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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
137 views22 pagesCh2 GCSE Textbook
Uploaded by
Geeta AswaniCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Algebra
* Variable
* Equation
* Formula
substitution
* expression
= Term
* Power
* Index
* Coefficient
* Bponent
* Base
* Reciprocal
In this chapter you will
learn how to:
* use letters to represent
numbers
* write expressions to
represent mathematical
information
* substitute letters with
‘numbers to find the value of
an expression
* add and subtract lke terms
to simplify expressions
* multiply and divide to
simplify expressions
* expand expressions by
femoving grouping symbols
* use index notation in
algebra
* earn and apply the laws
of indices to simplify
expressions
* work with fractional indices,
Making sense of algebra
‘Once you know the basic rules, algebra is very easy and very useful
You can think of algebra as the language of mathematics. Algebra uses letters and other symbols
to write mathematical information in shorter ways
When you learn a language, you have to learn the rules and structures of the
inguage. The
language of algebra also has rules and structures. Once you know these, you can ‘speak’ the
language of algebra and mathematics students all aver the world will understand you.
At school, and in the real world, you will use algebra in many ways, For example, you will use
it to make sense of formulae and spreadsheets and you may use algebra to solve problems to do
with money, building, science, agriculture, engineering, construction, economics and more.
Unit 1: Algebra agg Cee ee an
21
In algebra the letters can represent
many diferent values so they
called variables.
if problem invades
‘you must not change the case of
the letters used. For exam
‘and iV can represent cif
‘numbers inthe same fo
Algebra appears across
allscience subjects, in
perticular Nest tuations
inphysics require metion or
‘therphysicalchangesto
bbe described as an algebraic
formula. Anexample is F=mo,
which describes the connection,
between the force, mass and
acceleration ofan object.
You should already be familiar with the following algebra work
Basic conventions in algebra
‘We use letters in place of unknown values in algebra.
An expression can contain numbers, variables and operation symbols, inclu
brackets. Expressions don’t have equals signs.
‘These are all algebraic expressions:
3m
x+4 S(xty) 4+ QQ-a)
Substitution of values for letters
Ifyou are given the value of the letters, you can substitute these and work out the
value of the expression.
Given that x= 2 and y=5:
x+ybecomes 245
= becomes 2+5
——
debecomes 4 2and Bybecomes 3x3
Index notation and the ls of indices for multiplication and division
22x22 =22is the bae and isthe inde.
ax aX a=@ ais the base and 3 is the index.
Using letters to represent unknown values
In primary school you used empty shapes to represent unknown numbers. For example, 2+9=8
and + ¢= 10. If2+=8, the Mlcan only represent 6. But if + = 10, then thel and the @ can
represent many different values.
In algebra, you use letters to represent unknown numbers. So you could write the number
sentences above as: 2 +x=8 and a + b= 10. Number sentences like these are called
equations. You can solve an equation by finding the values that make the equation true.
‘When you worked with area of rectangles and triangles in the past, you used algebra to make 2
general rule, or formula, for working out the area, A:
Area of a rectangle = length x breadth, so A = 1b
base xheight, so A= !bh or A
Area of triangh
2
Notice that when two letters are multiplied together, we write them next to each other eg.
rather than Ix b.
‘To use formula you have to replace some or all ofthe letters with numbers. This is.
called substitution.
Writing algebraic expressions
An algebraic expression isa group of letter and numbers linked by operation signs. Each part
the expression is called a term,
‘Suppose the average height (in centimetres) of students in your class is an unknown number,
A student who is 10cm taller than the average would have a height of h + 10. A student who is
3em shorter than the average would have a height of h— 3
+ 10 and h~3 are algebraic expressions. Because the unknown value is represented by h, we
say these are expressions in terms of h
PE Unit 1: Algebra Pa ue ce)
Mock
Use algebra to write an expression in terms of h for:
height 12cm shorter than average
height 2xtaller than average
a height twice the average height
a height half the average height.
& h-12 Shorter than means less than, so you subtract.
b h+2x Taller than means more than, so you add, 2x is unknown, but it can still
be used in the expression.
© 2xh Twice means two times, so you multiply by two.
d-h+2 Half means divided by two.
Applying the rules
Algebraic expressions should be written in the shortest, simplest possible way.
=m speponcg | * 2x#ISWHiten a handy iweten tay
MACS SEDER, 5 means xijbutyoudo not wriethe!
rember ene Gree
cee
ieee tee ai
Hee
o h+2is written as and x-+yis written as =
2 y
‘¢ when you have the product of a number and a variable, the number is written first, so 2h and
not H2. Also, variables are normally written in alphabetical order, so xy and 2ab rather than
yxand 2ba
@ ex his written as ht (i squared) and h x hx h is written as h (h cubed). The? and the * are
examples of a power or index.
The power only applies to the number or variable directly before it, so Sa? means 5 x aa
When a power is outside a bracket, it applies to everything inside the bracket.
So, (xy) means xy x ay xxy
Caen
Write expressions in terms of x to represent:
a anumber times four b the sum of the number and five
¢ sixtimesthe number minus two half the number.
a xtimes 4 Let x represent ‘the number.
4xx Replace four times’ with 4 x.
= 4x Leave out the x sign, write the number before the variable.
b sum of x and five Let x represent ‘the number.
2x45 ‘Sum of means +, replace five with 5.
€ Sixtimes x minus two Let x represent the number.
D 26xx-2 Times means x and minus means ~, insert numerals.
=6r-2 Leave out the x sig.
4 Halt Let x represent ‘the number.
=x+2 Half means x or +2.
x
Write the division as a fraction.
Unit 1: Algebra Ban er aces ad
Exercise 2.1
You will learn more about algebraic
fractions in chapter 14. >
‘Abways show your substitution
cleatly. Wite the formula or
expression ints algebraic form
but with the letters replaced by
the appropnate numbers. This
makes it dear to your teacher, oF
‘an examine, that you have put the
‘ortect numbers in the right places.
oo
3x4 P+ 1) + 3x + (+ 1) = 2x) +207 +1)
HH 2x (3x x)-42%(E +N =2% (3x4) +2 (4 +1)
=2«12+2x(16 +1)
=24+2x17
Ad34ae aera
| Ase ae4e8
| = 23cm
‘Add the four lengths
together and write in its
simplest form.
Substitute 4 into the
expression.
‘Add the three lengths
together.
Substitute 4 into the
expression,
A
De cH ey
| Complete this table of values for the
formula b= 30-3
alo] 2 6 |
oj | |
oes
915
1 Evaluate the following expressions for x
a 3x b tor
ax e 2x
get7 hovte
ax
4 2-1) if
1 m
6
2_ What isthe value of each expression when a=3 and
a abe bd ab
a 36-2040) e ate
g abs berac h 24a)?
} @-d+ia+o k (a+bb-9)
4b 4
m #., 2
@ be
3x2-3=6-3=3
3x4-3=12-3-9
Substitute in the values of @ to work out b.
3x0-3=0-3=-3
3x6-3=18-3=15 t
and c= 2?
© 4a+2e
f 4b-20+e
i (a+b)
3be
a+b)
Divide both top and bottom by 3 (making the
numerator and denominator smaller so that
the fraction is in its simplest form is called
cancelling)
Cancel and then multiply.
Exercise 2.4
EY Unit 1: Algebra
1 Multiply
a 2x6x
d dxxay
B 8yXx3z
jo dxyx2e
m 2a 4ab
Babe x 2ab
2. Simplify
3x24
pene
sexy xe
axa 2X7
Tay 2x2 x ye
Bey KDWP Kay
3 Simplify
Mey x
3 10
uy,
ay Es
were ae
Insert signs and multiply.
Cancel,
b 4yx2
4xx2y
2xx 3yx2
k 9yx3ay)
eorrec
Bab x Abe
4x 2abx 3c
5xx 2x x 3y
2x2x3rK4
2ax 3ab x 2c
9x xxy
aay x 2x7
Ox x 2xy x 3x2
Cancel frst, then multiply.
3mx4
9xx3y
say x 2xy
4yx xx 3y
babe x 2a
12x? x23)
2x x By Day
4x 2xx 3x
10x 2yx3
4xy? x 2ery
9x .xy2% dxy
Darcy? 3xy
f
1
°
Laxy Pa eee Ie
2.4
>
In his section you wil focus on
simple examples. You will lem
more about removing brackets
ind working with negative terms
chapters 6 and 10, You will also
nate more about why this
method works.
Removing brackets is really just
‘multipying, so the same rules you
used for multiplication apply in
these examples.
4 Simpilit
a are? b iaye2x © 16e + any a 2ixy+ ay
© Meer fF Maye sy aay + 24y h 9x4 36xy
Taye S53y L 1 10089
Lxz 20x 15xy 5x7
5 Simplify these as far as possible.
a Ed by ck < H az
25 34 23 3
HA 1 &, g 2x2 n 2.
44 2 yx 3
2x 5 ae x3 5
i sy x2 k Syd i=
a i 2 6 2x £
Working with brackets
‘When an expression has brackets, you normally have to remove the brackets before you can
simplify the expression. Removing the brackets is called expanding the expression.
‘To remove brackets you multiply each term inside the bracket by the number (and/or variables)
outside the bracket. When you do this you need to pay attention to the postive and negative
signs in front of the terms:
xQt2)=ay+xe
x2
Core
Remove the brackets to simplify the following expressions.
a 20+6) —b 4(7-2) ce +3) 2-38)
ai For parts (a) to (4) write the expression
iii out, or do the multiplication mentally.
ahershearare2ns
(2+ 6) =2x2x4 2% Follow these steps when multiplying by
= aes 2 a term outside a bracket:
+ Multiply the term on the left-hand
i inside of the bracket frst - shown by |_|
fy ii the red arrow labelled i
4(7-23)=427-43 2x rinks de tem on fide
+ Then multiply the term on the right-
“4 S260 hand side - shown by the blue arrow
labelled i.
= - + Then add the answers together.
y) = Dax x4 Dax By
\74 = 2? +6 =
ai
Y i ii
ay(2~ 3x) =ayx2— ay x3e
Dy -3x7y =
Unit: Algebra ey Peles ue
Exercise 2.5 1 Expand
a 246) b 3{x+2) 4243)
ad 10(-6) e€ 4(x-2) f 3(2x-3)
g 50+4) h 64+y) i 9y+2)
j 72x29) 23x29) 1 4G+4y)
m 3(2x~2y) n 6(3x-2y) © 3(4y-2x)
p 40-48) 4 9-y) r 74x+x)
2 Remove the brackets to expand these expressions.
a 2x(x+)) b 3y(e-y) © 2x(x+2y)
@ 4x(3x-2y) € xat-y) f 3y(4x+2)
g 2x(9-4y) h i 3x4-4x)
j k 1 3x4-y)
m n 4x33 29) © 3xy(x+y)
P 4 99-23) r 4xyG-2)
3. Given the formula for area, A = length x breadth, write an expression for A in terms of x for
each of the following rectangles. Expand the expression to give A in simplest terms,
a b c
4
Expanding and collecting like terms
‘When you remove brackets and expand an expression you may end up with some like terms.
When this happens, you collect the like terms together and add or subtract them to write the
expression in its simplest terms.
Mir ncn
Expand and simplify where possible.
a 6+3)+4 —b 2Gr41)-2+4 — _2xK+3) +xK-4)
| a 6(x+3)+4=6x+18+4 Remove the brackets.
| ex+22 ‘Add like terms.
|b 2(6x+1)-2x+4=12+2-2044 Remove the brackets.
=10x+6 Add or subtract lke terms.
© 2x(x+3)+x(x—4)=2x" +6x+x7-4x Remove the brackets.
= 3x? 42x ‘Add or subtract ike terms.
Exercise 2.6 1 Expand and simplify
a 2G+x)+3x b My-Dr4y © xs2e-4)
d 4542(0-3) © 2e(4+x)-3 f x42)-
Unit: Ageia 25
al of index is indices,
Exponent is another word
sometimes used to mean ‘index’ or
‘power. These words can be used
sngeably but ‘index’ is more
commonly used for GCSE,
YoU write 2 power outin full
sltiplicaion you ae witingit
ed form
you evaluate a number
‘ised toa power, you are conying
multiplication to obtain 3
ve
Bee
g 6+Xx-2) h 4x+2(2x+3) i 2x43420x43)
j 3Qx+2)-3x-4 k 6x42(043) 1 7y+y(x-4)—4
m 2x(x44)—4 nm 2y(2x-2y+4) © 2y(5-4y)=4y"
p 3xQx+4)—9
4 3y(y42)~4y" r
x= 4x4
2 Simplify these expressions by removing brackets and collecting like terms.
a Ax +40) +203) Bb 2%x—2)42043) fe Sx+2)+4(045)
A &x+10)44G-2x) © Ax" ¥2)42(4-2°) f dx(c++2x(x+3)
g 3x(4y—4)+4Gxy 44x) 2x(Sy—4) +216 i 3x(4-8y)+312xy—5x)
j X6r=4y)+xG-2y) kk 3x 4x) +2650" 1 x(x—y)+302r-y)
m 4(x-2)+3x(4~y) mn xtx+y)+x(x—y) © 2x(xty)+ 2x? +3xy)
P x2x43)435-2x) gq 4(2x-3)+(x-5) F S4xy—2x)+53x—x9)
Indices
Revisiting index notation
You already know how to write powers of two and three using indices:
yxyey
yxyxyey
‘When you write a number using indices (powers) you have written it in index notation. Any
number can be used as an index including 0, negative integers and fractions. The index tells
you how many times the base has been multiplied by itself. So:
3X3K3x3= 3 is the base, 4is the index
ax2= and
2x2x2=2' and
axaxaxaxa isthe base, 5is the index
Cieencka
‘Write each expression using index notation.
a 2x2x2x2x2x2 —B XXAXEXK
a 2x2x2x2x2x2=2
© XXX KY KY XY,
Count how many times 2 is multiplied by
itself to give you the index.
bo xxxxxxxext Count how many times x is multiplied by itself
to give you the index.
© xxxxxxyxyxyxy=xy* — Count how many times x is multiplied by itself
‘to get the index of x; then work out the index
of y in the same way.
ene
Use your calculator to evaluate:
a0 et
fa 2=32 Enter{ 2) x0)/ 5 J
Enter 2) 8) 8) |
Enter TJ Co ILA Ce Ile)
d= 2401 Enter 7) ox) 4) |
Unit: Aba Ee ee ea cea Ed
Index notation and products of prime factors
EE
Quickly remind yourself, frorn Index notation is very useful when you have to express a number as a product ofits prime
chapter 1, howa composite factors because it allows you to write the factors in a short form.
umber can be writen as a product
of primes.
Waecucne)
Express these numbers as products of their prime factors
200 b 19683
The diagrams below are a reminder of the factor tree and division methods for finding
the prime factors.
b
3 [eset
[ater
@ 1% 3|_79
3 [20s
3/8
dé % 3 [am
sf
sos
1
® »
2 200=2° x5? b 19683 =3"
Exercise 2.7 1 Write each expression using index notation.
a 2x2K2x2x2 b 3x3x3x3 © 7x7
4 ibanxd © 10%10%10%10%10 f 8x8x8x8x8.
g axaxaxa ho xxxxxxxxx YX YXYXYK IXY,
J axaxaxbxb Kk xxxxyxyxyxy 1 pxpxpxqxq
MXKEXEXEXYXYXY OM AKYKEKYKYXEXY 0 aKbxAXKAXbKE
2 Evaluate
a0 bz <6 aa © 10°
er g 2° ho i} j Bx3!
ksh 1 ax most on Ko XT
3 Express the following as products of prime factors, in index notation
a 6 b 243 © 400 4 1600 16384
£ 20736 g 59049 hy 390625
4 Write several square numbers as products of prime factors, using index notation. What is
tue about the index needed for each prime? member every letter or
has @ power of 1 (usually
ten), Sox means x' and y
‘multiplication and division res
ww! be used more when you study
‘s2nderd form in chapter 5. >
Pee ac)
The laws of indices
The laws of indices are very important in algebra because they give you quick ways of simplifying
expressions. You will use these laws over and over again as you learn more and more algebra, 80
itis important that you understand them and that you can apply them in different situations.
Multiplying the some bose number with different indices
Look at these wo multiplications
Sx axixa
In the first multiplication, 3 is the ‘base’ number and in the second, x is the ‘base’ number.
You already know you can simplify these by expanding them like this:
3x3K3xK3x3K3=3° RXXXEKKKAKAK KS
In other words
3x33" and x’ xx*=x"*
‘This gives you the law of indices for multiplication:
‘When you multiply index expressions with the same base you can add the indices: x” x x"
Wee
simplify:
aaa boxe © Dy x3ay*
reer Add the indices.
b PxiaxP =” ‘Add the indices.
© 2x’yx3ay" =2x3xx" xy" =6x'y° Multiply the numbers first, then
‘add the indices of like variables.
Dividing the same base number with different indices
Look at these two divisions:
3ts3? and x!
‘You already know you can simplify these by writing them in expanded form and cancelling
like this:
3x3x 5x5 XXXXXXXX AKL
BB AEX
=33 = xXaXAKE
a3 =x
In other words:
Megas? and fe axh?
This gives you the law of indices for division:
‘When you divide index expressions with the same base you can subtract the indices: x" + 2
Unt Asia Remember ‘coefficient is the
‘number in the term,
Technically there isan awkward
‘exception to tis rule when x =.
0 is usually defined tobe 1!
Tce ia ss
Subtract the indices.
Divide (cancel) the coefficients.
Subtract the indices.
Divide the coefficients.
Subtract the indices.
The power 0
You should remember that any
This gives us the law of indices for the power 0.
Any value to the power 0 is equal to 1, So x° =1
Raising 0 power
Look at these two examples:
Sc 2 16x!
(Py sexx ex (2x')! = 2x! x2x! x2x? x 2x
and (2x')' = 16x!
If we write the examples in expanded form we can see that (x")' =
This gives us the law of indices for raising a power to another power:
[ When you have to raise a power to another power you multiply the ind
(acne
simplify
ay b Bry c (ey +GtF
Multiply the indices.
Pa Unit: Agee Pa eae ecey
A common errors to forget to take
>owers of the numerical terms. For
xample in part (b), the’ needs
0 be squared to give 9
Exercise 2.8
there is a mature of
“om ers and lets, deal wth the
bers frst and then apply the
indices to the letters in
Square each of the terms to remove the brackets
and multiply the indices.
Expand the brackets frst by multiplying the indices.
Divide by subtracting the indices.
1
a 3x3 b xa © 8x8"
© yxy £ yxy B yxy
if oaetxae? jf aytxayt ke exe?
m 5x°X3 n Sete! @ ax" x2x
2 Simplify
a text ob ce yey
6x! 9x
Sat b
‘3 5 oe 3x"
k Be ne m =
BP Be ox"
3. Simplify
a wy b wy «wy
f Gry g GS! h Gry
k Gy 1 Gy om Gry!
do xxx!
hoxxx!
1 3xhx ax"
poxxdx®
a
a uy ¢ Qry
i w@yY 5 yy
a Gy) °
4 Use the appropriate laws of indices to simplify these expressions,
2x x3x xx
(fear?
2S (dx-2°)
, (dxex3x')
a
m (8°)
indices
b
h
4x2xx3e'y
rx? x(a’?
Beely
*y
(5
4x! x2x" +(2x)”
Axxxxx!
4x(x+7)
(ey?
‘At the beginning of this unit you read that negative numbers can also be used as indices. But
what does it mean if an index is negative?
vsti aeeoe Ce oma ured
In plan language you can say that
‘when a number is writen with
<2 negative power, itis equal to
1 over the number o the same
positive power. Another way of
saying 1 over’ js reciprocal, so
ttn as the reciprocal
_i>
These ae simple examples. Once
Jou have lured mare about
working wth deeded numbers n
algebra in chapter 6 you wl apo}
what you have learned to simply
more complted expressions
Exercise 2.9
BoB Unit 1: Algebra
Look at the two methods of working out x" + x’ below.
Using expanded notation: Using the law of indices for division:
XXEKx
XMAMEMAE
And this gives you a rule for working with negative indices:
Gowhen #0) |
‘When an expression contains negative indices you apply the same laws as for other indices to
simplify it.
Worked example 17
1 Find the value
ae bs"
2.1.1
Foie s°5
2 Write these with a positive index.
ca bys
1 Evaluate:
ae b3
3 Write each expression so it has only positive indices.
ax by? © Gy) d 2x
e 1k f I g By hey algebra
4 Simplify. Write your answer using only positive indices.
a xxx! bx ?K3e? € 4x? 4124
e @xy? fy 8
‘Summary of index laws
‘When multiplying terms, add the indices
When di
iding, subtract the indices.
‘When finding the power ofa power, multiply the indices,
‘Any value to the power 0 is equal to 1
(when x #0).
Fractional indices
‘The laws of indices also apply when the index is fraction. Look at these examples carefully to
see what fractional indices mean in algebra:
te
Use the law of indices and add the powers.
In order to understand what x! means, ask yourself what number multiplied by itself will,
give x?
vexve
So, x!
Use the law of indices and add the powers.
Wat number mulled by sland then by isl again wl give y?
Paravey
se aa
This shows that any root of a number can be written using fractional indices. So, x
(ake)
1 Rewrite using root signs.
ay! bx! ex
B ylny b x = fe
2. Write in index notation.
a 90 b Vea ctx 4 -2
@ 90 = 90! B yeancst © ferent — d Yx-2)=(x-2)!
Uni: Algebra pa Ta cea Cred
Dealing with non-unit fractions
asa numerator Sometimes you may have to work with indices that are non-unit fractions, For example x! or y
fop)that'Snot. To find the rule for working with these, you have to think back to the law of indices fo
Zand? arenonunt power to another power. Look at these examples carefully to see how this works:
7
‘actions
$x2is
3
You already know that @ unit-fraction gives a root. So we can rewrite these expressions using.
root signs like this:
(at) = (YF and (y!)’ = (YP
So, (x!) = (Y/Y and (y") = (gp).
itis possible that you would want ht
10 reverse te of calculations In general terms: x’ =(x")" = (8x)
Somerends 2 voicbes Wiehe ney
Work out the value of:
a2 b 25"
® 27) =(W27P
=(QF
zs
Pyne os ot
¥ in chapter 1 that a ‘vulgar’ inal
ons athe form & <
50 you square the cube root of 27
Change the decimal toa vulgar fraction. 5-3 1. so you need
J25)' to cube the square root of 25. 2
=o)
15
Sometimes you are asked to find the value ofthe power that produces a given result.
‘You have already learned that another word for power is exponent. An equation that
requires you to find the exponent is called an exponential equation.
Cee :
If 2'= 128 find the value of x,
Remember this means 2 = 128.
Find the value of x by trial an
provement.
=] Unit 1: Algebra Pa Ue cI)
Exercise 2.10 1 Evaluate:
as b 32 ct 4 216 € 256%
ements impity mento Simplify: lead x) vy
its simplest form. Sa i a xx b xxx . (=) a (5)
vere to simplify 1-5 you * y
could wit: , 3 ‘
x x} os
z f E n 2h,
°F ss 1axF
i Lateae! ide-axt Sale
ate Borges geass |
3 Find the value of x in each of these equations.
x a 264 b 19614 a7
4 © 3=81 f 4 =256
L
a a
s a
j k 6a=200 1 6=8 om
Do you know the following? Are you able to.
4 Algebra has special conventions (rules) that allow us to ‘¢- use leters to represent numbers
‘write mathematical information is short ways. ‘¢ write expressions to represent mathematical information
+ Letters in algebra are called variables, the number before © substitute letters with numbers to find the value of an
2 letter is called a coefficient and numbers on their own. expression
are called constants, ‘© add and subtract like terms to simplify expressions
# A group of numbers and variables is called a term, sauliiply and divide to alixplifrexceal
‘Terms are separated by + and ~ signs, but not by or
