2. quantity value uncertainty T 0.45 _ £2.0% l 08S ODMH ul 0.2068 : £0.1% | | _« 1.48 x 108 £1.5% | Fig. 1.2 : - Calculate E and its actual uncertainty. ove kgm s [2] 22. OIN 15/P23/Q1 (a) The intensity of a progressive wave is defined as the average power transmitted through a surface per unit area. ‘Show that the SI base units of intensity are kgs~°. 2] (b) (i) The intensity J of a sound wave is related to the amplitude x, of the wave by I= Kocl®x,2 where pis the density of the medium through which the sound is passing, cis the speed of the sound wave, Tis the frequency of the sound wave and Kis a constant. Show that K has no units. (2 (ii) Calculate the intensity, in pWmr2, of a sound wave where 2 in SI base units, 330 in SI base units, f= 260 in SI base units and x)= 0.24nm, intensity = pwm [3]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 22 Unit +: Physical quantities and units Read and Write Publications 23. Mid 15/P22/Q1 (a) Use the definition of work done to show that the SI base units of energy are kgm?s~*. (2) (b) Define potential difference. (c) Determine the SI base units of resistance. Show your working. units 8) 24, M/J 15/P21/Q1 (a) Use the definition of power to show that the SI base units of power are kg m2s-3. 2 (b) Use an expression for electrical power to determine the SI base units of potential difference. units . (2) 25, MiJ 15/P23/Q1 . (a) The distance between the Sun and the Earth is 1.5 x 10''m. State this distance in Gm. distance = Gm [1] (b) The distance from the centre of the Earth to a satellite aboye'# 1@ equator is 42.3Mm. The radius of the Earth is 6380km. Wo” ‘A microwave signal is sent from a point on the Earth directly ‘balbw the satellite Calculate the time taken for the microwave signal to travel tthe satellite and back. time s(2]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 23 Unit 1: Physical quantities and units Read and Write Publications (c) The speed v of a sound wave through a gas of density p and pressure Pis given by ie where Cis a constant. Show that C has no unit. () Underline all the scalar quantities in the list below. acceleration energy momentum power weight ay (e) A boat travels across a river in which the water is moving at a speed of 1.8ms~. The velocity vectors for the boat and the river water are shown to scale in Fig. 1.1 water velocity 1.8ms~1 << river boat velocity 3.0ms~1 60° river bank Fig. 1.1 (shown to scale) In still water the speed of the boat is 3.0ms~'. The boat is directed at an angle of 60° to the river bank. (On Fig. 1.1, draw a vector triangle or a scale diagram to show the resultant velogity of the boat. aa & LYS” (li) Determine the magnitude of the resultant velocity of the boat. resultant velocity = ms“ [2] 26. OIN 14/P21/Q1 (a) Mass, length and time are SI base quantities. State two other base quantities, 1. (2)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 24 Unit 4: Physical quantities and units Read and Wiite Publications (b) Amass mis placed on the end of a spring that is hanging vertically, as shown in Fig. 1.1. spring mass m Fig. 1.1 The mass is made to oscillate vertically. The time period of the oscillations of the mass is T. The period T is given by reo fh where C is a constant and kis the spring constant. Show that C has no units. (3) 27. OIN 14/P23/Q1 (a) The kilogram, metre and second are SI base units. State two other base units. Tove 2 ; 2) (b) Determine the SI base units of (i) stress, iy & < SI base units 2] (ii) the Young modulus. SI base units . ft]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 25 Unit 4: Physical quantities and units Read and Wrte Publications 28. M/J 14/P22/01 (a) Show that the SI base units of power are kgm?s~3, (3) (b) The rate of flow of thermal energy 2 in a material is given by Q_ CAT tox where Ais the cross-sectional area of the material, Tis the temperature difference across the thickness of the material, xis the thickness of the material, Cis a constant. Determine the SI base units of C. base units (4) 29. MIJ 14/P23/01 (a) Underline all the base quantities in the following list. ampere charge current ~mass second temperature weight (2) (b) The potential energy E, stored in a stretched wire is given by Ep =%Co?V where Cis a constant, gis the strain, Vis the volume of the wire. > Determine the SI base units of C. as base units [3] 30. O/N 13/P21/Q1 a (a) State two SI base units other than the kilogram, ‘metfé and second. 1 (2)Physies A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 26 Unit 1: Physical quantities and units Read and Wrte Publications. (b) A metal wire has original length J,. It is then suspended and hangs vertically as shown in Fig. 1.1. wire Fig. 1.1 The weight of the wire causes it to stretch. The elastic potential energy stored in the wire is E. (i) Show that the SI base units of E are kgm?s~. (2) (il) The elastic potential energy Eis given by E= CpgPAl? where pis the density of the metal, gis the acceleration of free fall, Ais the cross-sectional area of the wire and Cis a constant. Determine the SI base units of C. SI base units of C .. 31. O/N 13/P23/Q1 Acylindrical disc is shown in Fig. 1.1Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 2 Unit 1: Physical quantities and units 32. Read and Write Publications The disc has diameter 28mm and thickness 12mm. The material of the disc has density 6.8 x 10°kgm~*. Calculate, to two significant figures, the weight of the disc. weight = ... see N [4] Mid 13/P22101 (a) Determine the SI base units of power. SI base units of power .. (b) Fig. 1.1 shows a turbine that is used to generate electrical power from the wind. [3] Fig. 1.1 The power P available from the wind is given by P=CL2pv3 where Lis the length of each blade of the turbine, pis the density of air, vis the wind speed, Cis a constant. () Show that Chas no units. (3)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 28 Unit 4: Physical quantities and units Read and Wiite Publications (ii) The length L of each blade of the turbine is 25.0m and the density p of air is 1.30 in SI units. The constant Cis 0.931. The efficiency of the turbine is 55% and the electric power output Pis 3.50 x 10°W. Calculate the wind speed. wind speed = ms* [3] (il) Suggest two reasons why the electrical power output of the turbine is less than the power available from the wind. 1 2... 33, M/J 13/P21/01 Energy is stored in a metal wire that is extended elastically. (a) Explain what is meant by extended elastically. (2 (b) Show that the SI units of energy per unit volume are kg| mts, (2) (c) For a wire extended elastically, the elastic energy per unit volume Xisgiven by X= CE AD where Cis a constant, cis the strain of the wire, and Eis the Young modulus of the wire. Show that C has no units. * & (3)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 29 Unit 4: Physical quantities and units Read ang Write Publications 34, Mid 13/P23/Q1 (a) State the SI base units of force. (1 (b) Two wires each of length 1 are placed parallel to each other a distance x apart, as shown in Fig. 1.1. Fig. 1.1 i Each wire carries a current I. The currents give rise to a force Fon each wire given by KIL x where K is a constant. (I) Determine the SI base units of K. units of K .. (2 (ii) On Fig. 1.2, sketch the variation with x of F. The quantities J and J remain constant. Fig. 1.2 i) The current J in both of the wires is varied. Xe On Fig. 1.3, sketch the variation with I of F. The quantities x and i remain constant 1)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 30 Unit 4: Physical quantiles and units Read and Write Publications. 35, O/N 12/P23/Q1 (a) The spacing between two atoms in a crystal is 3.8 x 10-1°m, State this distance in pm. spacing = pm (1) (b) Calculate the time of one day in Ms. time = .. Ms [1] (c) The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 0.15 Tm. Calculate the time in minutes for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth. time = (a) Underline all the vector quantities in the list below. distance energy momentum weight work 1Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 31 Unit 4: Physical quantities and units Read and Write Publications, (e) The velocity vector diagram for an aircraft heading due north is shown to scale in Fig. 1.1. There is a wind blowing from the north-west. 45° wind aircraft Fig. 1.1 The speed of the wind is 36ms~" and the speed of the aircraft is 250ms~ () Draw an arrow on Fig. 1.1 to show the direction of the resultant veloi aircraft. é . ms” [2]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook. 32 Unit 4; Answers Section Read and Write Publications, Ny i hsiidesdck ald 4, OIN 21/P23/Q2 (a) force x displacement in the direction of the force 1) (b) units: kg ms? x m = kgm? s? (1) (c) Ty: Kand Tz K 1) A: m? and t: s and L: m = (kgm? sm) /(m?Ks) =kgms3 Kt 2, OIN 20/P23/Q1 (a) (i) wavelength = 8.5 x 10m (1) (i) f=v/A or ofA = 3.0.x 109/8.5 x 10° (= 3.5 x 107) = 3.5THz . (2) (iii) infrared (1) (b) (ie) percentage uncertainty in I = 4% (implied) fractional uncertainty in I = 0.04 percentage uncertainty in E = 5% + (4% x 2) = 13% (2) 3, Mid 20/P22/01 {a) (velocity =) change in displacement / time (taken) tt) (b) units of F: kgms? units of k:_ kgm s-2/[m? x (ms~"))] = kgm* (2) (c) P=Fv 4.8 x 10° = 0,24 x 5.1 x v v=34ms* 4, MJ 20/P21/Q1 (a) (work =) force x displacement units: kg ms? x m = kgm? s? (b) (i) units of @: As units of C: kg-' m-? A?s* (li) 1. e.g. reading scale from different angles (wrongly) interpolating between scale reece 2. eg. zero error wrongly calibrated scale 5. MAR 20/P22/Q1 (a) time (electric) current allow amount of substance allow luminous intensity any two of the above quantities, 1 mark each 2) (31 (2) (2 (2Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook ‘Unit: Answers Section 33 Read and Waite Publications (b) (i) (4x? x 1.50)/ (2.482) 9.63m s2 io} (i) percentage uncertainty = 2 + (3 x 2) or fraction uncertainty = 0.02 + (0.03 x 2) percentage uncertainty = 8% (2) (ili) absolute uncertainty = 0.08 x 9.6 =0.8ms? "] 6. OIN 19/P22/01 (a) scalar quantity has (only) magnitude vector quantity has magnitude and direction 2) {b) (i) E =F/Q gms?/As=kgmA4s3 (2) (i) b =Q/x2E s/m2kgm A-* 5? = A28¢ kgs m3 2] 7. OIN 19/P21/Q1 (a) (i) mass in range 1-20 g (1 (il) wavelength in range 1 x 10 m to 4 x 10-7m (1) (b) (i) T= 2n x (200 x 10-3 / 25s uy = 0.565 (ii) percentage uncertainty = (2% + 8%)/2 (= 5%) or fractional uncertainty = (0.02+0.08) /2 (= 0.05) AT = 0.56 x 0.05 = 0.028 (s) T= (0.56 + 0.03) (3] 8. Mid 19/P21/01 (a) (velocity =) change in displacement / time (taken) 1] (b) (i) & = [1.29 x (3.3 x 1027]/9.9 x 10 , =14 (2) (ii) percentage uncertainty = (3 x 2) +4 +2 (= 12%) . or fractional uncertainty = (0.03 x 2) + 0.04 + 0.02 (= 0.12) Ak = 0.12 x 1.42 0.17 (allow to 1 significant figure) eB k=14402 > {3] 9, M/J 19/P23/Q1 5 (a) (i) potential difference /current 6g (1) (il) R= 4.0 x 10°(Q) ‘ IT =0.60/4.0x 10°=1.5x 10 (A) 7 I = 150pA eS (2) (b) units of energy: kgm?s-2 units of charge: As units of potential difference: (kgm?s-/As =) kgm2A-1s (3)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 34 Read and Write Publications 10. MAR 19/P22/Q1 {a) kilogram / kg kelvin /K (b) units for v: ms“ and units for F: kgms* units for e: AS units for uz: ms~*As/kgms? = Akg™' s? 14, Mid 18/P22/01 (a) rate of change of momentum (b) kg ms (c) units for Q: As and for r:m units for 12, Mid 18/P21/Q1 (a) a scalar has magnitude (only) a vector has magnitude and direction (b) power: scalar temperature: scalar momentum: vector (two correct 1 mark, all three correct 2 marks) (c) (i) arrow labelled R in a direction from 5° to 20° north of west (ii) v2 = 26? + 95? — (2 «28 95 x cos 115°) or v2= [(95 + 28cos65°)’ + (28sin 65°F] v= 110ms™ (109.8 ms’) or (scale diagram method) triangle of velocities drawn v=110ms* (allow 108-112 ms") 13, OIN 17/P21/Q1 {a) units of F: kgms* units of i kg? and units of v. ms units of K: kgms~/[kgm™(ms")'] =m (b) (i) Kp = 1.5/33* 1.38 x 10° Fo = 1.38 x 10° x 25? of Fo /1.5 = 257/33" 4 Fo =0.86N ‘ (i) 2 = (1.5 0.86)/(1.5/9.81) or a = 9.81 ~ (0.86/(1.5/9.84)) a=4,2ms” & (c) initial acceleration is g/9.81 (ms-Vacceleration of free fall acceleration decreases oS final acceleration is zero Unit: Answers Section (2 (3) 1) (1 (2) (2) ui) {3} (2) (3)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 35 Unit: Answers Section 14, 15. 16. Read and White Publications OIN 17/P23/Q1 (a) (1) work (done)/ time (taken) or energy (transferred) /time (taken) (1) {il) Correct substitution of base units of all quantities into any correct equation for power. Examples: (P= E/ tor W/t gives) kg m’s~7/ 5 = kg m?s* (P= Fs/t or mgh/t gives) kg msm /s = kg m?s® (P= ‘mV t gives) kg (m s")?/s = kg ms? (P= Fvgives) kg ms* ms" = kg m?s* (P= VI gives) kgm?s~ A's’ A =kgm?s a) (b) (i) units of A: m? and units of T: K units of k: kg m?s* /m?k* =kgs*K* (2) (ii) curve from the origin with increasing gradient (1 Mid 17/P22/Q1 {a) kelvin, mole, ampere, candela any two (1) (b) use of resistivity = RA/ land V=IR (to give p = VA/ ID units of V: (work done / charge) kgm? s? (As) units of resistivity: (kgm?s~°A~ A~ m) =kgm's? A? or use of R= pL/A and P= PR (gives p= PA/ I'L) units of P: kgm? s* units of resistivity: (kgm?s~° x m?)/ (A? x m) =kgmis* a? [3] (c) (i) p =(RA/) = (0.03 x 1.5 x 10°)/2.5 (= 1.8 x 10°) =18nQm F (3) (il) 4. precision is determined by the range in the measurements/values/readings/data/results 2. metre rule measures to + 1mm and micrometer to + 0.01 mm (so there js less (percentage) uncertainty/random error) (2) Mi 17/P21/01 (a) (stress =) force / area or kgm s*/m? =kgm's? ae (2) (b) (i) 0.58 = 2n x [(4 x 0.500 x 0.6008 ) / (E x 0.0300 x 0.00500°)/°* > E= [4n® x 4 x 0.500 x (0.600)"} /{(0.58)? x 0.0300 x (0.00500)") 35 x 10" (Pa) ‘ oS = 14 (13.5) GPa Mg (3) (li) 1.(accuracy determined by) the closeness of tfre yalue(s)/measurement(s) to the true vale (precision determined by) the range of the values/measurements 2) 2. 1 is (cubed so) 3 x (percentage/fractional) uncertainty and Tis (squared so) 2 x (percentage / fractional) uncertainty and (so) Lcontributes more (1)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 36 Read and Write Publications 47. Mid 17/P23/01 (a) () R=7(.0)N (i) R=13N (b) (i) forces resolved: 18 sin 65° (vertical) and 55 + 18 cos 65° (horizontal) or scale drawing: correct triangle drawn for forces F = [(18 sin 65°)’ + (55 + 18 cos 65°)’]'? = 65 (64.7) N or ‘scale drawing: scale given, length of resultant given correctly, = 1N (ii)_angle = tari" [18 sin 65°/ (55 + 18 cos 65°)] = tan’ (16.3 /62.6) or Unit 4: Answers Section () a (2) Scale drawing: correct angle measuredidirection correct on diagram below the 55N force angle = 15 (14.6)° (below the 55 N force) or scale drawing: angle = 15° + 1° (c) (resultant) force = mass x acceleration 80 - 65=2.7a a= 5.6ms? [5.7 if 64.7N used from (i)] 18, O/N 16/P22/Q1 (a) (i) force/area (normal to the force) (ii) (p= FIA so) units: kgms“*/m? = kg mts? allow use of other correct equations: e.g. (Ap = pgah so) kg m™®> ms®m=kgm"'s? e.g. (p = W/AV so) kg ms* mim? = kg m"'s* (b) units for m: kg, t: s and p: kgm units of C: kg/s (kg m™*kg ms“ or units of C2: kg?/s?kg mr? kg ms? units of C: m? 19, Mid 16/P23/01 (a) scalars: energy, power and time vectors: momentum and weight 12 (2] 3] (1) (1) 3) (2) (b) (i) triangle with right angles between 120m and 80m, arrows in correct direction and result displacement from start to finish arrow in correct direction and labelled R (ii) 1. average speed (= 200/27) =7.4ms" 2. resultant displacement (= [120° + 80°]') = 144 (m) average velocity (= 144/27) = 5. 3(3)ms* o direction (= tan” 80/ 120) = 34° (33.7) ¢ 20. OIN 15/P22/01 7 (a) ve fa 7 A = (3.0 x 10°)/(4.6 x 107) ° (= 6.52 x 10" =) 0.65(2) pm (b) t= (8.5 «10")/(3.0 x10") (= 2.83 x 10° =) 0.28(3) Gs (1 ii) {3} (3) 2)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 37 Unit Answers Section 21. 22. 23. Read and Wate Publications (c) mass, power and temperature all underlined and no others (d) (i) arrow in the direction 30° to 40° south of east (ii) triangle of velocities completed (i.e. correct scale diagram) or correct working iven eg (14? + 8.0? - 2(14)(8.0) cos 60°)" or [(14 — 8.0 cos 60°)? + (8.0 sin 60°)}'2 resultant velocity = 12(.2) (or 12.0 to 12.4 from scale diagram)m s“* OIN 15/P21/Q1 (a) temperature current {allow amount of substance, luminous intensity) (b) (i) 4. E = (stress/strain =) [force/area] / [extension original length] units of stress: kgms~/m? and no units for strain units of E: kgm"'s* 2. units for T: s, i: m and M: kg Kk? = T?E/MI° hence units: skgm”'s“?/kg? (= m“) units of K: m? (ii) % uncertainty in E = 4% (for T*) + 0.6% (for 1°) + 0.1% (for M) + 3% (for K2) = 7.7% [(1.48 x 10°? x 0.2068 x (0.892)°)/(0.45)? 1.588 x 10° 7.7% of E = 1.22 x 10° E=(1.6 +0.1) x10 kgm's* O/N 15/P23/01 (a) energy or W: kgm?s? or power or P: kgm?s~ intensity or J: kgm’s”* ms“ (from use of energy expression) r 9 m’s~m- (from use of power expression) indication of simplification to kgs (b) (i) e:kgm™, cms", fs", xo: m substitution of terms in an appropriate equation and simplification to show K has no units (il) T= 20 x 1.2 x 330 x (260)? x (0.24 x 10°)? = 3.1 x 10°" (Wm) = 31 (30.8)pWm? Mid 15/P22/Q1 . (a) (work =) force x distance or force x displacement or (W =) Fx d — units of work: kgms™ x m = kgm?s? v (b) (p.d. =) MOtK (done) or energy (transformed) (from electrical to other forms) charge (c) R= VIL units of V: kgm?s~/As and units of I: A (1) (1) (2) (2) (1 (4) 2) (2) (1)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 38 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. Read and Write Publications or R= PIF (or P= VI and V= IR) units of P: kgm?s™ and units of J: A or R=VIP units of V; kgm?s/As and units of P: kgm’s™ units of R: (kgm?s*/A’s =)kgm?s*A* M/J 15/P21/01 (a) power = work/time or energy//time or (force x distance)/ time kgms x ms“ = kgm?s* (b) power = VI for Y/R and V=IR orl?R and V = IR) (units of V:) kgm?sA7 M/J 15/P23/Q1 {a) 150 or 1.5 x 10°Gm (b) distance = 2 x (42.3 - 6.38) « 10° (= 7.184 x 10” m) (time =) 7.184 x 107 / (3.0 x 10°) = 0.24 (0.239)s (c) units of pressure P: kgms7/m? = kgm's* units of density p: kgm” and speed v. ms simplification for units of C: C = v? p/P units: (m?s*kgm™)/kgm"'s* and cancelling to give no units for C (d) energy and power (both underlined and no others) (e) (i) vector triangle of correct orientation three arrows for the velocities in the correct directions (li) length measured from scale diagram 5.2 # 0.2 cm or components of boat speed determined parallel and perpendicular to river flow velocity = 2.6 ms” (allow + 0.1ms"') OIN 14/P21/01 {a) temperature current {allow amount of substance and luminous intensity) (b) base units of force constant: kg msm" or kgs™ base units of time and mass: s and kg base units of C:s(kgs~/kg)"” cancelling to show no units IN 14/P23/01 (@) ampere a kelvin A Ss (allow mole and candela) ‘ (b) (i) stress: Nm? kgms?/m? = kgm's* (ii) Young modulus = stress/strain and strain has no. units hence units: kgm" s* s Mid 14/P22/Q1 (a) power = energy/time or work done/time force: kgms™ (including from mg in mgh or Fv) Unit 1: Answers Section [3] [2] (2) 1 (2) (2] (2) 8) (2) (2)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 39 Read and Write Publications orkinetic energy Gg mv): kg (ms? (distance: m and ta ~: s“!) and hence power: kgmsms"' = kgm?s~ (b) Q/t: kgm?s* A. mm? and x: mand T: K correct substitution into C = (Qx)/tAT or equivalent, or with cancellation units of C: kgms*K 29. Mid 14/P23/01 {a) current, mass and temperature two correct 2/2, one omission or error 1/2 (b) o: no units, V: m? Ee: kgm?’ C: kgm? s® x m= kgs? 30. O/N 13/P21/Q1 (a) kelvin /K ampere / amp / A [allow mole / mol and candela / Cd] (b) (i) energy OR work = force x distance [allow any energy expression] units: kgms*xm OR — kg (ms)? for % mor me? (ignore any numerical factor) 2g? kg m (iil) units: a: kgm gsms? A: m? Ig: m C: kgm? s? / kg? mm? s~*m?m? [any subject) =kg' ms? (allow ms?/kg) 31. OIN 13/P23/Q1 volum (14 x 10°? x 12 x 10° (=7.389 x 10 m*) density = mass / volume [any subject] mass = 6.8 x 10° x 7.389 x 10° = 0.0502 weight = mg = 0.0502 x 9.81=0.49N (mark not awarded if not to two s.f,) 32. M/J 13/P22/01 (a) power = energy / time = (force x distance / time) = kg m?s/s gm? s* . (b) (i) units of L?: m?_and units of : kgm” and units of : m? s? ” (C= P/L? pv’) hence units of C: kg m?s® mr? kg” m3 mg?” or any correct statement of component units * argument /discussion / cancelling leading to C having no. tnits (ii) power available from wind = 3.5 x 10° x 100/55: i 8:36 « 10°) ve 3.5 x 10° x 100 / (55 * 0.931 * 25 x18) « v=94ms" not all kinetic energy of wind converted to kinetic energy of blades generator / conversion to electrical energy not 100% efficient / heat Uni 1 Answers Section (3) [4] (2) (2) (2) (3) (4) (3) (3) (3)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 40 33. 35. Read and Write Publications produced in generator / bearings etc (there must be cause of loss and where located) Mid 13/P21/01 (a) the wire returns to its original length (not ‘shape) when the load is removed (b) energy: N m/kgm?s~ and volume m? energy / volume: kgm’s~ / m? energy / volume: kgm”'s units of RHS: kg nr no units M/J 13/P23/Q1 (a) force: kg ms* (b) (i) PA? Em xm K:kgms? A? (ii) curve of the correct shape (for inverse proportionality) clearly approaching each axis but never touching the axis (ill) curving upwards and through origin LHS units / satisfactory conclusion to show C has OIN 12/P23/01 (a) spacing = 380 or 3.8 x 10°pm (b) time = 24 x 3600 time = 0.086 (0.0864) Ms (c) time = distance / speed = 18 x10" 3x 10° = 500(s) = 8.3min (d) momentum and weight (e) (i) arrow to the right of plane direction (about 4° to 24°) (ii) scale diagram drawn or use of cosine formula v? = 250? + 36” - 2 x 250 x 36 = cos45° or resolving v = [(36cos45°)’ + (250 - 36 sin45°)}"? resultant velocity = 226 (220 ~ 240 for scale diagram)ms™ allow one mark for values 210 to 219 or 241 to 250ms ‘or use of formula (¥ = 51068) v = 230 (226)ms™ Unit: Answers Section (2) (2) (3) (a) (2) (2) (1 1") (1) (2) a) (2)ry Read and Waite Publications Unit 2 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES A-Level Physics Paper-2 Topical Workbook Article Number: 292 _—_——_ Editorial Board —_———— READS: WRITE tf PUBLICATIONS : Lahore Sale Point: Shop No. 25-28 Lower Ground s Floor, Haadia Haleema Centre. Ghazni Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Cell: +92-336-5314141 Karachi Sale Point: Shop No. 4, Imperial icon. Robson $ Road, Urdu Bazar, Karachi, Cell: +92-321-1100575 Web: [Link] org E-Books: www [Link] E-mail: readandwriteotfice@gmail comPhysics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 42 Unit 2: Measurement techniques Read and Wate Publications U 2: Measurement Technigq' 4. OIN 21/P22/01 (a) Aunit may be stated with a prefix that represents a power-of-ten multiple or submuttiple. Complete Table 1.1 to show the name and symbol of each prefix and the corresponding power-of-ten multiple or submultiple. Table 1.1 | | power-often multiple | | or submultiple | a L | — | 12 Lo ee | 2] (b) In the following list, undertine all the units that are SI base units. ampere coulomb metre newton ro] (c) The potential difference V between the two ends of a uniform metal wire is civen by v2 dell xd? where dis the diameter of the wire, Tis the current in the wire, Lis the length of the wire, and pis the resistivity of the metal. For a particular wire, the percentage uncertainties in the values of some of the above quantities are listed in Table 1.2. Table 1.2 | quantity | percentage uncertainty | [+ Se a) a: i L | se | boov “The quantities listed in Table 1.2 have values that are used to calculate pias 4.1 x 107m For this value of p, calculate: (i) the percentage uncertainty Z percentage uncertainty = ... % (21Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook a Unit 2: Measurement techniques Read and Write Publications, (ii) the absolute uncertainty. absolute uncertainty = ........ Qm [1] 2. O/N 21/P21/Q1 {a) Define density, a re . 7 a (1) (b) A smooth pebble, made from uniform rock, has the shape of an elongated sphere as shown in Fig. 1.1. Fig. 1.4 The length of the pebble is L. The cross-section of the pebble, in the plane perpendicular to L, is circular with a maximum radius r. A student investigating the density of the rock makes measurements to determine the values of L, rand the mass M of the pebble as follows: L = (0.1242 + 0.0001)m 0.0420 + 0.0004)m M = (1.072 + 0.001)kg. (i) State the name of a measuring instrument suitable for making this measurement of L. (1) (ii) Determine the percentage uncertainty in the measurement of r. Percentage uncertainty = «occu. seven % [1] (c) The density » of the rock from which the pebble in (b) is composed is given by = Men ~OKL . where nis an integer and k is a constant, with no units, that is équal to 2.094 (i) Use SI base units to show that nis equal to -2. & (2)44 Unit 2: Measurement techniques Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Read and Write Publications (ii) Calculate the percentage uncertainty in p. % (3) percentage uncertainty = (iii) Determine p with its absolute uncertainty. Give your values to the appropriate number of significant figures. t )kgm* (3) 3. Mid 24/P21/01 (a) Define density. ee () (b) Fig. 1.1 shows a solid pyramid with a square base. pyramid, density p mass m Fig. 1.1 The mass m of the pyramid is given by m= Jone where pris the density of the material of the pyramid, his the height, and xis the length of each side of the base Measurements are taken as shown in Table 1.1 Table 1.1 | pergentage quantity measurement Uineertainty m 19.59 £2% x 4.00m £5% h 48cm +4%Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 45 Unit 2: Measurement techniques Read and Wite Publications (i) Calculate the absolute uncertainty in length x. absolute uncertainty = ......sseteeanes om [1] (li) The density pis calculated from the measurements in Table 1.1 Determine the percentage uncertainty in the calculated value of p. percentage uncertainty = o........csccccccccssesesesseereee % [2] {c) The square base of the pyramid in (b) rests on the horizontal surface of a bench Use data from Table 1.1 to calculate the average pressure of the pyramid on the surface of the bench. The uncertainty in your answer is not required Pressure = .. Pa [3] 4, MIJ 20/P23/01 (a) State one similarity and one difference between distance and displacement. similarity: ... difference (2) (b) A student takes several measurements of the same quantity. This set of measurements has high precision, but low accuracy. Describe what is meant by: (i) high precision (1) (ii) low accuracy. ae (1) 5. M/J 19/P22/Q1 , (a) The diameter d of a cylinder is measured as 0.0125m + 1.6%,“ Calculate the absolute uncertainty in this measurement. 2 absolute uncertainty = .... mt} (b) The cylinder in (a) stands on a horizontal surface. The pressure p exerted on the surface by the cylinder is given by 4w PoePhysics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 46 Unit 2; Measurement techniques Read and Write Publications The measured weight Wof the cylinder is 0.38N # 2.8%. (i) Calculate the pressure p. Pe ven 2 Nm? (4) (ii) Determine the absolute uncertainty in the value of p. absolute uncertainty =... Nm? [2] 6. MiJ 18/P23/Q1 {a) An analogue voltmeter is used to take measurements of a constant potential diterence across a resistor. For these measurements, describe one example of (i) asystematic error, 1 (ii) a random error. vel] (b) The potential diference across a resistor is measured as 5.0 + 0.1 V. The resistor is labelled as having a resistance of 1259 + 3%. (i) Calculate the power dissipated by the resistor. power =... we] (ji) Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the calculated power. percentage uncertainty = % (2) (iii) Determine the value of the power, with its absolute uncertaftty, to:an appropriate number of significant figures. S power = W [2]Physics A Level P.2 Topical Workbook a7 Unit 2: Measurement techniques Read and White Publications 7. OIN 17/P22/Q1 One end of a wire is connected to a fixed point. A load is attached to the other end so that the wire hangs vertically. The diameter d of the wire and the load Fare measured as .40 + 0.02mm, 5.0 + 0.5N (a) For the measurement of the diameter of the wire, state (i) the name of a suitable measuring instrument, (ii) how random errors may be reduced when using the instrument in (i. (b) The stress «rin the wire is calculated by using the expression oz 4£ xd? (i) Show that the value of wis 1.99 x 108Nm-2. (1) (il) Determine the percentage uncertainty in o percentage uncertainty = ....... ee 0% [2] (iif) Use the information in (b)(I) and your answer in (b)(ii) to determine the value of u, with its absolute uncertainty, to an appropriate number of significant figures. ee 8. OIN 16/P21/01 a’ (a) Define density. aw OS (b) The mass m of a metal sphere is given by the expression np.) BNE oS where pis the density of the metal and dis the diameter of the sphere. Data for the density and the mass are given in Fig. 1.1, m=Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 48 Unit 2: Measurement techniques Read and Wrte Publications. (i) Calculate the diameter d. d ees 2M [1] (ii) Use your answer in (i) and the data in Fig. 1.1 10 determine the value of with its absolute uncertainty, to an appropriate number of significant figures. 2 [3] 9, Mid 16/P21/01 (a) Make estimates of (i) the mass, in kg, of a wooden metre rule, mass = kg (1) (ii) the volume, in cm®, of a cricket ball or a tennis ball volume = ve oo oe . em? [1] (b) A metal wire of length L has a circular cross-section of diameter d, as shown in Fig. 1-1 L Fig. 1.1 The volume V of the wire is given by the expression xd? x Ve The diameter, length and mass Mare measured 40 determine the density of the metal of the wire. The measured values are: . 0.38 + 0.01mm, 25.0 + 0.1cm, M= 0.225 = 0.001.Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 49 Unit 2: Measurement techniques: Read and Write Publications Calculate’ the density of the metal, with its absolute uncertainty. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. density = kgm [5] 10, M/J 16/P23/Q2 (a) Describe the effects, one in each case, of systematic errors and random errors when using a micrometer screw gauge to take readings for the diameter of a wire. systematic error random errors: (b) Distinguish between precision and accuracy when measuring the diameter of a wire. precision: accuracy: 11. OIN 15/P21/Q2 The signal from a microwave detector is recorded on a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c in Fig. 2.1, jem Fig. 2g Y The time-base setting on the c.r.o. is 50psem=', *Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 50 [Unit 2; Measurement techniques Read and Write Publications (a) Using Fig. 2.1, determine the wavelength of the microwaves. wavelength = .m [4] (b) The signal from a radio wave detector is recorded on the same c.1.0. The wavelength of the radio waves is 1.5 x 10°m. Determine the time-base setting required to display the same number of oscillations on the c..0, as shown in Fig. 2.1. unit. 2] time-base setting 412. OIN 14/P21/02 (@) Define pressure. (1) (b) A cylinder is placed on a horizontal surface, as shown in Fig. 2.1. 1 diameter ' cylinder g ~~ Fig. 2.1 The following measurements were made on the cylinder: mass = 5.09 + 0.01 kg >a diameter = 9.4 0.1cm. Q (W) Calculate the pressure produced by the cylinder on the “ane SSPhysics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 2: Measurement techniques 51 Read and Write Publications (ii). Calculate the actual uncertainty in the pressure. actual uncertainty = (ill) State the pressure, with its actual uncertainty. Pa [3] pressure = Pa [1] 13. OIN 14/P23/Q2 A microphone detects a musical note of frequency f, The microphone is connected to a cathode- fay oscilloscope (c.r.0.). The signal from the microphone is observed on the c.:.0. as illustrated in Fig. 2.1. 1.0cm 4.0em Fig. 2.1 The time-base setting of the c.r.0. is 0.50mscm™1. The Y-plate setting is 2.5 m\ (@) Use Fig. 2.1 to determine (0) the amplitude of the signal, . mV [2] (li) the frequency f, w» Hz [3]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 2; Measurement techniques. 52 Read and Write Publications (Ill). the actual uncertainty in f caused by reading the scale on the c.r.0. actual uncertainty = . Hz [2] (b) State fwith its actual uncertainty. Hz [1] 44, Mid 141P22/02 ‘Acoin is made in the shape of a thin cylinder, as shown in Fig. 2.1. ‘ diameter : Cc “Ethickness Fig. 2.1 Fig. 2.2 shows the measurements made in is to determine the density p of the material used to make the coin. quantity measurement uncertainty mass 9.69 +059 thickness 2.00mm £0.01mm diameter 22.1mm £0.1mm Fig. 2.2 (@) Calculate the density p in kgm. (b) (i) Calculate the percentage uncertainty in p. 4 S percentage uncertainty .. 3}Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 15. 3. O/N 13/P23/Q2 53 Unit 2: Measurement techniques Read and Write Publications (il) State the value of p with its actual uncertainty. p= kgm [1] ON 13/P21/02 A source of radio waves sends a pulse towards a reflector. The pulse returns from the reflector and is detected at the same point as the source. The emitted and reflected pulses are recorded on a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.0.) as shown in Fig. 2.1. I JKT TM tom he Fig. 2.1 The time-base setting is 0.20scm-'. (@) Using Fig. 2.1, determine the distance between the source and the reflector. distance = .m [4] (b) Determine the time-base setting required to produce the same separation of best the c.r.0. when sound waves are used instead of radio waves. Ss The speed of sound is 300ms~". 8) The time T for a satellite to orbit the Earth is given b T=4 [eV M oS where Ris the distance of the satellite from the centre of the Earth, Mis the mass of the Earth, and Kis aconstant,Unit 2: Measurement techniques. Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 54 Read and Write Publications, (a) Determine the SI base units of K. SI base units of K .. . 2] (b) Data for a particular satellite are given in Fig. 2.1. quantity | measurement | uncertainty | | T 8.64 x 10's £0.5% R 4.23 x 107m +1% M 6.0 x 10%*kg £2% | Fig. 2.1 Calculate K and its actual uncertainty in SI units. ... SLunits [4] 47. Mid 12/P22/01 The volume V of liquid flowing in time f through a pipe of radius ris given by the equation v _ xP 1° ect Where Pis the pressure difference between the ends of the pipe of length | and C depends ‘on the frictional effects of the liquid. An experiment is performed to determine C. The measurements made are shown in Fig. 1.1. Y 110m P/109 Nm? r/mm 2.50 + 0.05 0.75 + 0.01 i 1.20 + 0.01 Fig. 1.1 (a) Calculate the value of C. Nsm? (2)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 2: Measurement techniques 55 Read and Write Publications (b) Calculate the uncertainty in C. uncertainty = .. Nsm-* [3] (c) State the value of C and its uncertainty to the appropriate number of significant figures. ..Nsm? [1] 18, MiJ 11/P21/Q1 Measurements made for a sample of metal wire are shown in Fig. 1.1. quantity measurement uncertainty length 1750mm 43mm diameter 038mm £0.01mm resistance 75Q £0.29 Fig. 1.1 {a) State the appropriate instruments used to make each of these measurements, () length (il) diameter (lil) resistance we Onn e (b) (1) Show that the resistivity of the metal is calculated to be 4.86 x 10-7. mn L COS Was (2) (ii) Calculate the uncertainty in the resistivity. uncertainty = + Qm [4]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 56 Unit 2; Measurement techniques, Read and Write Publications (c) Use the answers in (b) to express the resistivity with its uncertainty to the appropriate number of significant figures. resistivity = Qm [1] 49. MJ 11P23/Q1 (@) For each of the following, tick [7] one box to indicate whether the experimental technique would reduce random error, systematic error or neither. The first row has been completed as an example. random error_| systematic error neither keeping your eye inline with the scale and the liquid level for a single reading of a thermometer averaging many readings of the time taken for a ball to roll down a slope using a linear scale on an ammeter correcting for non-zero reading when a micrometer screw gauge is closed | a 4 (b) The measurement of a particular time interval is repeated many times. The readingé are found to vary. The results are shown in Fig. 1.1. we number e of readings 10.0 10.2 108 10.6. reading of time interval/s Fig. 1.1Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 2: Measurement techniques 7 Read and Write Publications ‘The true value of the time interval is 10.1s. (State how the readings on Fig. 1.1 show the presence of 1. a systematic error, 1) @ random error. f) (il) "State the expected changes to Fig. 1.1 for experimental measurements that are 1. more accurate, (1) 2. more precise. (1) 20. Mid 10/P22/Q1 A metal wire has a cross-section of diameter approximately 0.8mm. (a) State what instrument should be used to measure the diameter of the wire. on (1) (b) State how the instrument in (a) is (checked so as to avoid a systematic error in the measurements, (1) (ll) used so as to reduce random errors. 21. Mi 10/P23/01 Adigital voltmeter with a three-digit display is used to measure the potential difference ross a resistor. The manufacturers of the meter state that its accuracy is +1% and cg ° The reading on the voltmeter is 2.05V. (@) For this reading, calculate, to the nearest digit, (I) achange of 1% in the voltmeter reading, -V [1] maximum value =Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 58 Unit 2: Measurement techniques Read and Write Publications, (b) The reading on the voltmeter has high precision. State and explain why the reading may not be accurate. 2 22. OIN 09/P22/Q1 A simple pendulum may be used to determine a value for the acceleration of free fall 9. Measurements are made of the length L of the pendulum and the period T of oscillation. The values obtained, with their uncertainties, are as shown. T= (1.93 + 0.03)s L=(92+1)em (@) Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the measurement of ())_ the period 7, uncertainty = .- % [1] (i) the length L. uncertainty = (b) The relationship between T, L and gis given by 2k o=. Using your answers in (a), calculate the percentage uncertainty in the value of g- % [1] uncertainty (c) The values of Land Tare used to calculate a value of gas 9.751ms-*. (l)_ By reference to the measurements of L and T, suggest why it would r to quote the value of gas 9.751ms~. PE SP & 2 tt] (li) Use your answer in (b) to determine the absolute incertae Hence state the value of g, with its uncertainty, tg:' significant figures.Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 59 Unit 2: Measurement techniques. Read and Write Publications 23. OIN 09/P21/Q1 The volume of fuel in the tank of a car is monitored using a meter as illustrated in Fig. 1.1. FUEL AES Fig. 1.1 ‘The meter has an analogue scale. The meter reading for different volumes of fuel in the tank is shown in Fig. 1.2. 60: volume 1 ttre 49 30 20 10. 0 0 % Ye % 1 empty full meter reading 4, Fig. 1.2 The meter is calibrated in terms of the fraction of the tank that remains filled with tue), (@) The car uses 1.0 litre of fuel when travelling 14km. The car starts a leur wes full tank of fuel. NS () Calculate the volume of fuel remaining in the tank after a journeysG? 210k, Oe? DS oe . litres [2] (il) Use your answer to (i) and Fig. 1.2 to aSterinigs the change in the meter reading during the 210km journey. 2 from full to.yt techniques Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 60 Unit 2: Measurer Read and Write Publications (b) There is a systematic error in the meter. (I) State the feature of Fig. 1.2 that indicates that there is a systematic error. - (1) (Wi) Suggest why, for this meter, itis an advantage to have this systematic error. - (1) 24, Mid 09/P22/01 (a) Two of the SI base quantities and their units are mass (Kg) and length (m). Name three other SI base quantities and their units. 4. quantity .. 2. quantity .. 3. quantity .. [3] (b) The pressure p due to a liquid of density pis related to the depth h by the expression p=pgh, where gis the acceleration of free fall. Use this expression to determine the derived units of pressure. Explain your working.Physics A Level P.2 Topical Workbook Unit 2: Answers Section 61 Read and Write Publications DAE Led ekes 41, ON 21/P22/Q1 (@) 107 pico (p) 2 (b) ampere and metre both underlined (and no other units underlined) 1 (c)()) percentage uncertainty = 3.5 + (3.0x 2)+2.5+2.0 4% 2 (li) absolute uncertainty = 4.1 x 10-7 x 14/100 =6x108Qm 1 2. OIN 24/P21/01 (@)_mass/volume 1 (©) () (vernier/digital) calipers 1 (i) percentage uncertainty = (0.0004 / 0.0420) x 100 1% (©)() kgm? = kg x m/m or kg m= kg xm" x mrt -3 = 1-1 and (so) n=-2 2 (i) (p/p) = (AMIM) + 2(ar/r) + (ALI L) Percentage uncertainty = [(0.001 / 1.072) + 2 x (0.0004/ 0.0420) + (0.0001 /0.1242)] (x 100) .09% + 2 x 0.95% + 0.08% =2% 3 (il) p= (1.072 x 0.0420) 7 (2.094 x 0.1242) 337 (kg nr) Ap = 0.021 x 2337 = 49 (kgm) p= (2340 + 50)kg mr 3 3. Mid 24/P21101 (a) _mass/volume 1 (b) (i) absolute uncertainty = 4.0 x (5/100) = (4) 02cm | 1 (i) percentage uncertainty = 2 + 4 + (5 x 2) { = (4) 16% 2 (0) p=FIA or p=WiA P= (19.5 x 10° x 9.81) /(4.0x 10-27 =120Pa 3 4. M/S 20/P23/01 (@) similarity: both have magnitude difference: distance is a scalar/does not have direction or displacement is a vector/has direction 2 (©) () the measurements have a small range > 1 (li) the (average of the) measurements is not clos646 t! 1 8. MJ 19/P22/01 a? 6s (a) absolute uncertainty 1.6 / 100) x 0.0125 es x 104m 1 (©) p = (4x 0.38)/(n x 0.01252) = 3100N m2 . ‘iPhysics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 2: Answers Section. 62 Read and Write Publications (i) percentage uncertainty = 2.8 + (2 x 1.6) (= 6%) or fractional uncertainty = 0.028 + (2 x 0.016) (= 0.06) absolute uncertainty = 0.06 x 3100 = 190 N mm? (allow to 1 significant figure) 2 6. Mid 18/P23/01 (e) (i) zero error or wrongly calibrated scale 1 (i) reading scale from different angles or wrongly interpolating between scale readingsidivisions 1 (ob) ) P=V7/R or P=VI and V=IR P = 507/125 or 5.00.04 or (0.04)? 125 = 0.20W 2 (i) %V=2% or AV/V= 0.02 %P = (22%) +3% or %P= (2x 0.02 + 0.03)x 100 =7% 2 (ii) absolute uncertainty in P= (7/100) x0.20 = 0.014 power =0.20+0.01W or (2.00.1) x 10° W 2 7. OIN17/P22/01 (a) (i) micrometer (screw gauge)/digital calipers 1 (ji) _ take several readings (and average) along the wireor around the circumference 2 (0) () = 4 x 25/ re x (0.40 x 10°] = 1.99 x 10°Nm= or = 251 x (0.20 x 10°] = 1.99 x 10°N mi? 1 (li) %F = 2%and %d = 5% or 2 aris 25 and adid = 292 25 04 tha= 2% + (2x 5%) or %a= [0.02 + (2 x 0.05)] x 100 %o= 12% (ii) absolute uncertainty = (12/100) x 1.99 x 10° =2.4x 10" = 2.0 x 10° + 0.2 x 10°N m? or 2.04 0.2 x 10° Nm 2 8. OIN 16/P21/01 (a) (density =) mass/volume vb (1) (b) @ ¢ (6 x 7.5) (x x 8100)]"* ay = 0.12(1) m Y - (i) percentage uncertainty = (4 + 5)/3 oe or Oo @ fractional uncertainty = (0.04 + 0.05)/3 & isos absolute uncertainty (= 0.03 x 0.121) = 0.003 d=0.121 £.0.004m (3)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 63 Unit2: Answers Section Read and Write Publications 9, MiJ 16/P21/01 (a) (i) (50 to 200) x 10-kg or (0.05 to 0.2)kg tt) (ii) (50 to 300)cm* 1) {b) density = mass/volume or p= M/V = [n(0.38 x 10°) x 25.0 x 107]/4 (= 2.835 x 10 m®) (0.225 x 10)/2.835 x 10% 940 (kgm) Sele = 2(0.01/0.38) + (0.1/25.0) + (0.001/0.225) [= 0.061] wp = 5.3% + 0.40% + 0.44% (= 6.1%) Ap = 0.061 x 7940 = 480 (kgm) density = (7.9 + 0.5) x 10°kgm™ or (7900 + 500)kgm~> [5] 10. Mid 16/P23/Q2 (a) systematic: the reading is larger or smaller than (or varying from) the true reading by a constant amount random: scatter in readings about the true reading ea] (b) precision: the size of the smallest division (on the measuring instrument) or 0.01 mm for the micrometer accuracy: how close (diameter) value is to the true (diameter) value 2) 11. OIN 15/P21/Q2 (a) ps = 10°(s) or T= 4 x 50 x 10-(s) flory= AIT A = 3.0 x 10° x 4 x 50 x 10°? = 0.06(0)m (4 (b) 1500 = 3.0 x 10° x 4 x time-base setting or T= 5 x 10s time-base setting = 1.3 (1.25) wscm™ (2) 12. OIN 14/P21/02 (a) pressure = force / area (normal to the force) [clear ratio essential] ty (b) (i) P = mg/A = (5.09 x 9.81)/A (nd?/4) = nx (9.4 x 10/4 (= 0.00694m2) 49.93 / 0.00694 7200 (7195)Pa (minimum of 2 s.f. required) 3] (il) AP/P = Amim + 2d/d = 0.01 /5.09 + (2x 0.1)/9.4 (= 0.0020 + 0.021 OF 23%) AP = 170 (165 to 167)Pa re (ili) P = 7200 + 200Pa 13. O/N 14/P23/Q2 (1) ide scale reading 2.2 (cm) amplitude = 2.2x 2.5 = 5.5mV (il) time period scale reading = 3.8 (cm) time period = 3.8 x 0.5 x 10 = 0.0019(s) frequency f = 1/ 0.0019 = 530 (526) Hz (iii) uncertainty in reading = + 0.2in 3.8 (cr or 2.6% [allow other variations of the dis actual uncertainty = 5.3% of 526 ='27,7 or 2 or 2.6% of 526 = 13 or 14 (2) {b) frequency = 530 + 30Hz or 530 + 10Hz tt)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 14. 15. 16. |. MIS 14/P21/01 64 Read and Write Publications MIJ 14/P22/02 (a) p=miV V=(nd?/4) x t= 7.67 x 107m? p= (9.6 x 10°)/[n(22.1/2 x 10°) x 2.00 x 10°] p= 12513kgm* (allow 2 or more s.f.) (b) (i) Ap/p=Am/m+ Atit + 2Ad/d = 5.21% + 0.50% + 0.905% [or correct fractional uncertainties] 6.6% (6.61%) (il) p= 12500 + 800kgm* OIN 13/P21/02 (a) d=vxt 0.2x4 (allow t=0.2% 2) d=3x10°x08x10% OR 3x 10°x0.4x 10% d= 240 m hence distance from source to reflector = 120 m (b) speed of sound 300 of speed of ight 3x 10° OR time = 240 / 300 OR tim sound slower by factor of 10° OR time for one division 0.8 / 4 OR time for one division 0.4 / 2 time base setting 0.2 s cm™ {unit required] OIN 13/P23/02 (a) Slunits for T: s, R: m and M: kg (or seen clearly in formula) i k= 72M/ units: &2kg mr? (allow s kg/m? or £48.) —s (b) % uncertainty in K: 1% (for 7) + 3% (for R) + 2% (for M) OR = 6% K= [(86400)" x 6 x 10%] / (4.23 x 40’)? = 5.918 x 10" 6% of K= 0.355 x 10" K= (6.9 + 0.4) x 10" (SI units) correct power of ten required for both [incorrect % value then max. 1] . MJ 12/P22/Q1 V_ Prt © 1" eci C = [ex 2.5 * 10° x (0.75 x 10° )']/ (8x 1.2 * 10° x 0.25) = 1,04 x 10° Nem (b) 4 %r HC = %P + 4x Yor+ BVit+ %l = 2% + 5.3% + 0.83% + 0.4% (= 8.6%) Wes AC = + 0.089 x 10° Nsm? Qe (ce) C= (1.04 £0.09) x 10° Nsm* Yo (a) (i) metre rule /tape (not ‘rule’) $ (ll) micrometer (screw gauge) / digital caliper 4 (ill) ammeter and voltmeter / ohmmeter / multimete Y (b) (1) resistivity RAIL [7.5 x nx (0.38 x 10°) / 4]/ 86 x 107m % (ii) (uncertainty in R=) [0.2/7.5] x 100 = 27% and (uncertainty in L =) [3 / 1750] x 100 = 0.17% (uncertainty in A=) 2 * (0.01/ 0.38) x 100 = 5.3 % 13% Unit 2: Answers Section 8 i} a (4) 3) (2) [4] ie) (3) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 65 Unit 2: Answers Section Read and Write Publications uncertainty = 0.395 x 107” (Q m) [4] (missing 2 factor in uncertainty in A, then allow max 3/4) (c) resistivity = (4.9 x 107 + 0.4 « 107)Qm 1) 19. Mid 11/P23/Q1 (a) 2nd row random, 3rd row neither, 4th row systematic all correct two correct scores 1 only 2) (b) (i) 1. systematic error: the average / peak is not the true value / the readings are not centred around the true value tt) 2. random error: readings have positive and negative values around the peak value / values are scattered / wide range (1) (ii) 1. accurate: peak / average value moves towards the true value (1) 2. precise: lines are closer together / sharper peak tt] 20. M/J 10/P22/Q1 (a) micrometer/screw gauge/digital callipers a (b) (i) look/check for zero error 1) (ii) take several readings around the circumference/along the wire 2 21. Mid 10/P23/01 (a) (i) 1% of £2.05 is £0.02 (1) (ii) max. value is 2.08 V fo) (b) there may be a zero error/calibration error/systematic error which makes all readings either higher or lower than true value (2) 22. OIN 09/P22/Q1 (a) (i) either 1.55% or 1.6% _...(not 1.5 or 2) i) (ii) either 1.09% or 1.1% _ ...(not 1.0 or 1) ty) {b) answer of {(ii) + 2 x (i)} to any number of sig. fig. either 4.2% or 4.3% tt) (c) (i) either the value has more significant figures than the data ‘or uncertainty of +0.4 renders more than 2 s.f. meaningless) tt) (ii) uncertainty in g = 40.41/ 40.42 to any number of s.f. g = (9.8 + 0.4)ms* (2) 23, O/N 09/P21/Q1 (a) (i) car uses 210 / 14 = 15 litres of fuel volume reading = 45 litres (2) (i) from ‘full’ to ‘3/4’ mark Re i} (b) (i) line/graph does not pass through (‘empty, 0) / there is an intercept > tt) (do not allow ‘non-linear’) < (li) (meter shows zero fuel when there is some left in the tank so) ~ acts as a ‘reserve’ ¢ 24, MiJ 09/P22/Q1 2 (a) e.g. time (s), current (A), temperature (K), amount of subs! luminous intensity (cdl) (1) 1 each, max 3 1B) {b) density = mass / volume unit of density: kg m=> unit of acceleration: ms* unit of pressure: kgm? ms*m tg? kg ms" (allow 4/5 for solution in terms of only dimensions) (5)67 Read and Write Publicaions. Unit 3 KINEMATICS A-Level Physics Paper-2 Topical Workbook Article Number: 292 Editorial Board READ & WRITE PUBLICATIONS Lahore Sale Point: Shop No. 25-28 Lower Ground Floor, Haadia Haleema Centre, Ghazni Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Cell: +92-336-5314141 Karachi Sale Point: Shop No. 4, Imperial icon, Robson Road, Urdu Bazar, Karachi. Cell: +92-321-1100575 Web: www [Link] E-Books: [Link] E-mail: readandwriteoffice@[Link]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook. 68 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications fUnit 3:Kinematics 4. Mid 241P23/02 (a) Define acceleration. A) (b) A stone falls vertically from the top of a cliff. Fig. 2.1 shows the variation with time tof the velocity v of the stone. 40 vims* 30 20; 10 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 Fig. 2.1 (i) Explain, with reference to forces acting on the stone, the shape of the curve in Fig. 2 4 tls ms* [1]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 69 Read and Write Publications Unit 3: Kinematics (iii) Use Fig. 2.1 to calculate the approximate height through which the stone falls between t=O and t= 30s. height es ee m [3] (iv) On Fig. 2.2, sketch the variation with t of the acceleration a of the stone between t = 0 and t= 30s. 20. alms? 15; 104 5: 0 Fig. 2.2 , [3] 2. MAR 21/P22/Q1 o (a) Complete Table 1.1 by stating whether each of the quantities48 4 veotor or a scalar. Table 1.1 BLP ge? quantity (2)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 70 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications, (b) The variation with time t of the velocity v of an object is shown in Fig. 1.1 1.5077 1.25 1.00: vims 0.75: 0.50: 0.254 a rt 0 20 4.0 6.0 6.0 10.0 12.0 tis Fig. 1.4 (i) Determine the acceleration of the object from time t = 0 to time t= 40s. acceleration = ms [2] (ii) Determine the distance moved by the object from time t = 0 to time t= 4.0s. m (2) (c) (i) Define force. (ii) The motion represented in Fig. 1.1 is caused by a resultant force F actng on the object. On Fig. 1.2. sketch the variation of F with time f from t= 0 to t= 12.08. $ Numerical values of F are not required. 0: BH OL f2iot alot 6:0} 810 F10:0-12:0 1 te eet a t/s. Fig. 1.2 8)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook n Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications 3. O/N 20/P22/Q1 (2) Complete Table 1.1 by putting a tick (V) in the appropriate column to indicate whether the listed quantities are scalars or vectors. Table 1.1 [quantity | scalar | vector | | acceleration | | density 7 temperature momentum ——— (2) (b) A toy train moves along a straight section of track. Fig. 1.1 shows the variation with time t of the distance d moved by the train. 0.6: 0.5: dim 0.4: 0.3: 0.2: 0.1 0. 0 1 2 3 tls Fig. 1.4 (i) Describe qualitatively the motion of the train between time f= 0 and time t= 1.0s. (ii) Determine the speed of the train at time Fig. 1.2Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 2 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications The train completes exactly one lap of the loop. State and explain the average velocity of the train over the one complete lap. 1) 4. OIN 20/P21/Q2 Asmall block is lifted vertically upwards by a toy aircraft, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1 aircraft string veceiy| block Fig. 2.4 ‘As the block is moving upwards, the string breaks at time f = 0. The block initially continues moving upwards and then falls and hits the ground at time ¢ = 0.90s. The variation with time t of the velocity v of the block is shown in Fig. 2.2. 1.96 vims~* -6.864- Fig. 2.2 Air resistance is negligible. (a) State the feature of the graph in Fig. 2.2 that shows the block has a constant acceleration. z eee - (1) {b) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine the height of the block above the ground when the:string breaks at time t= 0. BY & height = .. sees M [3] (c) The block has a weight of 0.86N. Ss? Calculate the difference in gravitational potential energy.é# the block between time t= 0 and time t= 0.908. ae S s difference in gravitational potential energy = J (2)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook a Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications (d) On Fig. 2.3, sketch a line to show the variation of the distance moved by the block with time from t= 0 to t= 0.20s. Numerical values of distance are not required. distance moved tls Fig. 2.3 2) (e) Ablock of greater mass is now released from the same height with the same upward velocity. Air resistance is still negligible. State and explain the effect, if any, of the increased mass on the speed with which the block hits the ground. - (1 5. ON 20/P23/03 A ball is fired horizontally with a speed of 41,.0ms~ from a stationary cannon at the top of a hill The ball lands on horizontal ground that is a vertical distance of 57m below the cannon, as shown in Fig. 3.1. ball, initial speed 41.0ms" cannon. 57m ch horizontal TE gona. Fig. 3.1 (not to scale) gs Assume air resistance is negligible. Ww a (a) Show that the time taken for the ball to reach the ground, after being fired, is 3.45. y [2 (b) Calculate the horizontal distance of the ball fromthe cafinon at the point where the ball lands ‘on the ground. vg horizontal distance =Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook. 74 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications, (c) Determine the magnitude of the displacement of the ball from the cannon at the point where the ball lands on the ground. displacement = (d) The ball leaves the cannon at time t = 0. On Fig. 3.2, sketch a graph to show the variation of the magnitude v of the vertical component of the velocity of the ball with time t from f= 0 to t= 3.48. Numerical values are not required. -m [2] tis 34 Fig. 3.2 a (e) The cannon recoils horizontally with a speed of 0.340ms~* when it fires the ball. The total mass of the ball and the cannon is 1480kg. Assume that no external horizontal forces act on the ball-cannon system. Determine, to three significant figures, the mass of the ball .. kg (2) (f) The cannon now fires a ball of smaller mass. Assume that air resistance Is stil negtigibe. State and explain the change, if any, to the graph in Fig. 3.2 due to the decreased mass of the ball. s & 1°) 6. M/J 20/P22/02 ; (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the velocity-time graph for an object moving in'a straight line. velocityPhysics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 75 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications (i) Determine an expression, in terms of u, v and f, for the area under the graph. area = .. a (ii) State the name of the quantity represented by the area under the graph : amet om oe - [1] (b) A ball is kicked with a velocity of 15ms~" at an angle of 60° to horizontal ground. The ball then strikes a vertical wall at the instant when the path of the ball becomes horizontal, as shown in Fig. 2.2. vertical velocity wall 15ms1 IL ball 60° horizontal ” ground Fig. 2.2 (not to scale) Assume that air resistance is negligible. (i) By considering the vertical motion of the ball, calculate the time it takes to reach the wall s (3] (ii) Explain why the horizontal component of the velocity of the ball remains constant as it moves to the wall. "1 (ili) Show that the ball strikes the wall with a horizontal velocity of 7.5ms7h ew S (1) (¢) The mass of the ballin (b) is 0.40kg. Its in contact withthe wail ‘or a time of 0.12s and rebounds horizontally with a speed of 4.3ms~* (i) Use the information from (b)(il) to calculate the;changa in momentum of the ball due to the collision, change in momentum = . kgms* [2]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 76 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications (ii) Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted on the ball by the wall. average force = Nt} 7. Mid 20/21/02 (a) State Newton's second law of motion. ; socteneees [1] (b) A delivery company suggests using a remote-controlled aircraft to drop @ parcel into the garden of a customer. When the aircraft is vertically above point P on the ground, it releases the parcel with a velocity that is horizontal and of magnitude 5.4ms~. The path of the parcel is shown in Fig. 2.1. 5.4m parcel path of parcel Q__ horizontal ground d Fig. 2.1 (not to scale) The parcel takes a time of 0.815 after its release to reach point Q on the horizontal ground, Assume air resistance is negligible. (i) On Fig. 2.1, draw an arrow from point X to show the direction of the acceleration of the parcel when it is at that point. t) (ii) Determine the height h of the parcel above the ground when it is released, .m [2] m [1] (c) Another parcel is accidentally released from rest by a different aircraft when it is hovering at a y 9 great height above the ground. Air resistance is now significant.Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 7 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications (i) On Fig. 2.2, draw arrows to show the directions of the forces acting on the parcel as it falls vertically downwards. Label each arrow with the name of the force. velocity | @e-erel Fig. 2.2 2) (ii) By considering the forces acting on the parcel, state and explain the variation, if any, of the acceleration of the parcel as it moves downwards before it reaches constant (terminal) speed, - [3] (iii) Describe the energy conversion that occurs when the parcel is falling through the air at constant (terminal) speed. [1] 8 MAR 20/P22/Q2 A dolphin is swimming under water at a constant speed of 4.50 ms~!, (a) The dolphin emits a sound as it swims directly towards a stationary submerged diver. The frequency of the sound heard by the diver is 9560Hz. The speed of sound in the water is 1510ms", Determine the frequency, to three significant figures, of the sound emitted by the dolphin. frequenc; (b) The dolphin strikes the bottom of a floating ball so that the ball the surface of the water, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1. Hz [2] s Vertically upwards from path of ball height of ra ball above surface. Rs surface of water speed 5.6ms-"f oe Fig. 2.4Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 78 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications, The ball leaves the water surface with speed 5.6ms~'. Assume that air resistance is negligible. (i) Calculate the maximum height reached by the ball above the surface of the water. height = (ii) The ball leaves the water at time t= 0 and reaches its maximum height al time t= 7. On Fig. 2.2, sketch a graph to show the variation of the speed of the ball with time t from t=0 to t= T. Numerical values are not required. speed timet 7 Fig. 2.2 tt (iti) The mass of the ball is 0.45kg. Use your answer in (b)(i to calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the ball as it rises from the surface of the water to its maximum height. J 12) egeiheraii of the ball as it falls iS not negligible. change in gravitational potential energy = (iv) State and explain the variation in the magnitude of th back towards the surface of the water if air resistance is (2) 9. OIN 19/P22/Q2 (a) Define acceleration. a)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 9 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications (b) A steel ball of diameter 0.080m is released from rest and falls vertically in air, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1. Position of ball steel ball of when released ae) diameter 0.080m 0.280m horizontal beam of light of negligible width position P of ball Fig. 2.1 (not to scale) Ahorizontal beam of light of negligible width is a vertical distance of 0.280m below the bottom of the ball when it is released. The ball falls through and breaks the beam of light. (1) Explain why the force due to air resistance acting on the ball may be neglected when calculating the time taken for the ball to reach the beam of light. es . we (1) (ii) Calculate the time taken for the ball to fall from rest to position P where the bottom of the balll touches the beam of light. time taken oS [2] (lil) Determine the time interval during which the beam of light is broken by the ball. time interval = fone [2] (c) A different ball is released from the same position as the steel ball in (b). This)ball’has the same diameter but a much lower density. For this ball, the force due to air reslstarice cannot be neglected as the ball falls. OX State and explain the change, if any, to the time interval during which the’ beam of light is broken by the ball. - (2) 10. M/J 19/P21/Q7 (@) One of the results of the a-particle scattering exp e-particles are scattered through angles greater,tHan 96°. State what may be inferred about the structuré-of the’atom from this result. len¥is that a very small minority of the (2)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 80 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications, (b) Ahadron has an overall charge of +e, where eis the elementary charge. The hadron contains three quarks. One of the quarks is a strange (s) quark. (i) State the charge, in terms of e, of the strange (s) quark. charge = ., 1 [1] (li) The other two quarks in the hadron have the same charge as each other. By considering charge, determine a possible type (flavour) of the other two quarks. Explain your working. [2] 44. OIN 18/P22/01 Agolier strikes a ball so that it leaves horizontal ground with a velocity of 6.0ms~' at an angle (0 the horizontal, as illustrated in Fig. 1.1 6.0ms* > Fig. 1.1 (not to scale) “The magnitude of the initial vertical component wy of the velocity is 4.8ms"'. ‘Assume that air resistance is negligible. (@) Show that the magnitude of the initial horizontal component ¥y of the velocity is 3.6ms. a) (b) The ball leaves the ground at time t= 0 and reache: e On Fig. 1.2, sketch separate lines to show thexa jpation simum height at = 0.49s. th time ¢, until the ball returns to the ground, of ae (i) _ the vertical component vy of the velocity (labef this line Y), 2) Gi) the horizontal component v, of the velocity (label this line X). (2)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 3: Kinematics at Read and Write Publications 5.0: 40. velocity/ms-" 3.0) 2.0: 0.1++0.270.3140.41+0.5110.6140.74+0.8110.9141.0 tls -3.0. 4.0: 5.0: Fig. 1.2 (€) Calculate the maximum height reached by the ball. maximum height = m [2] (q) For the movement of the ball from the ground to its maximum height, determine the ratio kinetic energy at maximum height change in gravitational potential energy | (@) In practice, significant air resistance acts on the ball to reach maximum height is less than the to be negligible. (1)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook a2 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications 42. OIN 18/P21/Q1 (a) Define ()) displacement, (Wi) acceleration. (1 (b) A remote-controlled toy car moves up a ramp and travels across a gap to land on another ramp, as illustrated in Fig. 1.1. LZ of car Fig. 1.1 The car leaves ramp P with a velocity of 5.5ms~ at an angle @ to the horizontal. The horizontal component of the car's velocity as it leaves the ramp is 4.6ms~. The car lands at the top of ramp Q. The tops of both ramps are at the same height and are distance 0 apart. Air resistance is negligible. (i) Show that the car leaves ramp P with a vertical component of velocity of 3.0ms"". s [2] m [1]Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 83 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications (lv) Calculate the ratio Kinetic energy of the car at its maximum height kinetic energy of the car as it leaves ramp P ratio = (c) Ramp Q is removed. The car again leaves ramp P as in (b) and now lands directly on the ground. The car leaves ramp P at time t= 0 and lands on the ground at time t= T. On Fig. 1.2, sketch the variation with time f of the vertical component ¥, of the car’s velocity from t= 0 to t= T. Numerical values of v, and tare noi required. (3) Fig. 1.2 Ce [2] 13. MAR 18/P22/Q1 e (a) Complete Fig. 1.1 to indicate whether each of the quantitia quantity vectokSr si acceleration & \ speed RS ower | (2)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 3: Kinematics 84 Read and Write Publications, (0) A ball is projected with a horizontal velocity of 1.1ms~ from point A at the edge of atable, as shown in Fig. 1.2. table. ball 14ms" \ \ B horizontal oan ground Fig.1.2 “The ball lands on horizontal ground at point B which is a distance of 0.43m from the base of the table. Air resistance is negligible. (I) Calculate the time taken for the ball to fall from A to B. time = (li) Use your answer in (b)(i) to determine the height of the table. height = (lll) The ball leaves the table at time t= 0. For the motion of the ball between A and B, sketch graphs on Fig.1.3 to show the variation with time tof 4. the acceleration a of the ball, 2. the vertical component s, of the displacement of the ball from A. Numerical values are not required. m [2] a 5, 0 0 Fig.1.3 (c) A ball of greater mass is projected from the t resistance Is still negligible. State and explain the effect, if any, of the increas to the ground. @ 2) @ same velocity as the ball in (b). Air ass on the time taken for the ball to fall (1)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 3: Kinematics 35 Read and Write Publications 14. O/N 17/P21/Q2 The variation with time tof the velocity v of two cars P and Q is shown in Fig. 2.1. carQ 30. vims" Fig. 2.1 tls The cars travel in the same direction along a straight road. Car P passes car Q at time t=0. (a) The speed limit for cars on the road is 100kmh-*. State and explain whether car Q exceeds the speed limit. (1) (b) Calculate the acceleration of car P. acceleration = (c) Determine the distance between the two cars at time t= 12s. .ms~ [2] distance = (d) From time t= 12s, the velocity of each car remains constat Determine the time t at which car Q passes car P. 15. M/J 17/P22/1Q2 (@) Define velocity,Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook [Unit 3: Kinematics 36 Read and Write Publications (b) A ball of mass 0.45kg leaves the edge of a table with a horizontal velocity v, as shown in Fig. 2.1. ‘s ball. horizontal Fig. 2.1 The height of the table is 1.25m. The ball travels a distance of 1.50m horizontally before hitting the floor. Air resistance is negligible. Calculate, for the ball, () the horizontal velocity vas it leaves the table, ams [3] (ii) the velocity just as it hits the floor, magnitude of velocity = angle to the horizontal (ill) the kinetic energy just as it hits the floor, kinetic energy = (iv) the loss in gravitational potential energy as it falls fror loss in potential er uJ [2] fii} does not equal the loss of gravitational (c) Explain why the kinetic energy of the ball in (b) potential energy in (b)(Iv). (1)Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 3: Kiner 87 Read and Write Publications 16. MJ 16/P21/02 A ball is thrown from a point P with an initial velocity u of 12ms~ at 50° to the horizontal, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1. Fig. 2.1 The ball reaches maximum height at Q. Air resistance is negligible. (a) Calculate (1) the horizontal component of u, horizontal component = (Il) the vertical component of u. ms“ [4] vertical component (b) Show that the maximum height reached by the ball is 4.3m. ms" [1] (2) displacement =Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 3: Kinematics, 88 Read and Write Publications 417. OIN 15/P22/Q2 Fig. 2.1 shows an object M on a slope. 3.6ms* Ze Fig. 2.1 M moves up the slope, comes to rest at point Q and then moves back down the slope to point R. Mhas a constant acceleration of 3.0ms~ down the slope at all times. Attime t= 0, Mis at point P and has a velocity of 3.6ms* up the slope. The total distance from P to Q and then to Ris 6.0m. (@) Calculate, for the motion of M from P to Q, (i) the time taken, time = san 8 (2) (il) the distance travelled. distance = (b) Show that the speed of M at Ris 4.8ms". m [1] Ee (21 o A (c) On Fig. 2.2, draw the variation with time tof the velocity v of M for the motion Ptagrto R. or © 6.0 4.0 vims* 2.0 4.0 6.0 Fig. 2.2 B31Unit 3: Kinematics Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 89 Read and Write Publications, (d) The mass of Mis 450g. Calculate the difference in the kinetic energy of M at P and at R. JQ difference in kinetic energy 18. O/N 15/P21/Q3 (a) An object is moved from point P to point R either by a direct path or by the path P to Q to R, as shown in Fig. 3.1. R vertical object. la horizontal Fig. 3.1 P and Q are on the same horizontal level. R is vertically above Q. Explain whether the work done moving the object against the gravitational field is the same or different along paths PR and POR. P (2) ial velocity Vat an angle 8 to the horizontal, as shown in Fig. 3.2. (b) A ball is thrown with an “\ path of ball 7 horizontal Fig. 3.2 (not to scale) The variation with time tof the height / of the ball is shown in Fig. 3.3. 120: 10.0: Alm 8.0: 6.0: 4.0: 2.0: Fig. 3.3,Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 90 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications Air resistance is negligible. (l)_ Use the time to reach maximum height to determine the vertical component V, of the velocity of the ball for time t= 0. Ww ms“ [2] (ii) The horizontal displacement of the ball at t= 3.00s is 25.5m. On Fig. 3.4, draw the variation with tof the horizontal displacement x of the ball. 30: xim 20: 2.00 3,00 tls Fig. 3.4 {1} (ili) For the ball at maximum height, calculate the ratio potential energy of the ball Kinetic energy of the ball 0 1.00 rati (iv) In practice, air resistance is not negligible. on the time taken for the ball to reach masPhysics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 91 Unit 3: Kinematies Read and Write Publications 19. O/N 15/P23/Q3 A steel ball falls from a platform on a tower to the ground below, as shown in Fig. 3.1. ball Fig. 3.1 ‘The ball falls from rest through a vertical distance of 192m. The mass of the ball is 270g. (a) Assume air resistance is negligible. () Calculate 1, the time taken for the ball to fall to the ground, time taken 2. the maximum kinetic energy of the ball. maximum kinetic energy = (il) State and explain the variation of the velocity of the ball with time ground. (1)Unit 3: Kinematics Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 92 Read and Write Publications (b) In practice, air resistance is not negligible. The variation of the air resistance R with the velocity v of the ball is shown in Fig. 3.2. 4.0 3.0 RIN 2.0 80 100 vims* 0 20 40 60 Fig. 3.2 (I) Use Fig. 3.2 to state and explain qualitatively the variation oF with the distance fallen by the ball. f the acceleration of the ball s~1. Calculate its acceleration at this speed. (li) The speed of the ball reaches 40m: acceleration = ® ms [2] CO és * (iii) Use information from (a)(ili) and Fig. 3.2 regia gf ‘explain whether the ball reaches terminal velocity. & 9Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 3: Kinematics 93 Read and Write Publications 20. Mid 15/P22/02 A stone is thrown vertically upwards. The variation with time fof the displacement s of the stone is shown in Fig. 2.1. Fig. 2.1 (a) Use Fig. 2.1 to describe, without calculation, the speed of the stone from t= 0 to t= 3.0s. (b) Assume air resistance is negligible and therefore the stone has constant acceleration. Calculate, for the stone, () the speed at 3.05, speed = (il) the distance travelled from t= 0 to t= 3.0, distanceUnit 3: Kinematios Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 4 Read and Write Publications (lil) the displacement from t= 0 to t= 3.0s. displacement = direction (c) On Fig. 2.2, draw the variation with time fof the velocity v of the stone from t= 0 to t= 3.0s. vims* Fig. 2.2 21. M/J 15/P21102 (@) Define speed and velocity and use these definitions to explain why one of ities is a scalar and the other is a vector. iS Om velocity: (b) A ball is released from rest and falls vertically. The ball ae \d rebounds vertically, a sf as shown in Fig. 2.1. inital positon ball & speed: ‘groundPhysics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 95 Read and Write Publications The variation with time tof the velocity v of the ball is shown in Fig. 2.2. 12.0 10.0 8.0 vims-t 6.0 4.0 2.0 -10.0 Fig. 2.2 Air resistance is negligible. Unit 3: Kinematics, () Without calculation, use Fig. 2.2 to describe the variation with time tof the velocity of the ball from t= 0 to t= 2.18. (ii) Calculate the acceleration of the ball after it rebounds from thex@fo working. acceleration =Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook Unit 3: Kinematics 96 Read and Write Publications (ili) Calculate, for the ball, from t= 0 to t= 21s, 1. the distance moved, distance 2. the displacement from the initial position. displacement (Iv) On Fig. 2.3, sketch the variation with tof the speed of the ball. 12.0 10.0 8.0 speed/ms-* 60 4.0 2.0 Fig. 2.3, . @Physics A Level P-2 Topical Workbook 97 Unit 3: Kinematics Read and Write Publications 22. M/J 15/P23/Q2 The variation with time tof the velocity v of a ball is shown in Fig. 2.1. vims-* 5 -15 Fig. 2.1 The ball moves in a straight line from a point P at t= 0. The mass of the balll is 400: 1g. (a) Use Fig. 2.1 to describe, without calculation, the velocity of the ball from t= 0 to t= 16s. (b) Use Fig. 2.1 to calculate, for the ball, ())_ the displacement from P at t= 10s, displacement = (i) the acceleration at t= 108, ms? [2] (Ill) the maximum kinetic energy. kinetic energy