Immunology 2
Dr. Shabnam Bashir
Associate Prof. Pathology
Adaptive Immunity
1-Humoral immunity
2-Cell mediated immunity
Microbes
Macrophage/DC
Innate Adaptive
Phagocytosis Antigen presentation
and cytokines to T lymphocytes
production
Active Vs Passive immunity
Active immunity:
Slow onset
Production of antibody as well as cells
Long duration
Passive immunity
Rapid protection
Antibody only
Short duration
Active passive immunity
Antigens
Immunogenicity
1-Foreignness
2- Molecular size
3-Chemical structure complexity
4-Antigenic determinants (Epitopes)
5- Dosage, Route and timing of administration.
6-Adjuvents
Origin of immune cells
In embryonic life- Blood cells in fetal liver and yolk
sac
Postnatal—Stem cell in bone marrow.
LYMPHOID PRECURSERS:
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
NK cells-Do not pass through thymus, no antigen
receptor, No CD4 or CD8.
Further maturation of T lymphocytes in Thymus, and
of B lymphocytes in bone marrow…..IL-7
Maturation of about 40% of T lymphocytes takes
place in GALT
APC: Antigen presenting cells
1-Macrophages
2- dendritic cells
3-B cells
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Cytokine production
Follicular dendritic cell
Neutrophils –Bactericidal,phagocytic,cannot present
antigen,two edged sword.
Eosinophils:-Contain major basic protein. Role in parasitic
infection and hypersensitivity reactions. Also contain
histaminase, leukotrienes and peroxidases.
Basophils and mast cells
T cells recognize only peptide antigen MHC
restriction
T cells recognize only peptide antigen
Costimulation is required to activate T cells
Functions of T cells
Regulator---T Helper-65% of peripheral T lymphocytes
Ab production
Cell mediated immunity
Cytotoxic or Effector role
Main action of T-Lymphocytes
Main function Cytokine
Activate both antigen specific Th IL-2
cells and Cytotoxic T cells .
Activate B cells IL-4, IL-5
Activate macrophages INF-gamma
Effector functions of T cells
1: Delayed type of HSR;
Esp. for intracellular pathogens like fungi and
Mycobact.TB , Listeria.
A lipoprotein of MTB activates toll like receptors on
macrophages which in turn produce IL-12.
IL-12 acts on Naïve Th0 cells and they differentiate into
Th1 subset which produces IL-2 ,INF-gamma.
2:Cytotoxicity
CTLs: Perforins, Granzyme B, Fas L on activated T cell.
NK : ADCC
IL-12 by macrophages maintains balance between Th-1
and Th-2 cells. IL-12 increases Th-1 cells.
INF-gamma also inhibit Th-2 response.
IL-4 ? Favors Th-2 response.
TH-1 response –IL-2, INF-gamma --Cell mediated immunity
TH-2 response—IL-4, IL-5,IL-6,IL-10--Humoral immunity
Microorganism
Macrophage ??
IL-12 IL-4
Th-0
Th-1 Th-2
INF-γ IL-2 IL-4,IL-5
Act. Act B cell Plasma cell
Macrophages CD8+
Cell-mediated immunity Ab-Mediated immunity
Cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocyte
B lymphocytes
30% 0f circulating small lymphocytes
Short life span –days to weeks
Located in germinal centres of lymphnodes and white pulp
of spleen. Also in Peyer,s patches
109 B cell produced/day
Contain surface IgM and IgD
Produce antibody by differentiating into Plasma cells
APC.
Costimulation in the form of CD28 and B7
CD40 and CD40L
Natural killer(NK) Cells
Large granular lymphocytes
Lack T cell,CD3, surface IgD IgM
No development in thymus
No previous exposure to antigen required
Normal no. in SCID
Function:
Kill virus infected cells, and tumor cells.
Non-specific in action
Kill by perforin and granzyme B
