yp (asa Opi om 3 | Totreduction ve Opi ' : pears SES sometimes ts “also called ac Plysical Optics» -|Tn thts cha, s nee re ae Atsccu Poorteation. whreh, = SS about the phenremene iolesference, cltffraction and conforms une native of light: v|bater on ane, . [Pteposect that lighr also Pesscsses penticle nature- be, Ught possesses deal nature, Sut beth the atures cannot ack Senuttancecusk) 0 explain the phenemenon OF abt, because Th case of Jntesference, diffraction and polarisation, Wave of ght is acceptable but peutkle natine of! lat foils to explain these phenemenon, —|the phenemenon, of photo- eclectic effect, Compton effect of igh can be explained by asing particle effect of Unt ett nol wave The on: * | Different ‘Thoewies aout the natu of leght Ir | Newter's Cor puseular Theory of Ught (ly | According to Newton Every a [Luminous bedly Sends out particles fa alll directions o+* * Tike ballets from machine ian and these patticks [ee fn shetont nes. |7hese are called as covpsctles. | | ti) | chavactevstics of Consusceles |. wo They ore teaes Jess | a| vf armey we Har alawic i) chargeless : do They — oe | hey posse= different’ steas r * w trey also fokeract with matter aE . Gh] Mats oF Newton's Copuscalar Thy ptt exphiins different colours fox fp : Since, Cxpuseules are extsting csin, aie, Sires different cleus are peracille - Go thts satisfactorily explain the oF Uaht Uke teflection, refraction and 12g WY) Demerits pf Newton's Copuscuby Teen Te foils to explain Phenemencn of a | the Interference, diffeaction ard Pelartaatie, | (lb Accord: to This Theory velocity of Yghy fo denser mediuns usil be areater then Ty rare mactiura be, (¥y 39) Pe teas proved wrong by “focautt | 1otating rivvor” | Huygens Wave Theory of Light €) muygen at fret Thbeduced the toate wnatne! of rare G) He propased thet: tant Ts a rrechamiced!’ voave [seh aan pepagete though ether nnettim ahi j'> asstimed te be pewaded all over the universe GH tater on Michaelson and Morley proveal tat thete 1s re passinllity for the ‘ extelence of Cther mmedtum: So, tig tts net a mechantadl wave,“7 | About eter rmediuns do] Dt Te 9 Hypothetical medtunn Grogrony ecltur) Gi) ae 1 a Wighly ebrete ocd} te tsa Confinues medium dij Le tS available. ang where fo the universe.4 (w)) Merits ° of Haygen's Wave “Theery Tis theo Satistactoly explains tre preven of taht the reflection, refraction, TTR 7 revfeeene, diffraction and polarisation - | Due to different wovele for taht cliterent- | Clous of light ave pasettle Git also explains that vel ef lighter th rarer | reclium ugill be greater than the velocity of ht tr denser mectium whith wns supported | By Focaulk rotating cofrror methec| W | Oamertts of Wave “The & light Ts rot a mecharical wave. (bZE cannot explain the phenerrercn ef Vane Wee. Proto-electic effect, Compton effect. sattofactoily. fi Ether medium uns ret found + | Mazevoell’s Blechorosgyetic Wave Theory of Uyht According to Maxwell lint ts a Flecbormanete: | Wave. Gh fe expives ne mmeclionn for ts propagation. Se Gi cxplatrs the phenemenen of ght the reflection , refraction, TER, intefererce, Ai#Praction ard polarieation. ty According tp this teeny lege fs a Transverse Wave.w 4) ty hy diy * 3 Fie. develaped a Wdotion te a thew “sty Ugre fn vactwmn as Where py = Perrocalstity of air (or) Vatu, Ge perreittMity of ate (os) Voc Ube uantum “Theory | of Vigor Max Planck fntroduced the Quantum Theo, [oF Wane. 4 Aeconling tO Quantum Treony of tghr, Vane consists of photons. |e, igre is Pevtile Narute - [Boch photon passess ereqy Where he planck!s constant Us Frequency, of lige eee GT catistactrily explains the phenemenon of baht Uke photo-clechic effect, Comphen effect, Remerits OTe cannct explain phenemenen et light Ite teflection, refraction, TER, fnterfererce, diffraction and” polvisation Sqitarfactotly Huy gen's paincicle A | Wave front 6 | Te ‘6 the lhe forin. the keus | oF all points uanich are in same phase of Vibration : from the spurce ‘of lightfoe gene ABie and D ae the beus wpts of Wavefents - . il perical klavefront A yy 16 & Wwovetrnt hi e ge at Finlte distance torn 5 fe fink Source of Wine. e P Spherical eseuaf ont ale Calicdcal Wavefront gr iso wavednt foro exterdec) Source of \eqhe- at finite dictance foro the Seunce Soarce(stit) open wovefront & Plaine lhayefiont Tt %& a uxvefront from a a jgcurce which ts sab~ 5 o| tntiatte distance’. from the on j fF teh. ? coure of I pore wwverhont Note | DP ory rorral drew to the eaxverront wilt | Ne the. Afrection ef Itght rary. f mer 3) Huygens principle (deftettion) b Even Stee of lant senda out wavefont> TWH alt Rivections, Yin foatad directions 4 Gi) Fench, Point on the wavefion wl behave a8 a soutee of Me(smal pat of wavefront) erranating fens these points Spread out dn oly with the speel of unve. i Afeectiong WSF we drow a corpmnon tan sent te al wowelemts we cbiain new position of wavefront « Note TH ¢ fs the velocty of the unve and ¥ fs the time taken to Prpagate then Pesitien of neo iametront can be. locate! at a distance [d) = ot ie, [Refraction ot a plane wave when a exvefronr proy tes fn rer metturn tp these the Densy (por= wor? plane wove frone rarer Glee PP present the serkace Sepaw [tneelium and denser mecticte, & let Vy and 6, represent the speed of ight jfn varer & denser median resp. tiv We assuinc a plane wavefiont Popapatingr , “i _-.saSj]a_—— = fo raver to denser mediur fnetdlent of eurface with an ane Yr as shown in garae ae ae ¥ Me Hore taken by the unvelent to ravel te distance BC = VE = we order to determine the ebpe of refracted wave frone we drew a sope Vat fom point oe median. ‘ plier OC Yepresents a torment from the unvelort at Dt the point Cy whch represents refrocted plane unvetront. aie vetty Scetlls Law From ae ABC Siz & | AC | iS ( 3 Zac. Fiom dle ACD \ cS Sore AD. vat weet AC Fe es Frorn 4 — of Ineidencene 16 yea than angle of fraction i ie, tor | ' Gini> stne 2. sini | oor Sor vs : |Hence velocity of babe To rover meetin, us be. qe than Sacra of, Wane 1 deneer mectiunn- Bat we krow that poe Saw Ye vy Sm We 4 2 Sot Siny Witch fs the verification of erell!s law L- epsesentation of cefracted \plne unvefon jeben ik passes fro denser mediunn \te water penser, Frere ale ape | Sfpye AD. Bat ac AC ©, Soi oy me | |e nv | |oh sp, °° Ger wesentation of reflection of a plane wocucfrort By ss plone surface ant tp show ier angie A toetdence, te apel amle ee 7 = S| dru 10-0 wept O- 0@ | wove front AB Inetdent at | a reflecting surface FP! cenéidey a plane an angle Ton let 'y! be the~ speed of the umve ‘tn the medians Ss fillet “tbe the Hime taken by the umvefront- wp adence from Bt Cc and Bexve fildn order to consider the reflected uaave-front we draw a epheve of teclius YE fom point Ae (0' we Bo=AD) Then the lire Jofag Joining C and D «ill Tepesent the reflected plme sacvebont WR / the ales ADE ant ABC which ave conqient j3 3/Dew a di From Rgeare ibe be this Ts the law of tele ction | the ene Drow emergent plane canve-hont fom 5 pitsm wth fnddent plane wavefonrs se sath he Wee to cow tefeactien st a pane wavetiont fnetelent jon a convex lens and hence drew the refected plane wavefront 9 ee ng , ed gprevical | Lb wrefract vefont Incident, poe plane FE 3\ Dew the reflected wavefront from. a concn river of a radius 'R’ when a plane wave font ts. fectdent- on tt. What ull be the [radius of spherical wave front pefiected ea uayeriot indo of pare’ 2 concave witt0hee Si)Sy* Virtual Soure., path anetene Pane » of \ tt fs the difference between actuctl path lergtins covercel by two ane rays s) from two different | Soutees to reach oO | pene on screen | ~| The path difference between and 40 ping lon a deve rrmet, ‘be’ alkaays exprassa| |r mates of d fi-e, 2d, 5A, Ba, X/2) whee (A 7s wevelerath of the | lhe 2e any "1 ~) Fem the Haure- as choo SE Ps the path clifference bin SP ard S,P\ to teerch Pen sexcen A Fre the adjacent Fauve aa » [the path differerce Kn O pe INK? | are 2 pointe on the ante lean be shown as oles c & 0 path Atfference Hn pis A and B eee Ae ee | ® pan difference bln ps o ard D x= dA-o=yr E | © path difference by pts A ant Bh Aun x | we BALA A ae =| the ST unit of path difference is *yer pee | pase OF A particle vs apformation about the. ston and direction of are pattie ot ot ‘instant af time To aw ware Motion , prese difference (4 @s. t Bf the S| Seperation beluaren org 2 points on awoave 6 expressed fn terms of fadians(muttiples of ) ts cate © hh difference. leas | _| Fron Figure O the phase difference bn the pts Board D. ge AA = Rod ® ‘the prase difference bin tre pis A and D 3 YE 2 oF $2 on a = 2 fed & Relation between place difference and path difference phase difference = = (path difference) | 2m 13 ayy i ae x 2b eae} Re etel we can Krew the volte! %4 ving this relation | of phase by wrewoing the wile of petth diMerence and} vice-versa, | J| IL. ! Witt ao lhe sources’ which ove onttting of same arnplitude, some | tight waves Frequency roving conckont phase difference ore called ccherent coutces of lahe . 3 Formation of etherent sources hlvake a pont source of the ebrer jmonachrometic Gi) chrematic (shite) Gh] pace a cardboard with tuo 'picholes: 's/ lard ‘SJ fobront of point coutee “S'. thea S, ard S, finkeles behaves as bwO sources leht which are called as ° coherent’ Sotarbes top oF vane tH we pireles S, ard $, are. also called as Virtual sources > of light. * Mote ie 2 eources of ligne having all siccilaritie J tor anging canrct behowe as coherent Sources of light % Tncdrerent Sources of ahr Tf 2 sources of gh which are eitIo Ne Vignt wrves of. carne Amplitude, cance /\ , © peqeey ard: wits varlable phase difference ae allel Techeent sources of ght ag 2 Raves: havi Sovre aenpittucle, same, Frequency gin constant phase ‘ 5 Aiference travel o' D8D8DBDBDB “Y same direction eapeserpese ere another forrning bright ard aark bards alterretely on scien 1S called enterforcnce of let (or) Modification of intensity of light on screen, | ts also called fnterference phenemenen wer Df T,,T, and Ty... are the thienstles of successive btidnt bards en screen then the fotensity of She Gqht ferrring interfcterve, 1 / i | Explanation of fnterference Phenanenon by =] Young's double slit ezpetiment cgomet Melly ard mathematically . + desciptisn ns : . OPS ts a monochroratte. source of ght GS) ond ‘sg ave two pin holes (double sli) which acts as cohcient. axuces of teghe- Gil hen a evest (Dark cue) of one wave Superinposes udth crest’ of another uveconstuctwe interference has taken phree ard a bight and. wil ee formed. on 4 esith beghs. Ww) BE the crest of me | wae “cofpcides wt, the tough [detted curve) of another, Wave destuictve interference” has taken place, ard a dark band will be formed on sttcen' hts as’ shan fn fuse! weteen and Siccilac! 9 mathematical nesbmert © Note at piaciple of superposition gf taves AY ihe two Ory mere’ waves pote Pasting though a pauticle ore oil [Smultanceusiy fy a medium — fh [the vesultant Atspbeement of te i [the particle 7 equal to the algebra. sureC 7 yar Fate +4 “ atnematical Treatment candies 2 woves, having jA&placemerts * h a t with came ample | ard Luft gare equency , Prpegating with constant cliticrenas ia 3 phase iN \eame lftecHon, Then = aein(idt +0) 0 4 & qzAsinsates)) ( “Sin(ay 9) = [Link]) Accor to prindple of Superpasttion of llaves : ait he : sinta4 @) 4 asin(at) +a ein{at+ 9) ws ge 2 Solaks9)-B 4s adin (at) + acinadt cas$+ a caswt sing qr gin ot (I+ cas) 4 a cosot-sing —@ put a(itcosd) ~ Acos§ —® asinp = Reins -6 i 640 6 | chainat cosd + Acosot sind qe afsin [at + §)] This 15 the expression for displacement of | the fesutkank wave. Whete A> Amplitude of the fesultant uxve. 3}D= frequency of resultant yaave. b= phase of the resultant wave Deterecfration of the aimplitude of the Tesultant wave e+ Os a (1+ C05)” + dstn®p = A’c0s"S + asin’g a?(i+codp + 2c0s}) gatsin®h = AX ae Peas + aicesh + avsintp = ae | ate 2are 2a’ cosh As 2a(1+casb) A’= 20%(2c0s'tp) owe 4a*cos' We Bur LA A® |. [a= 4eecoetty)|-O This fs the expression for fneneth of feand that can be obtained Fn Interfeen | phenerrencn. | Conditions fr light bands jm ‘Toterference eee ts cr ~|when the phase difference bin fntererene lnaves b= 0, 2m e- -., 2K. JWhen he ioter fering waves has path differ | gee 0 AAA, ~~ = YMAn weons BF AaK bands in interference ee ee . gp thet path Atiference bin inter Feteing | ne te te 1 8%. amy. pothe prose Aif@rence bln \nterfers yoves! 1S = %, 8N, B%-2__., Onn passion for phase of the resultenr anveld) we have alitessd) ~ 4 cos —B asing = Asin§g —®) = OQ. Agin§ _ ae sing. _sind @ ° feos& ~ &liecesd) ° cos Trees Acost(4/,) wang = Tans) &=% Guaplical representation of fnterference emer nope Ge euerep eT tating the values of phase dfHerence on z-axis and conesspording Intensities on y-axls la geoph te dracon as shen fn fame. 3 Tané=3 \Wbar ts flings width (p) 1 iolesherence Defve the expression for Feicge weer, ard Fatt, that fingenselth 15 some for act, aa Ord darklbarls {9 . thterference abe a7 = = SSMENon LP kogewidth (pdt s the Seperation between two Successive bight 01) dark Feges (bande) 75 called | $ingpusttth | Expression for Faicgeusth (Bp) = As shown iin Fare O'S ta a menochiomati: fource of grr Wi ‘S| and ‘53 ate 2 Pin-holes mad \ on cardboard ect as two coherent Sources and seperation bby them ts W/, + ffi) tee FR be a creer which oe AR Is at distance ‘1! tern 8, ard S, fer Sp be point on the scteery eahich fs at a distarce ‘x,’ fan the centre of the screen “Oz, dleo represents cfistance of the nh bgt band [eay). Fron Oo. > Wyle G be the path, difleunce bln 2. Ihe tays along SP ord SP.at @ % Small then sine2 Tane : ge deine —O 2 ged me ca y, s AlB-@ y 4 forme leigh? bond at pein P othe I H path difference tin Totereing waves nie imust be = Nh x, he, S=na-@® old «fom ® and © a meal) | where x, fs the distance of the nih brat bard fem the cemhe of Screen | ke toowelenythy of the ligne used NAL | 4 ¥.- “F —O | Stella) the Afsteance of next fremediate Pn bend fom “0” fs| (ns AL i eee -@ BF Xp hy 2 (nttyaL nAL B —— a d Pe [#-A) -© Tis Te the espiession for ustdth of the dark band. gt te wtb of wight bool TH the path clifference Lin tao Tntet fering woes on screen at. pant” 'P te | Ss Gna 1. From ® a Zn) bre = 4(%) 3 x, = BNHDAL 2d Where 2%, > distance of the IO daik Land fiom centre of screen w distance of the next Immediate chrk lard from centre of the Scien fs (afranatar & = n+) 2A foe fan+3)ar i 2dy : a a : Lane width [B) = % nay An a ants tS the width of bight beard fiom the expressions ® aA B ‘hingecisthg for eAght ord — daskharde are equal: covesert acd Tnebetenr Additian of waves craecar agditien of ee waves which ote having sore arepituds, } the game feequeny having constant phase Atfetene sowalticg an garne dtvection superimpose One (eda) to form bigot bare) on steer anetney corehyctve tterference which ‘9 called Inecherent odtitien of wees Waves which are havin ency having varFable ae Same amplitude, Sane Freaey frase difference sovelling fore dark Supevirepose, Ore another +0 | bared on sereen rinich fe alled destuctve interference. Wn are Airection || } | |Case T! TF the phase difference bin 9 > Antes feretG waves Is 0. (i-c, <0) ~ Congider two waves of displacements “Yy, and ¢ guch that Gyre emade! FFA sin ponent {= A cos@t J. From the principle of Seiperpasition of waves qr ar qe acest + acasak qe 2a casat Where y= displacement of resultant wave ; | 2a: Amplitude of the vsultent wave. A= 2a But , cece have, re A (ie ae ft. De @a*= 4ar eae. Drax = 40> Bright Hence, constructive interference takes place | +0 gt bright bean. Gée Te (for destarctive Mierfetence) | constler 2 waves hhewing same amplitude, : pe » rating 0 phtlle aitterence of 25. () pha defference (4 = BK). Such thatYr cos (atts), —o 5A = 18% 5 5900 La= 9 cas (Ob+57) y 1. 360 | = acos[at+») BZ? G00 ~acos at —@ 3 605(\Bo+6)= —coS6 on of raves Accorctirg to prindple of Supexpostti tara Fem @ 4 @ q = acosat — acasak eae, -. Due to fnebherent addition of owes Yescittant displecerment tered 40 zero and here resilant | amplitude, to er dark ard on Screen rehich called destructive Interference. Sits Ge AtBlaitine of trtewioence phenerenon th) determine the wavelength of Tht nhieh ts monochromatic | | i) To determine RD of a medium To determine the thickness of vey thin dives. To Know whether the suiface %s errceth oD Rough. [LE S' fe the ete of the scure and its [Mistance 1s 'a! fromm the plane of the 2 Stl. Wheat ahould be the critevion(relaHon) J| aananasuenncueshsiicied for Interference: Hinges “MO be ceen, extn. F< 4 drould be | eatis tied on sy » | a ) | | S63 shoud be Settished Seay 3 What happens to the fairgewidth tf the ‘ntevFerence phenemenn is performed fn water Inctead of alr f fe a Mogenidin dcctenses oy = 20 pre SoRD as »t => Bt EN OM > BY 3 rshat happens to the utdth of the Fog Tr oterfexence phenerrenon TF green coloured ght replaced with red colour. Ne know | tha Bx TF green colour 75 replaced with ree} colour th feterference — experiment wavelength of light will frerease hence, Fringesidtls also fncteases-WV ‘ oe \ . 7 if & — gre phenemenen of diffraction of liq! pre wave nature of uighe Int conforres nebilieothe bending of ght rou cxound the Sof the chstacle (material which canner Ihe Fquie/“eretns the diffaction of ght bY an obsiacle (etrcular cotn) which was an expertrnent |peforrmed toy “Grernald? | As chasn th figure Thee are 2 regions -|the melon cela: A ard fe Geomebica| ehodao region ~|the region above B ard belao A ts region. tthe careful observations mace by Grereldi tt was concluded that some sot of tht fs also emteted nto Geometiical shodewo teqion Hlenntnetedard some part Is darkened a4, Metre, |raqfen This te due te aifrctien op ep -|Tn attraction phenemenoy thee 8D ae, formaticn, of bright and clk bares 4 jon Scteen-ibut with idiffexent oun -| a0 diffraction phenemencn ty fom Jard clan “Lands on screen filer | of light cleo takes ple. te fren Bie know that %n foterference Pheremency lat the centre of tre sbfeen there recy phe clues o bitht bard, but to case ‘of diffraction ley { on the cbstacd used tp AiPRect Maht thew may be a brfane frond 9 Aatk bard at the SW of the gcrcen wy : Wine Gecrnctital representation of knight orl duk berels fo the atiMfraction gt lignt- Lat Ea one sow Clff et cpeaton | of diffraction | prepares dus gp Single | | ET] ¢ PUP gJRU Lt Graphice! Representation of go diffraction attern due tp Sogle efit ie x 3 “ott “A x OFS poate bietly How a diffraction fotton 7 Cbbined on seicen due to a Single narrow alit- Hence obtain conditions for angular with |>F secordany rradmra and Secorclany eninina.Suppose a parallel beam of rmoradhromais | tape OF wavelength ‘x! Falls normally on a | slit (MIN) of ~ tatdtin(ay, The diffraction occurs lon passing th hh the «SIHS and the iF iad, pattern 5. focussed on to the screen bya come lens - the diffraction pattern consists of O cenbal bag bard havi alternate: dork lard baghe bands of decreasicg Toten Sty (on feat sides [padiion of ental mast | Accorckng fe Buigers brinctple when lear fol on slit Tr becomes! a eource of Seconda | wavelel All the Wavelets oyiqinaking foro [shit atc fm some! phase. cthesé Secondaiy [wavelets superimpose. one another resultiog the cental maxima at ‘o' Position of secondary | Qonsider, 0 point ‘Pp’ on eereen at a Atelarce [ql From the cenbe of the scteen. All tre secondary anes (difteacted) traveling in o _Airection making an orgie 8 to reacht - ——— at Pom Screen. the fotensity | aes upon pate difference lbtween | any oe | pore de MNK { eNkLz an8 = MN asing =* put, wren et small singxo zeae —O For ale PRO we = BS By: w | od qr meme S phen & is grral) Tane 26 The. position of secordany edintma at PF deperds upon path lifference of ttefertng waves. ae PDE path atfteence(w = nA at potat P we ger minima. Whee ne 0)1,2)3---> el 3gh in the above expression path at, nee (x)= Anti) A we qe * bright bang} on screen Where N= 0,2,3,- - 7 = dfetance of the bright bard fro, centre. of the Sater. Width oF cenbeal tefight lear) From ye Widtin of the certel p h beige: bard "hy 8 U [a= >| Buk cordition for pésition of D bright bard on screen qe anwe.2 za 2. We Zlenn) % > a For central lefqnt hard n=o/ \ghoRT ANSWERS mle is diffeaction of ccundwaves more exci \ observed than diffaction of Waght waves: ' since the wavelength of soundwaves te nnore as compared b that of Ugrbuaves. a |Site the condition for fret minima fo case of Atthradion due to a ange site. phere a= aperture of slit A= wavelerath of light @= angle bin ditfracted rag. ond frefdent ay 4) 5.) too rroncchremnatic

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