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UNIT-III-EMBEDDED FIRMWARE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

Syllabus: Embedded Product Development Life Cycle (EDLC)-

Objectives, Different Phases of EDLC, Modeling of EDLC; Issues in
Hardware-Software Co-design, Data Flow Graph, State Machine
Model, Sequential Program Model, Concurrent Model, Object
Oriented Model.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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3.1 Introduction: Embedded Firmware design Approaches

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The firmware design approaches for embedded product is purely
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operation required etc.,

Two Basic Approaches are used for Embedded Firmware design

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1. Conventional Procedural Based Firmware Design or Super Loop Model
2. Embedded Operating System (OS) Based Design.

1.Super Loop Based Design

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Code is executed task by task. The task listed at the top of the program code is
executed first and the tasks just below the top are executed after the first task.
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No Deadline to complete the task.No Need of Operating System, Scheduling,

assigning Priority to each task.Priorities are fixed and the order in which the
tasks to be executed are also fixed.
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2.Embedded Operating system(OS) Based Design

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Two types
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(i).GPOS-General Purpose Operating System-Conventional Pc Based.

(ii)RTOS-Real Time Operating System-Pre-emptive Multi tasking, Scheduler

for scheduling tasks, Multiple threads, Communication between tasks.

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UNIT-III-EMBEDDED FIRMWARE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

Co Design with Steps in development Process:

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Example:

Figure below shows a DFG of the expression =

for an sixth output sequence y6 of a
Finite Impulse Response Filter.

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There is one input point and one output point and one memory address to the
process represented by the circle for calculating
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Example:
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UNIT-III-EMBEDDED FIRMWARE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

Synchronous Data flow Graph:

Def:A SDFG model is like a DFG, but also models the delays as well as the
number of inputs and outputs. The edges directed to the circle can be assumed to
have a physical memory buffer and till the buffer has the data, the computations do
not fire.

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The timer is said to in the READY state when the timer is loaded with
the count corresponding to the required time delay. The timer remains in the
w.

READY state until a start timer event occurs.

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The timer changes its state to RUNNING from the READY state on
receiving a start timer event and remains in the RUNNING state until the
timer count expires or a stop timer event occurs.

The timer state moves from RUNNING to IDLE on receiving a stop

timer or timer expire event.

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UNIT-III-EMBEDDED FIRMWARE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

Example 2:

Design an automatic tea/Coffee vending machine based on FSM model for

the following requirements.

The tea/coffee vending is initiated by user inserting a 5 rupee coin. After

inserting the coin, the user camn either select “coffee” or “tea” or press
‘Cancel’ to cancel the order and to back the coin.

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Example 4:
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1. Run function get_user input ( ) for obtaining input for the choice of
chocolate from the child.

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UNIT-III-EMBEDDED FIRMWARE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

2. Run function read_coins ( ) for reading the coins inserted into the
ACVM for the cost of chocolate.
3. Run function deliver_chocolate ( ) for delivering the chocolate.
4. Run function display_thanks ( ) for displaying ‘collect the nice chocolate
Visit again.

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UNIT-III-EMBEDDED FIRMWARE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

Example 2:AUTOMATIC CHOCOLATE VENDING MACHINE

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UNIT-III-EMBEDDED FIRMWARE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

Program consists of the following processes:

1. Process get_user_input( ) for ontaining input for the choice of chocolate

from the child and signaling to process read_coins start.
2. Process read_coins( ) wait for signal get_user_input( ) and start reading
on signal from for reading the coins inserted in the ACVM for the cost
of chocolate. Post a signal to process deliver chocolate to start and also
post a signal to process display_wait( ) to start.

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3. Process deliver_chocolate ( ) wait for signal from read_coins 9 ) and
starts delivering the chocolate and post a signal to display_thanks( ) to

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start.
4. Process display_thanks( ) waits for signal from read_ coins( ) and starts

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displaying ‘wait for few moments!’ and then wait for signal for display_
thanks( ).
5. Process display_thanks( ) waits for signal from deliver_chocolate( ) and
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from display wait ( ) and starts displaying ‘collect the nice
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chocolate.Visit again!’
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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

Syllabus: Introduction to basic concepts of RTOS-Task

,Process & Threads, Interrupt routines in RTOS ,Multi
Processing and Multitasking ,Preemptive and Non-
preemptive scheduling , Task communication shared
memory ,message passing, Inter Process Communication-
Synchronization between processes-semaphores ,Mailbox,

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Pipes, Priority inversion, Priority inheritance, Comparison

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of RTOS: Vx Works, µC/OS-II, RT Linux.

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

Binary Semaphore(Mutex):

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

.in
RTO Task States

ng
S
Vx Ready:The task is Ready for execution and is waiting for its

eri
Work turn to get the CPU.
s Pend:The task is in the blocked (pended) state waiting for some
resoueces.
e
gin
Delay:The task is Sleeping.
Suspend:The task is unavailable fro execution.
En
arn
Le
w.

Micro Dormant: The dormant state corresponds to the state where a

C task is created but no resources are allocated to it. The task is
ww

/OS-II still present in the program memory and is not moved to the
RAM for execution.
Ready: Corresponds to a state where the task is incepted into
memory and is awaiting the CPU for its turn for execution.
Running: Corresponds to a state where the task is being
executed by CPU.
Waiting: Corresponds to a state where a running task is

84

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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

temporarily suspended from execution and does not have

immediate access to resources.

.in
ng
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gin
En

RT
Linux
arn
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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

RTOS Architecture
Vx
Works

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En

Micro
C
/OS-II
arn
Le
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UNIT-IV-RTOS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN-PREPARED BY R.SURESH

RT
Linux

.in
ng
e eri
gin
RTOS APPLICATIONS
En

Vx Works Industrial Automation, Building Automation,

Medical, Transportation and Test & Measurement
arn

Devices.
Micro C/OS-II Avionics, Medical Equipment/Devices,
Data Communications equipment, Mobile Phones,
Le

Industrial Controls, Consumer Electronics,

Automotive.
w.

RT Linux To Control Robots, data Acquisition Systems,

Manufacturing Plants and other time-sensitive
Instruments and Mechanics.
ww

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

87

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. i n
i n g
• Can hold up to 32,000ebytes r
• Newer smart cardsgihave
e
n math
co-processors E n
a r n
•Perform complex
e encryption
routines . L
quickly
w w
w
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 For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

. i n
• Magnetic strip.
i n g
• No security of data e r
•Eg.credit cards in e
• Electronic memory cards. n g
rn E
• Vendor specific a
L e
w .
w w
8/8/2013 haswanidewanshu@yahoo.com 3
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For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

Construction of Smart
Cards
. i n
i n g
e r
in e
n g
rn E
e a
. L
w w
w
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 For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

Vcc
GND

. i n
g
Vpp
RST
CLK
I/O

r i n
Construction of Smart Cards

e e
RFU RFU

gin
E n
a rn
L e
w .
w w
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For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

Examples of Smart Cards

. i n
i n g
e r
in e
n g
rn E
e a
. L
w w
w
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For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

. i n
• Payphones
i n g
• e r
•
Mobile Communications
Banking & Retail
in e
• Electronic Purse
n g
• Health Care
rn E
•
a
ID Verification and Access Control
e
. L
w w
w
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For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

Interfaces of Smart
Cards
. i n
i n g
e r
in e
n g
rn E
e a Antenna

. L
w w
w
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For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

Different

. i n
i n g
Smart e r
in e Card

n g
rn E
e a
w .L Readers

w w
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For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

Start

. i n
Welcome note on lcd
i n g
e r
in e
n g
rn E
e a
. L
w w
w
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For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in Start

Welcome note on lcd

. i n
Signals cut by opto coupler
i n g
e r
in e
n g
rn E
e a
. L
w w
w
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For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in Start

Welcome note on lcd

. i n
Signals cut by opto coupler
i n g
e r
Display the user name
in e
n g
rn E
e a
. L
w w
w
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For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in Start

Welcome note on lcd

. i n
Signals cut by opto coupler
i n g
e r
Display the user name
in e
n g
Request for password

rn E
e a
. L
w w
w
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For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in Start

Welcome note on lcd

. i n
Signals cut by opto coupler
i n g
e r
Display the user name
in e
n g
Request for password

rn E
e a
. L If
OK

w w
w Thank You

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in Start

Welcome note on lcd

. i n
Signals cut by opto coupler
i n g
e r
Display the user name
in e
n g Re enter password
Request for password

rn E
e a Wrong password

. L If
OK

w w
w Thank You

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For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

. i n
i n g
• Flexibility
e r
• Security
in e
• Portability
n g
•
•
Increasing data storage capacity
Reliability. rn E
e a
. L
w w
w
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 For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

. i n
• Improve the convenience and security of any transaction.
i n g
• Provide tamper-proof storage of user and account
e r
identity.
• Provide vital components of system security. in e
• Protect against a full range of security threats n g
rn E
e a
. L
w w
w
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 For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

. i n
i n g
e r
in e
n g
rn E
e a
. L
w w
8/8/2013
w haswanidewanshu@yahoo.co.in 18
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 For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

. i n
i n g
• Password
e r
• Card holder’s protection
in e
• Cryptographic challenge Response
• Entity authentication n g
• Biometric information
rn E
a
• Person’s identification
e
. L
w w
8/8/2013
w haswanidewanshu@yahoo.co.in 19
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 For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

CARD ATTENDANCE SYSTEM

. i n
i n g
RF

r
SMART CARD SYSTEM

e
in e
FINGER IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
n g
rn E
e a
. L CARD AND FINGER SYSTEM

w w
RETINA w
SENSING SYSTEM

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 For More Visit : www.LearnEngineering.in

. i n
Card is inserted in the terminal

n g
Card gets power. OS boots up.

i
ATR negotiations take place to
set up data transfer speeds,
e r
Sends ATR (Answer to reset)

capability negotiations etc.

in e Card responds with an error

Terminal sends first command to

n g (because MF selection is only on
password presentation)
select MF

rn E Card verifies Pwd. Stores a

Terminal prompts the user to
e a status “Pwd Verified”. Responds
“OK”
provide password and verifies
the pwd.
. L Card responds “OK”

w
Terminal sends command to
w Card supplies personal data and
select MF again
w
Terminal sends command to read EF1
8/8/2013
responds “OK”

haswanidewanshu@yahoo.co.in 21
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