firstaid “— ISBN: 978-1-912633-12-8 Third edition: October 2017 (Pinted in the LAE une 2018) ‘Highfield Products Limited 2018 Highfield Place, Shaw Wood Business Park, Shaw Wood Way, Wheatley Hills, Doncaster DN2 STB, UK Tel: +44 0845 2260350 E-mait:info@highfield.couk Website: wwahighfield.co.uk All rights reserved. No partof this product may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by ‘any means, including electronic, photocopying, recording or ‘otherwise, without the prior permission of Highfield Products Ltd. The commission of any unauthorised act may result in civil or criminal actions. ‘The publisher ofthis product has made every effort to ensure the accuracy ofthe information contained inthis product. However, neither the author, nor Highfield Products Ltd nor anyone involved in the creation of this publication accepts any responsibilty for any inaccuracies o failure to implement correctly, however caused, Disclaimer of Endorsement Reference to or any image of any specific commercial or non- ‘commercial product, processor service by company name, trade name, trade mark, manufacturer or otherwise does nat Constitute or imply endorsement or recommendation by Highfield Products Ltd. John Morley Christian Sprengerfirst ai John Morley Christian Sprenger ib Role and responsibilities of the first aider 4 ‘Managing an unresponsive casualty 13 ‘Wounds and bleeding a aa as Seizures 3 Dealing with inorinjries 26 The human skeleton 30 (Fractures onddistectons 31) Sprains and strains 34 Dealing with majoriliness 36 (w) eighfilTheroleof te ist alder Lagislatwe raquirements Consent “Theresponsibilies ofthe fst elder Fistaid equipment ‘Atvingat the scene Contacting the emeroencyseivices Prioritsing the treatment of casualties — ‘Clearing up afteran incident Incident ecorcing and reporting Minis infec xenon Barrier device. Assessing an incident Seene survey - Primary survey on 8 ah, Casualty communication — Gathering patient information (Whats Key) wane 10 Secondery survey. Managing an unresponsive aad The principles of resuscitation nm The respiratory 5/510 enews Airway maintenance Chest compressions wane nwm vm Rescue breathing expired air vertiation) Cariopulmonary esuscitation (CPR) —. ‘Adult basic if support and automated ‘external dfiriltion ‘Compression-only CPR eam Infant and child CPR Chain of survival ‘Automated external defibrillation (AED) — Deiiblation algorithm The respiratory system Obstructed away nem ‘choking adult or child (airway obstruction) Recognising achokirg asia = Hypoxia ‘tion for ‘ation fora choking infant =m Wounds and bleeding The C40 590 nr WpesOfWOUNES anne nn ‘Types ofbleeding nnn 2B Major bleeding eon ain Wounds with embedded foreign objects Shock Hypouelsemic shock Anaphylai.. CASTES eld Seizures Fpleptc seizure Partial seltutes nnn Generalised secures Dealing with minor injuries Pe eee = ee es oes Teaches Salspters The human skeleton Bones, muscles and JOS a0) Fractures and dislocations “Types of fracture .... ‘Applying a suppor sing esd injuries ne Spinal Ny on Fractures in chidren (Greenst Distocstions Sprains and strains Recognition and treatment. Chest injuries ere fee sid veoet Dealing with major illness Heart attack ‘Angina Stoke. Diabetes. Poisons. asthma. Other injuries ‘Asdominal trauma a (Coe and Meat nti nen AD Heat exhaustion Heatstroke The Helpful Hint icon appears throughout this book to assist you in being a competent frst aider.Introduction This book has been designed to pravide easy-to-follow information for dealing with a wide range of first-aid emergencies which may _ occur either in the workplace or at home. The book is ideal for ( learners, trainers or indeed anyone with a genuine interest in first aid. ‘The immediate care given toa person who has been injured, or who has become ill prior to the arrival of qualified medical assistance, DEFINITION ie,Role and respon: ities of the first aider i The most important role of a first aider is to ensure that the aims of first aid are put into practice iL inan emergency. The main aims of frst aid are: Lup Preserve Life ‘Administer immediate effective first aid to a casualty in order to save life. Prevent the Condition from Worsening Recognising and treating the cause will assist with preventing the condition from worsening. Promote Recovery ‘Administer ongoing treatment and offer constant support until the arrival of qualified medical assistance. First aid within the workplace is governed by legislative requirements. >) The Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations 1981 ~ The Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1982 Require employers to provide adequate and appropriate equipment, facilities and personnel to ensure their employees receive immediate attention if they are injured or taken ill at work. These Regulations apply to all workplaces including those with less than five employees and to the self-employed ) The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Employers have a responsibility for the health and safety of their employees. They are also responsible for any visitors to the premises such as customers, suppliers and the general public. Further information can be >) RIDDOR Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences found on the Health and. Regulations (current Regulations) Safety Executive (HSE) RIDDOR places duties on employers, the self-employed and people in control of website wwwihse.gov.uk ‘work premises (the Responsible Person) to report serious workplace accidents, ‘occupational diseases and specified dangerous occurrences (near misses}in line with the 1995 Regulations. ) The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 ~The main requirement on employers is to carry out a concise risk assessment of the workplace. Employers with five or more employees need to record the significant findings of the risk assessment. The risk assessment will assist employers in determining the first-aid provision and requirements within the workplace. first aid at WORKBefore commencing treatment of a casualty the first alder should ask for and receive the casualty's consent to treatment. Ifthe casualty is unable to give thelr consent due to their injuries or because they are unresponsive you can assume their consent to treatment. ‘The responsibilities of the fist aider will be dependent on specific workplace requirements. Responsibilities could include: | ensuring first-aid equipments fit for purpose prioritising the treatment of casualties arriving at the scene clearing up after an incident ‘ensuring the scene is safe incident reporting and recording contacting the emergency services ‘The content will be dependent on the assessment of first-aid needs that should be conducted. In December 2011 the British Standards Institute launched the new workplace First Ald Kits (BS 8599-1), “Atel banca asec dn oan ek, PQEERN SB SEZF Pla siele oe a a wish Bie ES | ia 1 2d er ag ig ge 2s Bigs Sle sae § ¢ Cole Bele g 2 a a es 3 SE Zi #3. 2 ee ee Bee ae ee aes he Lar 2 SaaS eae ee TAMER Gane 0 ky Fe a Fe No, of EMPLOYEES ‘What first ad equipment and personnel do youneed? Fewer than 25 1 small workplace compliant fst it ‘Aleest 1 Appointed Person, 25-50 1 medium workplace compliant stad kt ‘Atleast 1 EFAW trained fist aide. ‘More than 50 1 Iarge workplace compiant first-aid kt (21 100 people). Atleast 1 FAW tained fstaider fr every 100 employees Fewer than § 4 small workplace compliant fist aid it Atleast 1 Appointed Person. 5-50 ‘medium workplace compliant rst ad kit ‘Atleast 1 EFAW tained fstalder, More than 50 ‘large workplace complant fst sd kt (per 50 people. [Atlee 1 FAW trained fist sider for every 50 employees, lf mains tap water is not readily available for eye irigation then there should be at least one litre of sterile water or sterile normal saline (0.9%) in a sealed, disposable container provided. The eye irrigation container should be safely secured or wall-mounted and located in close proximity to the first-aid container, The first alder should regularly check the first-aid container, ensuring that itis suitably stocked and iterns are in date and undamaged. ASCE LisArriving at the scene @ Always try to remain calm. © Take charge ofthe situation. © Conducta scene survey. © Ensure the safety of yourself, bystanders and others. © Gather information from bystanders and the casualty © Fully brief the emergency services Contacting the emergency services First aiders must immediately contact Emergency Services (Police, Ambulance o Fire) or instruct a bystander to do so. Emergency numbers vary and. include: 999, 998 or 997. Ensure you know the local emergency number. Itis important to provide sufficient clear and concise information. This can be achieved by remembering the acronym LINE, Prioritising the treatment of casualties After conducting a primary survey and contacting the emergency services, casualties should be placed in an order of priority and treated accordingly. This order is as follows: Breathing —> Bleeding #D> Bones/Burns H}> —_ Other Conditions In certain circumstances these priorities can be changed. For example, ifa casualty had a broken leg and a small finger cut then the broken leg would be treated before the bleeding finger. Clearing up after an incident Once the incident has been handed over to qualified medical assistance, then the clearing up process must commence. This process consists of the following © Ensure that all used bandages and used items such as personal protective equipment (PPE) are placed in a yellow clinical waste bag, of something similar. @ Ensure that the area where any blood or other bodily fluids have been spilt is thoroughly cleaned. © Restock the first-aid kit and replace any other equipment that may have been used during the incident. © Record and report the incident. If eating with utile asaltis Itisoten the quitest that requires treatment fistIncident recording and reporting ; After any first-aid incident itis important that the incident is recorded and reported in full. Ultimately the employer is responsible for the reporting of accidents; however, as the first alder, you should be clear on your role within this process. The accident book should be completed in full and populated with clear and concise information; there may also be the necessity to inform RIDDOR. In cases where a public access AED has been used, dependent on local authority policies, there may be a requirement to report the event using a prescribed audit reporting chain, — : x wn bof cnth JO oy hates og 2 Te owen, Pca dy Team 7 gaara) = sone meres ee) = ‘V snywhenithappened Dae "Y Siyhow the scedenihepoened: Ge the auselfyoucan. (24, Walking into Cha lseing bay at the mein Lilding, David Sonth tripped td Fall exer & Gee. The box had tallon oA a Fork Bt truck whieh had just entered the laakig bay. The qparator hl rot retutrned to rentcve tha. bo Sy fiir wor ava a 5. bard Soh satan « raed bis) 1 ase sn the recor ansete a Beran a asf 2 Coal eres "Y Completthisboxtthe acer sree unde the eoringofnuries Distses nd Dongetous Occurence: Regus ioeoR sonst og i elephon cals) our (a af oe “Y Sey where happened. State which oom orice, Arie 4Itis important that a5 fist alder you do not transmitinfections to your casualty or indeed contract infections from your casualty. To assstin minimising the risk finfection and cross-contamination there e@ are various precautions that can be taken such as: "Bus having good personal hygiene ensuring that barrier devices are used covering any open cuts or sores minimising contact with blood or bodily fluids = changing gloves between casualties washing hands thoroughly after removing gloves Barrier devices are essential equipment and help to eradicate the spread of infection and cross-contamination. Barrier devices, as their name suggests, place a barrier between the first aider and the casualty. Barrier devices include: nitrile powder-free gloves face shields Resuscitation using a Resuscitation using a pocket masks face shield. pocket mask. Assessing an incident Upon arrival at an incident a scene survey must be conducted to ensure the safety of the casualty, Z any bystanders and the first aider. The scene survey should be conducted by remembering the acronym ¢ Stop, take a deep breath and take charge of people and vehicular traffic. Look for anything that could cause further harm to the casualty, bystanders or more importantly yourself within the immediate area. Gather as much information about what has occurred from the casualty and from bystanders and try to make a diagnosis (history, signs and symptoms). Ensure protection is worn (gloves), and that casualties are prioritised (breathing, bleeding, bones/burns and other conditions). Try to gain assistance from a bystander and contact the emergency services. Having conducted a scene survey and established that the immediate area is safe from any dangers, you can now approach the casualty. When approaching the casualty an initial assessment should be conducted; this initial assessment is called a primary survey. The primary survey isa systematic process of approaching, identifying and dealing with immediate and or life- threatening conditions. ‘The primary survey can be remembered by the acronym DRABCD (or the easy way to remember, Doctor ABCD). Gaeee ais(s4yeaigz suorsordwo> 0) ¥a> UMD ‘Bunypo21q 0u Lyons0> ‘anos uejnquie yun uoge>tunwwos pre 0} au0yd a4 uo wom>uny orandannatymsnacursy-ansvosmain “noipasooid vay asuodso1 oN ‘Anua6 pur siapjnot f} Uo PUeY INOK a>e\q -3DWId ‘nerposois-on-BuneSunowfownaiy- saw QD 0 01 > a UR ae ued oi pun scrue6uy soy gupypay> usu pes Adv 24 250 “Ayense> [ue peoyi0} 24) Uo puey nok 23244) yetae teu “pourou yawn peoy ‘aipyouossueniadky ‘ay Busn Aemuie aun vedo, eq Ha4p oWLe Ajense> a4p 92414 -femure ays vod SAVNRIIYClear and effective communication should be used at all times when dealing with a casualty. A casualty may be in a distressed and confused state; the first aider should remain calm and authoritative. Considerations with regard to casualty communication are as follows: Try to use the casualty’s preferred name. Gather as much information as possible about the situation. Let the casualty, if possible, explain where they are injured. Only speak about facts, not what your opinion |. Explain what you are going to do, prior to doing it. Speak clearly and slowly without shouting, Allow the casualty time to think and respond, ‘Ask the casualty to assist wherever possible (distract ther). Try to keep eye contact with the casualty (What's key? Whilst communicating with the casualty itis important to gather as much information about them and the situation as possible. There are two main reasons for this firstly to provide details for the first aider regarding injuries and what has caused them and secondly to feed back as much information as possible to the emergency services on their arrival The best way to gather patient information is to look atthe casualty’ history, signs and Is about uncovering as much information about the casualty and the incident as possible; this will cover the time and nature of the accident, witnesses and injuries sustained. Its also a good idea to ascertain f the casualty is currently taking any prescribed medication or has suffered from any previous injuries ‘are what you as the first alder can see, smell or hear. ‘are what the casualty actually feels. You should encourage them to tell you if they are suffering with pain, or are feeling nauseous or weak. With regard to history, signs and symptoms the acronym ‘What's key’ can be used to remember vital information that we need to capture. Q rrnssvene 1 tH ) How did it happen? e Eating time of last meal @ Are they wearing a medical bracelet or chain? 8 ‘You now need to conduct a secondary survey e The time of the accident/incident Qe etLook at the casualty’s head and face for any obvious signs of injury or trauma. Remove spectacles 5 Gentiy feel around the shoulders to check for signs of deformity and bleeding. By Check along the arms; feel fr signs of deformity, swelling 85, Tryto checks much ofthe spine as possible without moving the casualty; Eh Check the hips and pelvis for deformity, unnatural positioning or bleeding, 4, Gently check the abdomen for signs of bleeding, swelling or unnatural softness. Secondary survey Head-to-toe survey ifthe casualty is breathing normally, secondary survey should be carried out. Inform the casualty what you are doing at all stages. Ifthe casualty is responsive ask them to tell you ifthey feel any pain during the head:-to-toe survey. Head and Face ifthe casualty s wearing them. Gently feel around the head, face and scalp forany bleeding, swelling or depressions. Look at the casualty’ eats for signs of bleeding or the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Weck { Loosen any restrictive clothing such as ties or collars. Gently feel around ‘the cervical spine area and back of the neck to check forany bleeding, swellings or deformity and also check for medical necklaces. y Chest and Shoulders Check the chest for normal breathing movement (rise and fall) and check for any bleeding. ‘Arms and Hands and bleeding. Check the wrists for medical bracelets. Spine feel for tenderness and deformity as well as signs of bleeding. Pelvis ‘Abdomen Legs and Feet Check the legs and feet for bleeding, unnatural positioning, swelling and deformity. Check the pockets of skirts or trousers for objects that may cause discomfort or pain should the casualty be moved. ‘When a casualty foun after an unidentified incident, they may be sein fom a number fini. Establish thatthe coulis out ofimmedat danger, i. breathing and no malorbleeting and then cary out an examination inthe poston they are found eee aePlacing the casualty in the recovery position helps to: 13 2s 3. Kneel to the side of the casualty; remove Peon Ieee ENA a BY) from side pockets. are Re ie COR ee Mae le angle to the casualty’s body (allow it to rest in a natural position) TT RU RU aeRO eRe ie lek eed Le SelM eR RUM ea ela Le UN a court Ries the casualty’s clothing Zee Re nee Re ed Ciedeent kash ude Pens cetar Keeping the casualty’s hand on their cheek to control the head movement, pull their leg towards Vena cier Adjust the casualty’s upper leg so that the knee and lower leg are at right angles to the hip making a Ree Semen e gorau eter cuentas een MU meee a CRU PCR As The casualty is now in the Treen eee Meatea ecru acca aus and be prepared to carry out CPR. V ‘Fyou suspect a spinal injury (unless ‘When placing a pregnant woman into the recovery beating scnponisl te ct peter shes pace net ee, Shale the patna ss ress campesin thee irst aid at WORK rTManaging an unresponsive casualty The principles of resuscitation Basic life support (BLS) and automated external defibrillation (AED) comprises the following elements: © Initial assessment © Airway maintenance and breathing © Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and ‘Automated External Defibrillation (AED), The respiratory system The main aim of the respiratory system Isto supply oxygen toall pars of the body. Breathing is essential to life. When we inhale we breathe in a mixture of: @ nitrogen (79%) @ oxygen (20%) @ other gases (1%) When we exhale we breathe out a mixture of: @ carbon dioxide (4%) nitrogen (79%) © oxygen (16%) © other gases (1%) Chest compressions Chest compressions should be administered to a casualty who is not breathing normally. The depth of the chest compression is 5-6 centimetres (similar to the height of a credit card) and the rate of compression should. be 100-120 compressions pet minute. 30 chest compressions should be administered prior to moving on to rescue breaths (expired air ventilation). «+ Air route Trachea »., Lungs ***= Diaphragm THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Airway maintenance ‘ Itis important that the casualty’ airway is opened and remains open (maintained). M00 0000 00110 0000 SCE aa)Rescue breathing (expired air ventilation) After completing 30 chest compressions the emergency firs alder should administer 2 effective rescue breaths. Each breath should take one second to complete and the casualty’s chest should rise asin normal breathing; this is known as an effective rescue breath. Administering the 2 breaths should not take more than 5 seconds to complete in total. Once the first breath. is administered remove your mouth from the casualty's mouth, tun your head and watch the chest rise and fall, then administer the second breath. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) CPR is a method of combining chest compressions DEFINITION with effective rescue breaths in order to artificially circulate blood and to put air into the lungs. ‘To administer CPR: @ Knee! by the side of the casualty. Place the heel of one hand in the centre of the casualty’s chest. @ Place the heel of your other hand on top of the first hand. Interlock the fingers of your hands. @ Position yourself vertically above the casualty’s chest and with your arms straight, press down on the sternum 5 - 6 cm, After each compression, release all the pressure on the chest ‘without losing contact between your hands and the sternum, Repeat at a rate of 100- 120 compressions per minute 30 times. © Administer 2 effective rescue breaths. © Complete 30 compressions and 2 rescue breaths until 1. A health professional tells you to stop ieee) eee ann moving, opening their eyes and breathing cory Ifthere is assistance available when administering CPR you should change ‘over every 1-2 minutes. lompression should fadepth of 5 to Gems Se Ear oigDANGER a RESPONSE (AVPU) e > x AIRWAY >) oe a5 (997/998/999) (997/998/999), c> a : ii yi FOR LIFEGUARDS ONLY for DROWNING CASUALTIES Give 5 initial breaths and resuscitate for 1 minute before calling 997/998/999. Upon your return continue with CPR, i.e. 30:2 s I you are untrained or unable to give rescue breaths then compression-only CPR may be administered. If compression-only CPR Is given, then this should be continuous at a depth of 5-6 cm and ata rate of. compressions per minute, Ideally the casualty shou be on afm flat surface to perform chest compressions. the casualty ‘soma ed, safe todos, they should be moved to the far. this not posible CPR should be commenced with the casualty on the bed.Infant and child CPR The age definition of an infant can best be defined as from birth to less than 1 year of age. ‘The age definition of a child can best be defined as from 1 year old to the onset of puberty. If responsive by answering or moving leave in the position found, provided there is no further danger, check their condition and get help if needed, reassess regularly Use the head-tilt / Place into the recovery position, call an ambulance (997/998/999), only leave the infant/child if there is no other way of obtaining help, check for continued normal breathing If you are on your own, remove any obvious airway obstruction and give 5 initial rescue breaths followed by 1 minute of CPR before calling an ambulance (997/998/999), if possible take the infant/child with you whilst summoning help Continue with CPR until a health professional tells you to stop, you become exhausted or the infant/ child shows signs of life (moving, breathing normally or coughing) “*The use of an AED is not recommended for infants aged less than 1 year, PME CECA ToldChain of survival After suffering from a cardiac arrest, with each passing minute, a casualty’s chance of survival diminishes roughly by 6-103. The chain of survival isa series of actions, or links, that when put quickly in motion increase the odds of survival, Ifthe chain {is broken, or has a link missing the odds of survival willbe reduced. To prevent Bees Peis poeuecitd toned ieee aes LAS Early recognition Early CPR Early defibrillation Post-resuscitation care and call for help start CPato Deficilators give an Care provided by the Recognise those at risk of buy time until ff electric shock to reorganiseff ff paramedics and the hospital cardiac antest and cal for medical help he rhythm of helpin the hope that arrives the heart can prevent arrest Automated external defibrillator (AED) ‘An automated external defibrillator (AED) is used in conjunction with CPR. Follow the adult basic life support sequence as described on page 15. Ifthe AED is not available immediately commence CPR priortoitarriving, Once the AED arrives + if more than one rescuer is present, continue CPR while the AED is switched on. ifyou are alone, stop CPR and switch oon the AED. g + Follow the voice and/or visual prompts. + Attach the electrode pads tothe casualty’ bare chest + Ensure that nobody touches the casualty heck the postion whilst the AED is orteps analysing the heart thythm. Look orsign of peematere piecing. ey revise entre Theretsnonesitesharethe 7 Ce thatthe padsre kept lea ofthem, chestunls itl aft he Neston acess be padssicing ttn. removedadstin wiped ary before pasar pace eee a(2) Ifa shocks indicated: + Ensure that nobody is in contact with the casualty and give clear instructions for everyone to ‘Stand Clear’. + Press the shock button as directed (fully automatic, AEDs will deliver the shock automatically) + Continue as directed by the AEDs voice and visual prompts, + The AED will inform you to continue with CPR; continue with CPR until the voice prompt informs youto stop, (b) If no shock is indicated: + Resume CPR immediately using a ratio of 30 chest compressions to 2 rescue breaths. + Continue as directed by the voice/visual prompts. ‘STAND CLEAR’ Continue to follow the AED prompts until: + qualified help arrives and takes over + the casualty starts to show signs of regaining consciousness, such as coughing, opening their eyes, speaking, or moving purposefully AND starts to breathe normally + you become exhausted Leave the pads attached when pacing the casuetyintthe recovery postion, ‘Send or go for AED, Cal1997/998999Trachea ee The respiratory system Obstructed airway ‘An obstructed airway is the partial or complete blockage of the upper airway (larynx and. trachea) which leads to the lungs. The obstruction of the airway can be due to different ‘causes including foreign bodies (foods) allergic reactions, asthma, blood, vomit and infections. ‘An obstruction can cause minor or major breathing difficulties and in severe circumstances may ‘cause the casualty to become unconscious and unresponsive. A choking adult or child (airway obstruction) ‘Someone who is choking will have either a mild or severe airway obstruction. The severity of the blockage will determine the difficult in breathing. Recognising a choking casualty © grasping atthe throat area @ difficulty in breathing and speaking ‘With a severe airway obstruction the casualty may @ redness of the face show the above signs but also the skin colour may develop a blue/grey tinge; the @ cyes enlarged and watering casualty will get progressively weaker and eventually will Become unconscious. @ displaying distress Encourage the casualty to cough. Partial obstructions are usually cleared by coughing. If, after coughing, the obstruction still remains and the casualty is stil choking, then start the following procedure: oun" Stand to the side and slightly behind the casualty y Support the chest with one hand, lean the casualty forward and administer a maximum, '5 sharp blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of your other hand Ifthe back blows are ineffective then give up to $ abdominal thrusts @ }DOMINAL THRUSTS, 4 Stand behind the casualty and put both arms round the upper part of the abdomen, lean the casualty forward With one hand clench your fist and place it between the naval and the ribcage Grasp this hand with your other hand and pull sharply inwards and upwards, repeat this process up to a maximum of 5 times Assess the casualty’s condition, ifthe obstruction is still not relieved call for an ambulance (997/998/999) and continue with cycles of up to 5 back blows and up to 5 abdominal thrusts until qualified medical assistance takes over Ifthe casualty becomes unresponsive commence CPR Csualties sould seek medical attention they: @ bavereceved abdominal trusts © ‘avecifclty swallowing or sil fel as though they havean object suckin thei throat PenceHypoxia Hypoxia is when the bodys tissues are deprived of an adequate ‘oxygen supply (oxygen starvation), eo) RECOGNITION. confused and distressed sweating nausea general weakness Action for a choking child START BD Encourgethe child to cough, ifinefectve shout orb % Give up to 5 sharp back blows ‘cyanosis blue or purple coloration of the skin) hyperventilating (rapid breathing) Maintain the airway. Call for an ambulance (997/998/999) immediately. Calm and reassure. Monitor constantly and be prepared to carty out basic life support. me) ® ifcsioting Iseffective continuously ‘monitor Isthis successful? — Reassure and seek medical Give up tos assistance finany doubt abdominal thrusts ¢ tthe childs or becomes =e allan ambulance (997/996/999), continue ere ere Action for a choking infant START BED) Hesusing eee % Give up to 5 sharp back blows. 8 Give up to 5 chest thrusts (use the tips of 2fingers) T =e Teer ers oimnsenemencrecrn unconscious, open airway and look for any obvious object, give 5 inital rescue breaths followed by 1 minute of CPR allan ambulance (9971998/999), continue CPR coughing is effective, continuously monitor ‘Seek medical assistance ifinany doubt Ifthe infantis or becomes unconscious, open airway and look for any obvious Foraninfant, abdominal thrusts arent recommended and shoul be replace with chest thrusts instead (997/998/999), continue CPR 20 first aid at WORKWounds and bleeding ay y A @ The circulatory system The circulatory system in its basic form consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood, Problems or malfunctions with the \ circulatory system can lead to major life-threatening conditions and cause health issues such as angina, heart attacks, strokes and blood clots. > &] &_: & Soe > Hood. Thebady struglesto operate fone thidof ts blood hasbeen ay Degygenated blood lost, blod pressure wal fall quickly and the station becomes critical, Jy Radial x The average adult heart beats continuously at arate of 60-100 beats (Hi) ermine. The average adult huran body holds 10 pints of mosygerated bod NORMAL HEART ADULTS 60-100 RATES-BEATS CHILDREN 90-110 PERMINUTE: — INFANTS 110-130 The pulse ‘A pulsation of blood is pumped through the arteries every time the heart contracts. Checking the pulse can provide useful information when monitoring a casualty. The main locations fora pulse for first-aid purposes are in the neck (carotid pulse, the wrist (radial pulse) and the upper arm (brachial pulse). Types of wounds /Awound s best described as an injury toiving tissue caused by act, bio, or other Impact where the skins tom, cut or punctured, Wounds canbe placed into @ Acariincsion sixcategoies: ee ees! the blade of a knife, @ A urceantion ean @ sn nseasion raze soos ecgear eee of glass for example. The wound ~awound that can ~a superficial itself will be neat in appearance be caused by tering the wound where and dependent onthe severty skin or soft body tissue the topmost layer ‘may result in severe blood loss. resulting in a jagged edge of skin has been scraped off. This wound. This could be caused tends to be caused by sliding or Pee escent falling onto particularly rough @ ACONTUSION (bruise) The severity of blood los wll surfaces. The bleeding fom this . be dependent on the size of the wound tends to be a capillary ee me laceration. bleed and will ooze from the site 7 il rin injury and will ofthe wound, heal fairly quickly SK) without treatment. @ Arenas : A contusion occurs when blood (ering) @ dreverzarnc : vessels are damaged or broken. ~ caused by an object WOUND (embedded) Contusions can be caused by puncturing or piercing Pesieinyainicon a blow froma blunt object the skin such as a nail, aneedle, a bullet entering the coming into contact with a part splinter or a shard of glass. cay eseyer eae of the body (a hit ora punch for A puncture wound doesnot Honan eae ne oe example or alternatively when Usually cause excessive bleeding, deren eset ereecotel the body comes into contact with ‘as the wound tends to close up reateerrte tre eed ettereal sieed a hard surface (falling over for ‘onitself. There isa high risk of ice bati the pect wolnd and example). If the cause is more infection and if severe can cause there is also a high tisk of infection. severe there isa possibility of substantial damage internally extensive internal bleeding,Types of bleeding eo" INTERNAL BLEEDING ‘when blood escapes from the circulatory system but remains inside the body. Internal bleeding can occur in Bae places such as within tissues, organs, cavities or spaces inside the body (chest, head and abdomen}. Sometimes signs of intemal bleeding canbe visible such as when the casualty coughs up blood or vomits blood but most ofthe time internal bleeding is not apparent. [EXTERNAL BLEEDING This is where blood escapes from the circulatory system to the outside of the body, for example, from a wound, /ARTERIAL BLEEDING This isa bleed from an artery and will be bright red in colour (oxygenated blood); the blood will pump from the wound in time with the casualty’s heartbeat VENOUS BLEEDING Thisisa bleed from a vein. The blood will be a dark red in colour (deoxygenated blood) and will gush or flow from the wound. ‘CAPILLARY BLEEDING This is a bleed that is red in colour and slowly oozes from the wound or from underneath the skin, e.g, bruising. Major bleeding ‘Amajor bleed, ifnot treated promptly, can be life-threatening, The table below shows typical signs and symptoms in drect relation to the amount of blood lost from the body. Cries Signs Symptoms 10% Blood Loss 20% BloodLoss 30% Blood Loss, Response level ‘Normal Nausea Lowered levels of response, signs ofshock AMES Skin coloutexture Normal Folteatothetouch janes bear tngestothelpsand ‘rerio and damy ~ rae Pulserate Normal ‘Slightly raised ‘pid weak pulse (hata detec) Eee) Treatment of bleeding (General) © Ensure that you put on your disposable gloves. @ Sitor lay the casualty down on a firm, stable base. @ Examine the wound @ Co not attempt to remove any embedded foreign objects (see Wounds with embedded foreign objects) © Apply direct pressure onto the wound to try and stem the bleeding. @ Dress the wound with a sterile dressing. @ 'Fblood seeps from the first dressing then apply a second dressing directly over the top ofthe first one. @ ‘IF blood seeps through the second dressing then remove both dressings and start again. This course of action is carried out because there is nota suffcient seal between the dressing and the wound, ‘Once the dressing becomes saturated with blood it becomes ineffective. © Support the wounded part and be prepared to treat the casvalty for shock. @ A triangular bandage can be folded into a broad fold bandage to help support a limb. Itcan also be used to apoly pressure over a sterile dressing, @ Do not allow the casualty to smoke or to consume any food or drink @ all for an ambulance (997/998/999) and monitor the casualty PME Es (ndWounds with embedded foreign objects 1: Wound with embedded 2: Apply dressings and pressure to either side of the embedded foreign object. object, If possible ask the casualty to hold these in place. 3: Apply a larger dressing 4: Ask the casualty 5: Secure the if possible over the top. toassistif able. dressing in place. 6: Gall for an ambulance Hyouhavenot (997/998/999), monitor the contac the casualty and, if required, treat emergency services for shock. ‘then they will not axive! Amputation Amputations can cause: @ ‘oss of blood @ damage to the bone @ damage to tendons, ligaments and muscles Put on your gloves. Treat for bleeding and shock. Call for an ambulance (997/998/999). Dress the casualty’s wound. Place amputated part in a plastic bag or clingfilm. Wrap cloth around the plastic bag or clingfilm and place on a bag office. ‘Write casualty’s name on the bag along with details of the body part; (record the approximate time of the amputation if possible). isinaposiion where rect pressure isnot posible, Training i required to ensure the safe and effective application ofthese dressings, Tourniquet - A tourniquet canbe used when det vicund pressure cannot control severe external bleedin in limb. Training is required to ensure the safe and effective application ofa tourniquet. TCE aes) @ Haemostatic dressings haemostatic desing can be used when dec pressure cannot contol severe extemal bleeding or the woundShock Hypovolaemic shock Hypovolaemic shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body loses 20% (one fifth) or more of its blood or fluid supply Hypovolaemic shock can be caused by: © severe bleeding RECOGNITION {intemal and external) © severe diarthoeaand ~— @ avisibleassociated wound ‘Treat the cause if apparent. vomiting (D and V) @ severe cuts orwounds @ pale, blue/grey, cold Lay the casualty down on a flat surface and © severe burns ‘clammy skin raise the legs; ensure the legs are above asad the level of the heart. @ aweak pulse Loosen tight clothing. @ 2 :2pid heart rate Keep the casualty warm with a blanket. ~~ @ nausee Monitor the casualty’s airway and breathing, Do not allow any food or drink (may induce vomiting) Call for an ambulance (997/998/999). Anaphylaxis ‘Anaphylaxis is an extreme and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction, which results in rapid chemical changes inthe body. ‘Anaphylaxis can be caused by a’trigger’ such as insect stings, foods (e.g. nuts or shellfish) and medicines (such as pencil). o« @ swelling of the mouth, ‘tongue, face and neck Call for an ambulance (997/998/999). Encourage the casualty to use their medication if applicable (antihistamine or auto injector. @ difficulty in breathing @ se4, blotchy and Sit the casualty down (if responsive), itchy skin Remove the trigger if possible. @ ravsea sae Monitor the casualty (airway and breathing) ee @ evsery Itis important that the casualty isseen by a qualified medical practitioner, Be prepared to carry out basic life support. Pr] at WORKSeizures Epileptic seizure ‘an epileptic seizure i caused by a sudden burst of excessive, electrical activity inthe brain causing a temporary disruption to signals passing between brain cells. There are many different forms of epilepsy. To keep the recognition and treatment on a generalised level we have placed these differing forms of epilepsy into two main groups: partial seizures and generalised seizures. Partial seizures A partial seizure is a brief loss of responsiveness for a few seconds/minutes, Ensure the casualty's safety. (Make sure people or objects are kept away.) See if the casualty can be seated. ‘tay with the casualty and time the episode. Ifitis the first time recommend the casualty see a doctor immediately. Generalised seizures ‘The most common and widely recognised generalised seizure is called a tonic-clonic seizure; this affects the body in progressive ‘ways. A tonic-clonic seizure is sometimes referred to as a grand mal, and occurs in stages. Prior to suffering a tonic-clonic seizure a casualty may have confusing thoughts, headaches and undergo strange tastes and smells; this i called an ‘aura’. Ensure the casualty's safety by removing dangerous items from within the vicinity where possible. Remove any spectacles and loosen clothing around the neck, Do not restrain the casualty. Donotplae objects the casualty mouth, Record the time and duration of the seizure. If the seizure continues (timings dependent on local policy], or there are multiple seizures then contact the emergency services (997/998/999). When the seizure stops clear any excess saliva and check airways and breathing, Place the casualty into the recovery position. Be conscious of the casualtys embarrassment, Reassure the casualty. Ifitis their first seizure call for an ambulance (997/998/999). ae aeDealing with minor injuries ‘Minor injuries are not life-threatening conditions; however, if they are left untreated they may lead to infection and other complications. eo (BRUISES) A bruise is caused by damaged capillaries bleeding under the skin. A bruise will often be caused by a traumato the part of the body where the bruise appears, often caused by a blow or fall. twill often be visible, appearing as a blue/purple or purple/ black colouration. MINOR CUTS Minor cuts may hardly bleed at all, However, they can be painful. The top layer of the skin (epidermis) isrubbed ‘away and the nerve endings are exposed. Capillary bleeding may occur atthe site of the {graze and blood will o0ze from the wound. Burns and scalds Burn classifications oe = wee Q owes ivan Q vrei = ote Wear disposable gloves. |___ @ Thisisabo the treatment for sprainsand stains. Lookat the wound for any foreign embedded objects. Clean the affected area with a sterile cleansing wipe. Ifrequired, apply direct pressure to the wound Apply a dry, sterile dressing to the wound. The severity of the injury will depend on the classification of the burn; there are three recognised classifications of burns. These are: eet) etc Partial-thickness akon eee ot) Full-thickness burn (3rd burn) PME Ea oid The human skin is made up of three layers, the outer layer (epidermis), ‘the middle layer (detmis) and the innermost layer (subcutaneous). Epidermis ce Subeuteneous—e@ MINOR BURNS and SCALDS Every year there are large numbers of people who suffer from a minor burn or scald injury. ‘A burn or sald injury can be caused by: @ wavieion Example + sunburn + ultraviolet lamps + overexposure to X-rays radiation burn occurs when radiation damages cells within the body. The body responds in an attempt to repair itself resulting in redness around the damaged area, @ ELECTRICITY Examples: + domestic low-voltage appliances + lightning + high voltage + cables Dry heat burns may cause blisters, or Electrical burns result from contact charred, black or red skin dependent with exposed parts of electrical on the depth of burn (superficial, appliances or wiring. Partial-thickness or full-thickness), @ CHEMICALS Examples: + acids and alkalis + domestic cleaning products + industrial chemicals ‘A chemical burn can be extremely dangerous; body tissue is damaged usually by direct contact with the chemical orits fumes. Exposure can not only severely damage tissue but also lead to disability and scarring, All chemical burn casualties should be referred to. hospital as soon as possible, Cold burns are caused when the skin comes into contact with an object thattis extremely Cold. The coldness of the object is sufficient ‘to cause damage to the skin at the point of contact and may also damage underlying tissues and capillaries. The immediate area is often left blistered,Burn management Remove from the source of the bum if necessary. Put on your disposable gloves. Cool the area of the burn with water for a minimum of 10 minutes. Remove restrictive clothing or jewellery in case of swelling, Do not remove anything that is stuck to the burnt skin. **Cingfi ister the is few inches ere dlscarded.Iralze doesnot stickto the sknond the condition of the burn ‘can clearly be seen throught Dress the burn with a loose sterile dressing or if unavailable then place a layer of clingfilm over the burn**, Seek medical attention immediately if the burn covers more than 5% of the body or it saffecting the airway and breathing, euces ‘A pattial-thickness burn is where the epidermis and dermis have been burnt to Caren ce! varying degrees. With a partial-thickness burn there is a high risk of infection Pra) (septicaemia) and also, dependent on the severity of the burn, there may be the chance of the casualty going into shock. For electrical burns ensure that the source has been disconnected and there is no further danger to yourself, bystanders and the casualty Remove the source of the burn ifpossible. Put on your disposable gloves. Remove clothing and then flush the area of the wound with water for a minimum of 10 minutes. Remove restrictive clothing or jewellery in case of swelling, However, donot remove anything that is stuck to the burnt skin: Do not burst any blisters that may have formed, Dress the burn witha loose sterile dressing or if unavailable then place a layer of clingfilm over the burn. 2 Seek medical attention immediately if the burn covers more than 1% of the body orit is affecting © i (Hi) Theareaof the casuatysopen the airway and breathing. For partal-thickness bums that cover more than 9% ofthe body then tandincding ges, eu be prepared to treat for shock. toast yaa, PRE Eau’Pienann A full-thickness burn is where all layers ofthe dermis and possibly the burn (31d degree subcutaneous layer have been damaged. This is usually a less painful injury (as burn) the nerves have been burned away). However itis extremely dangerous due to the high risk of infection (septicaemia) and also the high risk of shock. Put on your disposable gloves. Remove clothing and then flush the area of the wound with water for a minimum of 10 minutes. Remove restrictive clothing or jewellery in case of swelling, Do not remove anything that is stuck to the burnt skin, Dress the burn wit a loose sterile dressing or if unavailable then place a layer of clingfilm over the bun. Seek medical attention immediately. ‘Chemical burns to the eye TREATMENT Irrigate the eye immediately using continuous large volumes of clean water; Seek medical attention. Foreign objects can enter into the body through wounds or orifices such as the ear, nose and eye. You should always wear disposable gloves when treating a casualty. Seek medical attention unless the incident is extremely minor. Calm and reassure the casualty at all times. EAR NOSE EYE ‘May auseinfection and/or | May cause infection and difficulty inbreathing. | May cause damage tothe eye either by puncture perforation ofthe eardrum. | Could cause nosebleeds due to vessel damage, ‘wound or surface scratch. TREATMENT TREATMENT for NOSEBLEED TREATMENT Make no attempt to Sit the casualty down and leaning forward The eye willbe itchy; advise the casualty not to rub, remove the object Ask the casualty to breathe through the mouth | As the casualty to open the eye wide; pull he top ld up Cover the eat with adry | andto pinch the soft part the nose (providing | and the bottom ld down, sterile dressing, no objects embedded). Look into the eye and see you can see the object. [Advise the casualty to _| Maintain the pressure for 10 minutes and then seek qualified medical | Felease slowly ‘Ask the casualty to look up, down, left and ight as eye ‘overent will produce tears which may flush out the attention If stl bleeding repeat the process Sujet ‘ ee Ifbleeding has ceased clean up any blood and | Forinsects use an eyewash to see the insect an be Inthe aseofan | ask the casualty to rest and avoid blowing bial ” sie insect fsodthe | OF picking the nose forthe earwithdean | Pext few hours. Cover the eye with a dry sterile dressing watertofiust | if after 30 minutes the For embedded obj ‘or embedded objects if possible, place the casualty on theinsectout, | nose is stil bleeding the floor with their head and shoulders raised and theie seek medical assistance. head supported, TEE ae)@ ‘SMALL SPLINTERS Splintets are foreign objects that ‘embed themselves into the skin, either fully or partially. Splinter injuries are often surprisingly painful and are a common occurrence that can be caused bby many things such as: © shard of glass © splinter of wood © splinter of plastic © sliver of metal a @ ECOGNTION @ possible pain at the site of the injury ©@ visibitity of the splinter ©@ possible swelling at the site ofthe injury @ may be an associated bleed NOTE: TREATMENT (partially embedded) Put on your disposable gloves. Clean the area surrounding the splinter. Ensure that your tweezers are sterile, Draw the splinter out in the direction of the entry route, Clean the surrounding area. Monitor for signs of infection, DRAWING TECHNIQUE: Place the sticky part ofthe plaster onthe splinter, TREATMENT (fully embedded) Put on your disposable gloves. Clean the area surrounding the splinter. With fully embedded splinters corporate a drawing technique, which is: + cover the splinter witha plaster and leave overnight remove the plaster and see if the splinter has been drawn out either fully or partially For large splinters an fully embeeded splinters that cannot be drawn out please seok qualified medical attention, ifthe spite is under fingernail or toenail then seck medical attention asthe extraction may become complicated The human skeleton The adult human skeleton is made up of 206 bones. The skeleton shapes and forms our bodies and protects vital organs such as the brain, heart and lungs. Joints connect Individual bones and allow for movement through muscles which are attached to the bone by fibrous tissues called tendons. There are three types of joints: IMMOVEABLE (fibrous) — eg. the plates of the skull PARTIALLY MOVEABLE (cartilaginous) - eg. where the ribs connect to the sternum FULLY MOVEABLE (synovial) - eg. the shoulder joint Et)Fractures and disloca ‘A fracture Is a chip, crack or breakin the bone. Types of fracture fe) FRACTURES Pay @ RECOGNITION Closed (no associated wound) e pain, tenderness, bruising and swelling at the site of injury @ inthe case of an open fracture, associated bleeding Open Put on gloves. (the fracture has broken the skin) e possible loss of mobility Treat bleeding if required. @ eformity titi Immobilise in the position r @ nausea, pale, cold clammy skin found (most comfortable {shoclo for the casualty). Complicated (the fracture is causing a further injury to vessels or organs for Monitor the casualty forthe onset example) of shock, inthe as ofa dislocation ‘reat asa fracture. Applying a support sling An easy-to-follow guide showing one of the methods of applying a support sling. all for an ambulance (997/998/999), Gently suppor the injured arm. Ask the casualty to assist if possible. Places triangular | | Bring the lower end Use a safety pin to secure atthe elbow, bandage with ‘ofthe bandageup to or twist bandage and tuckinto sing at its base parallel rmeettheupperendat _theback ofthe am, : tothe casualty’s the shoulder. Secure with areet knot. ‘With the arm safely supported in asling, ‘youcan transport the casualty, ‘OTHER METHODS: There are various suppor sings avaiable Aa aTAll head injuries have the potential to be life-threatening and qualified medical assistance should bbe sought in all instances where a major head injury is suspected. Types of major head injuries include concussion, cerebral compression and skull fracture, CONCUSSION CEREBRAL COMPRESSION SKULL FRACTURE Shaking ofthe brain causes A build-up of pressure on the Can be either open or closed; caused by eithera temporary disturbance of brain caused by brain tissue direct or indirect blow to the head normal brain swelling or an accumulation activity often of blood. caused by a blow to the. head. we) possible brief loss of intense headache associated wound consciousness drowsiness tenderness and pain dizziness and nausea tunequal pupil sizes depression/deformity of the skull headache slow, strong pulse bruising and swelling at the site of injury brief loss of memory ‘weakness or paralysis down presence of cerebral spinal fuid (CSF) from ears blurred vision ‘one side of the body and nose nolsy breathing Vv Control any bleeding and/or CSF loss. Gall for an ambulance ( . Place the casualty in a comfortable position, preferably on a flat surface with the head and shoulders raised. ‘Monitor the casualty and be prepared to carry out basic life support. Wiha suspected sul fracture tur the head incase ther is an associated neck or spinal injury. Ey] eesCall for an ambulance. Determine ifthe casualty is breathi ifnot, commence basic life support. Keep the casualty in the position found and immobilise by holding Ifthe casualty is breathing do not move the head and neck. unless in danger or choking on blood or vomit. Keep the head gently tilted back Cece ‘Ask the casualty to remain as still ‘to maintain the airway, as possible. Call for an ambulance (997/998/999), ‘Avoid asking questions that require anod or head shake. Keep the casualty warm and monitor. casualty warm, Keep the head and spine in line where possible, Moving and turning a casualty Ifyou have to move the casualty, the first priority isto stabilise the head and neck in the neutral position, From the back of the head, place your hands firmly on each side of the casualty’s head with your fingers pointing towards their shoulders and positioned around the base of the skull on to the upper part of the neck, THE LOG ROLL TECHNIQUE You should be aiming to stop any movement of the head and neck. @ ‘fyou are alone, use the standard recovery position technique and try to maintain head and neck alignment. @ They may have injuries, but you cannot allow the casualty’s airway to be compromised. @ 'Fyou have help, one person should stabilise the head ‘and neck while the other person turns the casualty. © [fthere are 3 people, one person should stabilise the head and neck. The second person should turn the casualty and the third person should help to keep the back in alignment with the head. @ If there are 4 or more people use the log roll technique. Crete) ae)Fractures in children (Greenstick) @ eo Fractures in children are a common injury; most ofthe bone injuries Oran suffered by children will be what i areknownasgreenstckfractures. @ swelling @ bruising @ tenderness at the site of injury Achild’s bones are pliable so they bend and do not @ reluctance to move the injured limb @ beck of movernent completely break through, @ deformity Greenstick fractures can @ crepitus or creaking of the bone often be confused with strains and sprains and can Orarccra: leven be missed for a period of time as they do not always show all the @ possibly an open wound ‘common signs and symptoms of an adult fracture. @ signs and symptoms of shock Dislocations Reassure and comfort the chil. Immobilise the injured area as much as possible; if the child is holding their arm close to their body there is no need to immobilise it unless you plan to move the child. Monitor and treat for shock if necessary. Inform the child's parents. all for an ambulance (997/998/999). A dislocation occurs when bones that forma joint become misaligned or displaced. A dislocation is often caused by a sudden impact to the joint. Ligaments may also become damaged as a result ofa dislocation. ‘TREATMENT C @ pain If possible support and immobilise in the position found. @ ‘edness and swelling @ (055 of movement @ deformity Call for an ambulance (997/998/999). Be prepared to treat for shock. Sprains and strains @ RECOGNITION @ RECOGNITION A sprain or strain is (SPRAIN) An injury often referred to as (STRAIN) An injury to either a muscle is tothejointcaused __oratendon, may be caused by a a soft tissue injury: by the ligaments simple overstretch ofthe muscle or thisis often being stetched. tendon o itcould be caused bya attributed to activity or sports-related events. partial or complete teat, @ pain @ pain : @ swetting @ muscle weakness @ bruising @ localised bruising and swelling @ iackofmobitty © cramps Pees ‘Allow the casualty to adopt the most comfortable position. TREATMENT REST the area where the injury occurs Apply ICE (over a covering). , e ELEVATE posseChest injuries Types of chest injuries Chest injuries or chest traumas (thoracic traumas) are serious and can cause either disability or even death in a worst case scenario, There are many different types of chest injuries such as the following: RIB FRACTURE ~ a break or fracture in one or more of the ribs (Middle ribs are more commonly broken or fractured.) e RECOGNITION @ Pain when breathing or moving @ grating sound when moving or breathing TREATMENT Allovr the casualty to adopt the most comfortable position. Seek medical attention immediately. FLAIL CHEST — caused by blunt trauma or underlying medical conditions. Fail chest is a life-threatening condition ‘that is caused by a segment of the ribcage breaking under extreme stress which then becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall, RECOGNITION @ pain @ signs of seat belt trauma @ bruising — @ pabpitations © srazes Protect the underlying lung. ‘Minimise movement. Call for an ambulance immediately. PENETRATING CHEST WOUND - may be caused by a gunshot, knife or any object with the capability of penetrating the chest wall (e.g. nal, sliver of metal). This type of wound is often called a sucking chest wound, If there is a hole in the chest wall air enters the cavity with each breath and becomes trapped. This trapped air builds up pressure as the amount increases and, if untreated, it may collapse the lung, place pressure on the heart and affect breathing. TREATMENT Call for an ambulance (997/998/999), @ asucking soundas air enters Put on your gloves. @ difficuty in breathing Do not remove any embedded objects. @ Blood bubbiing from the wound Try and place the casualty into a halfstting Queues position, or lateral postion (lying on their side, ages bind injured side down). Do not apply a dressing, leave the open chest wound exposed to freely ‘communicate with the external environment or cover the wound with a non-occlusive dressing if necessary. Control localised bleeding with direct pressure, Treat for shock. Monitor the casualty’s airway and be prepared to carry out basic life support. BeeldDealing with major illness 2 @ HEART ATTACK ‘Aheart attack occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with oxygen enriched blood, become blocked. ‘Angina (an tightness and/or pain in the chest (mild or severe) ‘casualty clutching the chest possible spreading of pain tothe arms, neck and back dizziness ora light-headed feeling possible shortness of breath may feel nauseous or be sick may have cold sweats i) ‘The administration of150-300mg of chewable asprin srecommended fora casualty with ches pain duetoa suspected heat attack Gall for an ambulance ( ) immediately. Sit the casualty down with the legs drawn up or in a position which is comfortable. Loosen any restrictive clothing, Keep the casualty warm and comfortable, Monitor the casualty’s airway and breathing, Ifthe casualty becomes unresponsive then carry out basic life support. pectoris) is caused by a build-up of fatty deposits inside the coronary arteries causing them to narrow. ‘This narrowing impedes the flow of blood to the heart and causes pain similar to that of a heart attack tightening or squeezing ofthe chest pain radiating inthe chest often spreading to the jaw, neck, arms and back shortness of breath anxiety and weakness @ Ananginaattac’ssimarto aheart attack. Howeves an angina sufferer val recover ith rest andthe attack should only last between 1-15 minutes. EG ees Ascertain if this is the first attack orf they have previously been diagnosed. Rest the casualty. Encourage them to take their medication if applicable (usually GTN spray Glycery| trinitrate). Seek medical attention ifitis the casualty’s first attack or if you are unsure of the condition,A stroke is either short-term or permanent damage to the brain and/or body. If you suspect a stroke then you must act FAST. Can the person smile? Has the face dropped a on one side? Can the person ‘ raise both arms? Can the person an speak clearly and 6GO j understand what 7 you say? ( 5 ), By calling early, ANY treatment can be given which can prevent further damage. Call for an ambulance ( ) immediately. If responsive lay the casualty down with the head and shoulders raised or assist into a comfortable position. Ifunconscious place into the recovery position, affected side down. Loosen any restrictive clothing, 9 @ | there are any secretions then wipe them away. Ae aan Thespeedofteatment can havea major © Monitor the airway and breathing, impacton the casualty recovery. Be prepared to carry out basic lfe support. eet aeDiabetes Hypoglycaemia ‘A condition caused by the body's failure to regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin regulates blood sugar levels. HYPOGLYCAEMIA {Blood sugar content too low) RECOGNITIO! @ blurred vision @ hunger tiredness or lethargy @ lack of concentration @ increased heart rate headaches @ tingling sensations @ noticeable changes in personality @ feeling faint @ HYPERGLYCAEMIA (Blood sugar content too high) Eee © sweet fruty-smeling breath @ increased need to urinate © increased thirst A © dry mouth © {0:5 of appetite © tiredness and lethargy 38 > Sit the casualty down, calm and reassure. For suspected hypoglycaemia, ask the casualty to take glucose tablets equating to 15-20g glucose. If glucose tablets are not available, use other dietary forms of sugar (jelly babies/non-diet fizzy drink). If there is no improvement in the casualty’s condition then call for an ambulance (997/998/999). @ sorter the condition. ie cosvly becomes tastelfesuppor. DDonotattemptto giveth casualty anything to eto drink they become unconscious @ ‘TREATMENT Sit the casualty down. Encourage the casualty to use their medication. @ [they have not been previously diagnosed then call an ambulance (997/998/999), Monitor the condition. If the casualty becomes unconscious carry out ba life supporPoisons Apoison can be defined as a foreign substance that enters the body by means of ingestion, inhalation, absorption or injection which, in sufficient quantity, interferes with the normal body functions. TREATMENT (General) @ painsin the stomach Call for an ambulance (997/998/999). @ impaired vision Ensure the scene is safe. @ smell of fumes or chemicals @ burns and rashes. Remove the cause or remove the casualty from the scene. @ nausea and vomiting er ee, i dificult in breathin fentiy the poison if possible and if safe to do so, provide as Lae ee the source to the medical team when they arrive. Be prepared to carry out basic life support. Poisons can include: household chemicals industrial chemicals drugs/alcohol DONOT encourage oriting you suspect poisoning usea face emving arure shield you ned to give rescue breaths. Asthma ‘Asthma is a condition that affects and inflames the airways, making it difficult to manage normal breathing; there are many ‘asthma triggers’ TREATMENT (General) such as dust, pet fur and house dust. Assist the casualty to sit down, ASM If the casualty is experiencing Shen ecco difficulty n breathing assist them with the administration oftheir i ea ee prescribed bronchodilator. bouts of coughing © cyanosis (grey/blue lips and skin) @ may become unconscious Reassure the casualty. Ifthe attack is prolonged cal for an ambulance (997/998/999). Iitisthe asulty/Sfistatackor Be prepiared to cany our baskctfe they areyperentiltng then cll “istaidessholdbetanedinthe we SP support ‘for an ambulance (997/998/999) ‘of inhalers and spacers in order to assist Immediate, and be preparedto a sil nthe administration of hei any out baie suppor. =; bronchodto,Other injuries Abdominal trauma [Abdominal trauma injuries can be broadly placed into two main categories: BLUNT ABDOMINAL TRAUMA (BAT) ‘Common in motor vehicle accidents (seat belts tightening under force); they can also be caused by a punch, akick or by ‘an object striking the abdomen. With a blunt abdominal trauma theres always the concern that internal organs may be damaged such as the intestines, liver, spleen, lungs or the pancreas. @ RECOGNITION @ Beominal pain (@ prising and swelling @ weesions @ rewse2and vomiting TREATMENT Call for an ambulance (997/998/999) immediately. Put on disposable gloves. Gather as much information as possible. Ensure that the airway is maintained. @ possileblood in 2 Try and lay the casualty down with their knees drawn up. If this is not possible, the urine let the casualty adopt the most comfortable position. @ 2s0ciated signsand Monitor the casualty. symptoms of shock Treat for shock if necessary. Be prepared to carry out basic life support. PENETRATING ABDOMINAL TRAUMA (PAT) A penetrating abdominal trauma occurs when a foreign object pierces the skin and enters the abdomen. Although you will be able to clearly see an external wound you will not be able to see the inherent internal damage to organs, which will be potentially life-threatening. The most common penetrating abdorninal wounds are caused by gunshots and knives. @ RECOGNITION @ 2visible associated wound @ abdominal pain @ sausea and vomiting Call for an ambulance (997/998/999) immediately Put on disposable gloves. Ensure that the airway is maintained. @ distressed state @ possible blood in the urine @ associated signs and symptoms of shock Control and treat any associated bleeding, Tryand lay the casualty down with their knees drawn up. If this isnot possible let the casualty adopt the most comfortable position, Monitor the casualty. Treat for shock if necessary. Be prepared to carry out basic life support. Ce easCrush injuries | Aceush injury occurs when a body part s subjected to a high degree of force or pressure, usually after being pressed between two solid objects. This type of injuryis synonymous with motor vehicle accidents. A crush injury can cause muscle swelling, internal damage to organs and may stop blood circulating freely around the body. Thete are two main types of injurles associated with crush injuries: compartment syndrome and crush syndrome. Compartment syndrome ‘This is the compression of nerves, blood vessels and muscles inside a compartment (closed space] within the body. Tissues die from lack of ‘oxygenation caused by the blood vessels being compressed and the pressure rising within the compartment. This type of injury commonly affects limbs. ‘Crush syndrome (Bywaters’ syndrome) This occurs when the pressure on muscles is relieved, which causes toxins tobe released into the bloodstream, These toxins are highly dangerous to the kidneys and can cause renal feilure and death. TREATMENT (General) Ensure that the area Is safe to approach, Establish how long the casualty has been crushed for. flonger than 15 minutes leave them in the position found; ifless than 15 minutes attempt to release the crush. Treat associated wounds and bleeding, Treat for shock. Call for an ambulance (997/998/999) and request other emergency services if required, Be prepared to carry out basic life support. CeCe aoCold and heat injuries The hypothalamus, which is a gland found in the brain, acts as a thermostat and assists with regulating the body's temperature, Itachieves this by monitoring the temperature receptors that are located around the body. The optimum working range for the human body is between 36.5 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Hypothermia When the body is exposed to prolonged cold, caused by weather, water or cold Iiving/working conditions, the body's core temperature will drop. If the body's core temperature drops below 35 degrees C, then the onset of hypothermia will occur. @ {COGNITION @ Pale cold skin (caused by blood vessels Remove the casualty from drawing into the body to assist with the source of the cold, ‘maintaining heat around the core) Cover the casualty with @ shivering at onset, then the muscles in blankets, or if indoors the body stiffen as the condition gets ensure the room is warm progressively worse (24-25 degrees C). die @ lethargy Ifthe casualty is outdoors 6 isthe tetetd isons then insulate them from the ground @ disorientation and confusion @ diminishing levels of response leading to tunconsciousness and eventually death Seek medical attention if there isno improvement in the Never giea Warm the casualty slo, Never pace near a condition, or ifthe casualty casualty koh is elderly or achi Give warm drinks, Monitor thelr condition, direct souce ofheat as Bloods drawn tothe shin surface and may place stresson the heart. Frostbite Frostbite normally affects the extremities such as the fingers and toes (the furthest away from the heart). This is a serious medical condition where damage is caused to the skin and tissues due to freezing. At below or around 0 degrees C blood vessels close to the skin constrict and blood is diverted away from the extremities in an attempt to preserve the body's core temperature. This course of action leads eventually to the skin and tissues in the affected areas dying. @ RECOGNITION @ prolonged exposure to extremely cold Remove the casualty from conditions the source of the cold. @ pins and needies in the first stages of frostbite Use body heat to warm @ hardening and stfening ofthe skin, leathery tnag aueinge eae e under armpits). inappearance and becoming painful Cover the body and inthe latter stages of frostbite purple/black Shey ere wlan eas extremities with blankets to.assist with thawing, Call for an ambulance (997/998/999) Donot ub theaffeced area asthiscan cusefurtherdamage. | immediately. Do not place the casualty near det heat source sth wil ‘use further damage and pain othe casualty 1 eee ieitgHeat exhaustion Heat exhaustion is caused by the body's core temperature rising above 37 degrees C. Inan attempt to cool down, excessive sweating occurs fluids and vita sats are lost during this process. This condition can be caused through excessive exercise or prolonged exposure to hot conditions. Move the casualty to a cool place. Give the casualty water to rehydrate. Remove any excessive clothing, Monitor the casualty’s response levels. Seek medical attention. Heatstroke Heatstroke is a medical emergency. The hypothalamus (the body's thermostat) ceases working and the body cannot cool down through normal actions such as sweating, The core temperature rises to dangerous levels {above 40 degrees C). Heatstroke is ‘caused by prolonged exposure to hot conditions or as a result of an underlying physical condition such as fever or illness. Move the casualty to a cool place. Call for an ambulance (997/998/999) immediately Give the casualty water to.drink. Try to cool the skin by applying a damp towel or spraying with water, Be prepared to carry out basic life support. Onlyjvethe casualty wate. ‘Ako cffee will cause further dean. ee eaeYour first aid information: Location of YOUR fst aders and the Person responsible fr checking YOUR fist alkt content: Location of nearest fst ald it (to where you work): Location of aceldent bok: Training company used for your traning: USEFUL NOTES: UE Saudi Arabia Ambulance 998 i x Police 999 999 13 Fire 997 998, i 4first aid DANGER RESPONSE (AVPU) & > u RN °> S ec Uy ™ (997/998/999) (997/998/999), > ae 30 ne 2 S a ee 1 ‘minute before calling 997/998/999. Upon your return continue with CPR, ie, 30:2 (© 2019 Highfield Products Limited Printed in the UAE