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The peak velocity pressure is determined in 4.5. ‘The fluctuating component of the wind is represented by the turbulence intensity defined in 44. Note: The National Annex may provide National cimatic information from which the mean wind velocty vn, the peak velocity pressure g, and addtional values may be direcly oblained for the terrain categories ‘considered, 42 Basic values (1)P The fundamental value of the basic wind velocity, vpo, is the characteristic 10 minutes mean wind velocity, irrespective of wind direction and time of year, at 10 m above ground level in open country terrain with low vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacles with separations of at least 20 obstacle heights. Note 1: This terrain corresponds to terain category Table 4.1 Note 2: The value ofthe basic wind velocty, vee, may be given inthe National Annex (2)P The basic wind velocity shall be Iculated from Expression (4.1). Vp = Gar Ceearon" Yoo a1) Where: Vp is the basic wind velocity, defined as a function of wind direction and time of year at 10 m above ground of terrain category I! ‘Veo _ is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity, see (1)P. Car _ is the directional factor, see Note 2. seman is the Season factor, see Note 3. Note 1: Where the influence of alttude on the basic wind velocty vis not included in the specified fundamental value vag the National Annex may glve a procedure to take it into account. Note 2: The value of the directional factor, ca, for various wind rections may be found in the National Annex. The recommended value is 1.0 Note 3: The value ofthe season factor, Cimon May be given in the National Annex. The recommended value ist.0.4.3. Mean wind 4.3.1 Variation with height (1) The mean wind velocity va(z) at a height z above the terrain depends on the terrain roughness and orography and on the basic wind velocity, vo, and should be determined using Expression (4.3) VinlZ) = G(2Z) - ColZ) - Vo (43) Where: cz) is the roughness factor, given in 4.3.2 (2) is the orography factor, taken as 1.0 unless otherwise specified in 4.3.3, \Note 1: Information on co may be given in the National Annex. Ifthe orography is accounted for in the basic wind velocity the recommended value is 1.0. Note 2: Design charts or tables for vn(z) may be given in the National Annex. The influence of neighbouring structures on the wind velocity should be considered (see 434). 4.3.2 Terrain roughness (1) The roughness factor, cz), accounts for the variability of the mean wind velocity at the site of the structure due to: = the height above ground level the ground roughness of the terrain upwind of the structure in the wind direction consideredNote: The procedure for determining r(2) may be given inthe National Annex. The recommended procedure for the determination of the roughness facior at height z is given by Expression (44) and is based on a logarithric veloety profile eek ta-tou( ws (= (0) vinere 22s th roughness length Fe tea adr depending onthe roughness length 3 caleatd using as Where: Zou 0.05 m (terrain category Il, Table 4.1) Znin_is the minimum height defined in Table 4.1 Zax iS to be taken as 200 m, unless otherwise specified in the National Annex Zo, Zmn depend on the terrain category. Recommended values are given in Table 4.1 depending on five representative terrain categorie. Expression (4.4) is valid when the upstream distance with uniform terrain roughness is long enough to stabilise the profile sufficiently. See (2). Table 4.1 — Terrain categories and terrain parameters. Terrain category Z| Zain m_|m 0 Sea or coastal area exposed to the open sea 0.003 [1 T Lakes or fiat and horizontal area with negligible vegetation oot | 7 and without obstacles IT Area with low vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacles | 0.05 | 2 (trees, buildings) with separations of at least 20 obstacle height Til Area with regular cover of vegetation or buildings or with os | 5 isolated obstacles with separations of maximum 20 obstacle heights (such as villages, suburban terrain, permanent forest) IV Area in which at least 15 % of the surface is covered with to | 10 buildings and their average height exceeds 15 m ‘The terrain categories are illustrated in Annex At44 Wind turbulence (1) The turbulence intensity {(z)at height z is defined as the standard deviation of the turbulence divided by the mean wind velocity. Note 4: The turblent component of wind velocity has a mean value of 0 and a standard deviation o.. The standard deviation of the turbulence o, may be determined using Expression (4.6) = kerk, 48) For the terrain factor k, see Expression (4.5), for the basic wind velocity vp see Expression (4.1) and for turbulence factor k see Note 2. Note 2: The recommended rules for the determination of (2) are given in Expression (4.7) (7 k, is the turbulence factor. The value of kymay be given in the National Annex. The recommended value is k= 1.0. 6 isthe orography factor as described in 4.3:3 2» _ isthe roughness length, given in Table 4.1 4.5 Peak velocity pressure (1) The peak velocity pressure qp(z) at height z, which includes mean and short-term velocity fluctuations, should be determined. Note 1: The National Annex may give rules forthe determination of u(2). The recommended rule is given in Expression (4.8).(48) PIs the air density, which depends on the altitude, temperature and barometric pressure to be ‘expacted inthe ragion during wind storms lz) isthe exposure factor given in Expression (4.9) (2) ae as) the ascot pressure gvnin Exelon (4:10) ow 410) “he value 7 in Expression (4.8) is based on a peak factor equal to 3.5 and is consistent with he values of the pressure and force coefficients in Section 7. ‘or flat terrain where cp(z) = 1.0 (see 4.3.3), the exposure factor c4(z) is illustrated in Figure 2 as a function of height above terrain and a function of terrain category as defined in “able 4.4 “ fefhe ] / seas se 8 (ee ‘00 10 20 30 40 50 Figure 4.2 — Illustrations of the exposure factor c,(z) for ¢o=1,0, k= lote 2: The values for p may be given in the National Annex. The recommended value is 1.25 kg/m “4 esa5.3 Wind forces (1) The wind forces for the whole structure or a structural component should be determined: — by calculating forces using force coefficients (see (2)) or by calculating forces from surface pressures (see (3)) (2) The wind force Fw acting on a structure or a structural component may be determined 2b FAP gseraytoy NOTE The veloc pressure shoud be assumed to be unfarm over each horaoral sip considered Figure 7.4 — Reference height, z., depending on h and b, and corresponding velocity pressure profile (2) The external pressure coefficients Cp. 10 and Cpe: for zone A, B, C, D and E are defined in Figure 7.5.Plan “anchove: rater Figure 7.5 — Key for vertical walls, NOTE 1 The values of cys and Coa; may be given in the National Annex. The recommended values are given in Table 7.1, depending onthe ratio id. For intermediate values of Nid, inear Interpolation may be applied. The values of Table 7.1 also apply to walls of buildings with inclined rofs, such as duopitch and monoptch roos. ‘Table 71 —Recommendied values of extemal pressure coefficients for vertical walls of rectangular plan dings Zone x 5 € . E Wd_| epe,10_[epe.t | epe,T0 | ope.t | ope. 10 | Cpe.t_| cpe,10 [epe,t | epe.10 [ope.t B42 [-14 [08 [14 05 408 [+10 OT 1 [12 [4 [08 [1.1 “05 40.8 [41.0 05 7025 [42 [14 [08 |-14 05 +07 [10 03 NOTE 2 For buildings with h/d> 6, the total wind loading may be based on the provisions given in Sections 7.6 107.8 and 7.92.7.23 Flat roofs (1) Flat roofs are defined as having a slope (a) of -5°< a < 5° (2) The roof should be divided into zones as shown in Figure 7.6. (3) The reference height for flat roof and roofs with curved or mansard eaves should bbe taken as h. The reference height for flat roofs with parapets should be taken as h + hp, see Figure 7.6. (4) Pressure coefficients for each zone are given in Table 7.2. (6) The resulting pressure coefficient on the parapet should be determined using 7.4. Edge of eave D \ Parapets ‘Curved and mansard eavesces 145 -——___1—___.. e=bor2h a F ‘whichever is smaller b: erosswind dimension 4 F Figure 7.6 —Key for fat roots 2‘Table 7.2-External pressure coefficients for flat roofs Zone Roof type F 6 4 r cpe.t0 | ope.t | ope.t0 | ope.t | cpe.t0 | ope.t | cpe.t0 | cpe,t ‘Sharp eaves. - 25 20 |or |a2 +02. 02 runeo025 |-16 |22 | 44 [as jor |12 a2 02 wit +402 moos |14 |20 |.09 |-16 |07 |-12 Parapets_ | P" 53 humeoto [12 Jae |oe [a4 or |s2 oe 02 m=005 |-10 |-45 |-12 |-18 04 +02 02 Guved |om=o10 |-07 |-12 |oe | 14 03 +02 Eaves 02 mh=020 |05 |06 |.05 |08 03 +02 02 +402 a 10 03 1s] 40 | 15 oa Mansard +402 Eaves 12 as | 4 04 18] 43 | 19 aa or faa 05 202 19 | 49 | 19 a2 NOTE 1 For roofs with parapets or curved eaves, linear interpolation may be used for intermediate values of hpfh and eh. NOTE 2 For roofs with mansard eaves, linear interpolation between a = 30°, 45° and a= 60° may bbe used. For a > 60° linear interpolation between the values for a= 60° and the values for lat roofs with sharp eaves may be used. NOTE 3 In Zone|, where positive and negative values are given, both values shall be considered. NOTE 4 For the mansard eave itself, the extemal pressure coefficients are given in Table 7.4 "External pressure coefficients for duopitch roots: wind direction 0° *, Zone F and G, depending (nthe pitch angle of the mansard eave. NOTE 5 For the curved eave itself the external pressure coefficients are given by linear interpolation along the curve, between values on the wall and on the root.7.2.4 Monopitch roofs (A) The roof, including protruding parts, should be divided into zones as shown in Figure 77. (2) The reference height z,should be taken equal to h. (3) The pressure coefficients for each zone that should be used are given in Table 7.3, ae Pe or — = o=Doran ‘hereon mater (0) wind directions i esas Tow eave (c) wind direction @= 90° Figure 7.7 — Key for monopitch roofs‘Table 7.3a-External pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs ‘Zone for wind direction & 0” ‘Zone for wind direction & O° en F 6 # F 6 # Angle a Geo [Gt | Geasw Omar | Conte mt | Cpeso [mas |Crosa | poi | Crate] Cron az|2s| 22 | 20| 06 | 22 e a0) +00 yoo | 23 | -25| -13 | 20| 08 | +2 o9|20] oa fas| 03 18° 702 +02 302 2s |28| 13 |20| 09 | 12 os|as|os][as| 02 ww aa |23|o8|as| 8 +07 +07 +04 00 00 00 a os |as| 05 07 +07 +07 06 oo” +07 +07 +07 os[ao| 05 05 7 +08 +08 we | os|a0| 05 05“Table 7.3a-External pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs. Zone for wind direction & 90° Pitch Angle a 5, Fw s H 1 a Cr s | 21 | 26 | 21 | 24 | 418 | 20 | 06 | 22 05 ws | 24 | 29 | 46] 24 | 19 | 25 | 08 | 12 | 07 | +2 20" 21 | 29] 43 | 20 | 45 | 20 | 40 | 23 | 08 | 12 as | 48 | 24 | 413 | 20 | -14 | 20 | -10 | -19 | 09 | 12 60 12 | 20 | 42] 20 | 42 | 20 | 40 | 13 | 07 | 12 ws | 12 | 20 | 12 | 20 | +2 | 20 | +0 | +3 05 NOTE 1 Ai @0= 0° (see table a) the pressure changes rapidly between postive and negative valves around a pitch angle of a= +5" fo +45", so both postive and negatve valves are given. For those roofs, two cases shoud be ‘orskdered one wth al postive valves, and one witha negative values. No mixing of postive and negative vale i ‘owed on the same face, NOTE 2 Linear interpolation for intermesiate pitch angles may be used between values ofthe same sign. The values ‘equal 100.0 are given for interpolation purposes. 7.2.5. Duopitch roofs (1) The roof, including protruding parts, should be divided in zones as shown in Figure 7.8. (2) The reference height zsshould be taken as h. (3) The pressure coefficients for each zone that should be used are given in Table 7.4.= pwnd foe o oni face an ommidtecs ag” som ace eo eo eno « = a —aF4a<0 Pach angi postive teh angle negative () general pin tae deo ace ol F ° “de 1 pono + —da110 ex boran (@) wind direction 0 0° whichever is smaller ‘6: crosswind dimension «| | . ca 7 + 0= 90° arbor » ° 4 1 «| [F ben Se (c) wind direction @= 90° Figure 7.8 — Key for duopitch roofs. esa‘Table 74a — External pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs, “Zone for wind direction & O” Pitch 4 ' J s Anglea | Se Gea | Gow | Get Gow | oe ae 08 08 or 0 | «5 0 os | 15 08 06 os | 14 as | 25 | 28 | 13 | 20 | 09 | a2 05 or | a2 402 402 | 23 | 25 | 12 | 20 | o8 | «2 06 06 402 az | 2s | 12 | 20 | 06 | «2 s 06 +00 +09 +00 06 os | 20 | 08 | 15 03 oA 10 | 15 ts ° +02 402 +02 +00 300 | +00 04 05 ow | 05] +5 | 05 | 45 02 +07 107 04 +00 +00 -00 00 00 02 03 +07, 407 +08 +00 +00 eo? +07 +07 +07 02 03 eS +08 +08 +08 02 03 NOTE 1 At €1= 0 the pressure changes reply between postive and negative values onthe windward face around a pl angle of «=-5* to +45", 0 bon posite and negative valves ae give. For those roots, four cases shoud be ‘onsiered where the largest or smallest value ofall areas F, G and H ao combined wit tho largest or smast ‘alu in areas | and J. Normxing postive and negative values Is alowed on tho same ace. NOTE 2 Liner interpolation for intermediate pic angles of the same sign may be used between values ofthe same ‘sign. (Do not interpolate between c= +5" and al'==5, bu use the data or Mat rosin 7.23). The values equal 00.0 ‘are gen for interpolation purposes‘Table 7.4b — External pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs “Zone for wind direction @1= 900) Pitch F s 4 Anglea [Gan [Gm |Gmie [Ger [Gm [Ger | Geno as | 14 | 20 | 12] 20 | 410 | 13 | 09 | 12 so | 45 12 1.0 og | 42 as | 19 | 25 | 412] 20 | 08 | 12 | 08 | «2 18 | 25 | 412 | 20 | o7 | 12 | 06 | +42 5 1s | 22 | 43 20 | o7 | «2 06 18 13 | 20 20 | 06 | +12 05 se | tt | ts | 14a] 20 | o8 | 12 05 rc a1 [415 [14] 20 | oo | 12 05 60" a1 | 41s [42] 20 | 8 | -0 05 75" a1 | 41s [412] 20 | 8 | -0 057.2.6 Hipped roofs (1) The roof, including protruding parts, should be divided into zones as shown in Figure 73. (2) The reference height z should be taken as h. (3) The pressure coefficients that should be used are given in Table 7.5. we & ent i x — h oo 5 0-90" o=bor2h whehovers smaller : erosswind mension wie 2 ier “ART. 7 2 oe 5 7 al BAL Np rior (ON — M Foro “ (@) wind direction. =0° (b) wind direction =90° Figure 7.9— Key for hipped roofs,roofs of buildings “Table 7.5 ~ External pressure cootficients for hipped Zone for wind direction @ 0 and 6 =90” = a T J ® t N a) < eo |2]2ofosfr2] os oo [20 | a [as| 03 w as |so|1s|.12|20]s4|20/ 06] 42| 03 os] [os [os | 02 Ed aa forls2| os [aa] ao]os|az| oz wes “ar wea «LL = = a ae | as [as] 20) as |aa] a2 wr 7 7 7 7 a 7° = “| = [alo aa] 02 7 Twa 08 woe 2 a NOTE 1 At 00 occthe pressures changes rapidly between positive and negative values onthe windward face atch angle of a= *50to +45: so bath postive and negative values ae gvan For thoao ons, wo eases should be considaved. one wi al poaive ‘alos, and one witha gate values. No mixing of peaive and negative vals are alowed [NOTE 2 Linear ietrpolaton for intermediate ich anglos of he sare sn may be used between values ofthe same sgn. The values eal 1 00 ae given for nrpolaton purposes. [NOTES The pitch angle of the windward face away wil goven the 7.2.7 Multispan roofs ur cooflens (1) Pressure coefficients for wind directions 0°, 90° and 180° for each span of a multispan roof may be derived from the pressure coefficient for each individual span. Modifying factors for the pressures (local and global) for wind directions 0° and 180° on ‘each span should be derived: from 7.2.4 for monopitch roofs, modified for their position according to Figure 7.10 a and b. from 7.2.5 for duopitch roofs for a < 0 modified for their position according to Figure 7.10 ¢ and d, (2) The zones FIGIJ used should be considered only for the upwind face. The zones H and |'should be considered for each span of the multispan roof. (3) The reference height z,should be taken as h7.2.9 Internal pressure (1)P Internal and external pressures shall be considered to act at the same time. The worst ‘combination of external and internal pressures shall be considered for every combination of possible openings and other leakage paths. (2) The internal pressure coefficient, cy, depends on the size and distribution of the ‘openings in the building envelope. When in at least two sides of the buildings (facades or roof) the total area of openings in each side is more than 30 % of the area of that side, the actions on the structure should not be calculated from the rules given in this section but the rules of 7.3 and 7.4 should instead be used. NOTE The openings of @ buldng include small openings such as: open windows, ventiators, chimneys, etc. 3s well a8 backoround permesbiliy such as air leakage around doors, windows, services and through the building envelope. The background permeabilly is typically in the range 0.01% to 0. 1% of he face area, Additonal information may be gen in a National Annex. (3) Where an external opening, such as a door or a window, would be dominant when open but is considered to be closed in the ultimate limit state, during severe windstorms, the condition with the door or window open should be considered as an accidental design situation in accordance with ES EN 1990. NOTE Checking of the accidental design situation is important for tal internal walls (with high risk of hazard) when the wall has to camy the full extemal wind action because of openings in the building envelope. (4) A face of a building should be regarded as dominant when the area of openings at that face is at least twice the area of openings and leakages in the remaining faces of the building considered, NOTE This can also be applied to individual interal volumes within the bulding. (6) For a building with a dominant face the internal pressure should be taken as a fraction of the extemal pressure at the openings of the dominant face. The values given by Expressions (7.2) and (7.3) should be used. ‘When the area of the openings at the dominant face is twice the area of the openings in the remaining faces, y= 0.75 “Coe (72) When the area of the openings at the dominant face is at least 3 times the area of the ‘openings in the remaining faces, Com 0.90 “Coe 73) where Ge Is the value for the external pressure coefficient at the openings in the dominant face. When these ‘openings are located in zones with cifferent values of external pressures an area weighted average value of a should be used, When the area ofthe openings atthe dominant face is between 2 and 3 tes the area of the openings in the Femaining faces linear interpolation fr calculating c,may be used 42 cesa(6) For buildings without a dominant face, the internal pressure coefficient csshould be determined from Figure 7.13, and is a function of the ratio of the height and the depth of t building, hid, and the opening ratio j for each wind direction 8, which should be determined from Expression (7.4). on: o7 08 0s oa onset 02 Hon ° on 02 03. 08 8: 033 04 «05 «08 «Or 08st “ 7.13 — Internal pressure coefficients for uniformly distributed openings ‘area of openings where cis negative area of all openings: G4) “ NOTE 1 This applies to facades and roof of buildings with and without internal partons. NOTE 2 Where it is not possible, or not considered justified, to estimate fora particular case then should be taken as the more onerous of +0,2 and -0,3 (7) The reference height z\for the internal pressures should be equal to the reference height Z,for the external pressures (see 5.1) on the faces which contribute by their openings to the creation of the internal pressure. If there are several openings the largest value of zeshould be used to determine z, (8) The internal pressure coefficient of open silos and chimneys should be based on Expression (7.5): Go = 0.60 7s) The internal pressure coefficient of vented tanks with small openings should be based on Expression (7.6): Spe = -0.40 7s) ‘The reference height Z; is equal tothe height ofthe structure,ANNEX A, (INFORMATIVE) TERRAIN EFFECTS A.1 Illustrations of the upper roughness of each terrain category Terrain category 0 Sea, coastal area exposed to the open sea, ‘Terrain category! Lakes or area with negligible vegetation and without obstacles ‘Terrain category tt ‘Area with low vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacies (trees, buildings) with separations of at least 20 obstacle heights ‘Terrain category i Area with regular cover of vegetation or buildings or with isolated obstacies with separations of maximum 20 obstacle heights (such as vilages, suburban terrain, permanent forest) Terrain category IV ‘Area in which at least 15% of the surface is covered with buildings and their average height exceeds 15 mA2 Transition between roughness categories 0, |, Il, Ill and IV (1) The transition between different roughness categories has to be considered when calculating qp and cscs. NOTE The procedure to be used may be given in the National Annex. Two recommended procedures, Procedure 1 and Procedure 2, are given below. Procedure 1 It the strctureis situated near a change of terrain roughness ata distance: — {ess than 2 km from the smoother category 0 = {ess than 1 km from the smoother categories to Il the smoother terain category in the upwind direction should be used ‘Smal areas (ess than 10 % ofthe area under consideration) with deviating roughness may be ignored Procedure 2 4) Determine the roughness categories for the upstream terain in the angular sectors to be considered ») For every angular sactor, determine the distance x from the building to the upstream roughness changes ©) If the distance x from the building to a terrain with lower roughness length is smaller than the values given in Table At, then the lower value for the roughness length should be used for the angular sector considered. If this distance x is larger than the value in Table A2, the highee value for the roughness lengh shou be usec, ‘Small areas (less than 10 % of the area under consideration) with deviating roughness ‘can be ignored. Where no distance x is given in Table A.1 or for heights exceeding 50 m, the smaller roughness: length should be used. For intermediate values of height, inear interpolation may be used. AA building in a certain terrain category may be calculated in a lower terrain category if tis situated ‘within the distance limits defined in Table A.1Table A.1 — Distance x Faghre Tet Tem om O50 Kan 00 er Ti TOOK TOO KT Tor ZOO DOOR om B00 Ka Da TZ 3m 000K 30TH SOOO KT Faghtz Tom Trev om TSO 200K Tim O50 350%m Tom TOOK 700 Km Tom soem TOE 2m Too Km 30m O00 Km 30m OOO KR Tage TST om OZ0 Tam O35 tar Tom O70 oA TOO Rr 2m FSU e 30mm 00 Fa 30Tm ZOOOKH‘A3 Numerical calculation of orography coefficients (1) At isolated hills and ridges or cliffs and escarpments different wind velocities occur dependent on the upstream slope ® HiL, in the wind direction, where the height H and the length L, are defined in Figure A.1 vy: mean wind velocity at height z above terrain \-s-mean wind velocity above flat terrain EWM t Figure A:1 —Iilustration of increase of wind velocities ever orography (2) The largest increase of the wind velocities occurs near the top of the slope and is. determined from the orography factor co, see Figure A.1. The slope has no significant effect (on the standard deviation of the turbulence defined in 4.4 (1) Note: The turbulence intensity will decrease with increasing wind velocity and equal value forthe standard deviation (3) The orography factor, c,(2)=Vvn/¥vmaccounts for the increase of mean wind speed over isolated hills and escarpments (not undulating and mountainous regions). It is related to the wind velocity at the base of the hill or escarpment. The effects of orography should be taken into account in the following situations: a) For sites on upwind slopes of hills and ridges: = where 0.05 <@ s 0.3.and [x] sL/2 ) For sites on downwind slopes of hills and ridges: ~ where ©<0.3 and x03 where (A1) (A2) (a3) 8 is the orographic location factor, to be obtained from Figure A.2 or Figure A.3 scaled to the length of the effective upwind slope length, Le ® is the upwind slope H/L, in the wind direction (see Figure A.2 and Figure A.3) Le is the effective length of the upwind slope, defined in Table A.2 L. Is the actual length of the upwind slope in the wind direction Le is the actual length of the downwind slope in the wind direction His the effective height of the feature x is the horizontal distance of the site from the top of the crest Z Is the vertical distance from the ground level of the site Table A.2— Values of the effective length L.. Type of slope (= HiL,) ‘Shallow (005 3.5 or 2 2.0 take the value s = 0 ¢) downwind section for hills and ridges (Figure A.3): For the ranges seat) (any oss (Z) +152) 91s {2} ror (aa) L 4 LB 2) wel aie (2) sane (Z)-190 ary when iL <2.0 or i >20 take: s=0 NOTE Expressions A.S and A.12 are identical ‘A.4 Neighbouring structures (1) If a building is more than twice as high as the average height have of the neighbouring structures then, as a first approximation, the design of any of those nearby structures may be based on the peak velocity pressure at height zy (ze= z,) above ground (Expression A.14), see Figure A4. xs: rex<2er (ata) xeon: in which the radius ris = hho if Pry S2- dare 132+ dage if Imngh> 2» Ghage The structural height nw, the radius r, the distance x and the dimensions demai and derge ATE illustrated in Figure A.4 Increased wind velocities can be disregarded when Now is more than half the height Mngrof the high building, ie. 2.= Mow