COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS ADITYA VERMA BCA G1 => 05

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER: GOOGLE

Contents
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER: GOOGLE .................................................................................... 1
1. BASICS OF COMPUTER: ...................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 3
DATA AND INFORMATION: ................................................................................................................. 3
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS: ...................................................................................................... 3
INPUT DEVICES: ................................................................................................................................... 4
OUTPUT DEVICES: ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. COMPUTER STORAGE AND SOFTWARE: ............................................................................................. 5
SOFTWARE .......................................................................................................................................... 5
APPLICATION SOFTWARE & SYSTEM SOFTWARE ............................................................................... 5
STORAGE ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Types of Computer Memory ............................................................................................................... 6
Types of Computer Storage Devices ................................................................................................... 7
PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICE............................................................................................................. 7
MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICE .......................................................................................................... 7
FLASH MEMORY DEVICE ................................................................................................................. 7
OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICE .............................................................................................................. 7
3. ALGORITHM: ....................................................................................................................................... 8
DEFINITION: ........................................................................................................................................ 8
USES OF ALGORITHM .......................................................................................................................... 8
NEED FOR ALGORITHM: ...................................................................................................................... 8
CREATING AN ALGORITHM: ................................................................................................................ 8
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALGORITHM:.................................................................................................... 9
PROPERTIES:........................................................................................................................................ 9
4. FLOWCHART: ..................................................................................................................................... 10
DEFINITION: ...................................................................................................................................... 10
USE OF FLOWCHART: ........................................................................................................................ 10
TYPES OF FLOWCHART: ..................................................................................................................... 10
WHEN TO USE FLOWCHARTS:........................................................................................................... 11
ADVANTAGES: ................................................................................................................................... 11
DISADVANTAGES:.............................................................................................................................. 11
5.OPERATING SYSTEM: ......................................................................................................................... 12

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DEFINITION: ...................................................................................................................................... 12
FUNCTIONS OF OS:............................................................................................................................ 12
TYPES OF OS: ..................................................................................................................................... 12
6. NUMBER SYSTEM, BASE CONVERSION: ............................................................................................ 14
1. DECIMAL TO BINARY ............................................................................................................. 14
2. DECIMAL TO OCTAL .............................................................................................................. 14
3. OCTAL TO DECIMAL .............................................................................................................. 14
4. HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY .................................................................................................... 14
5. BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL .................................................................................................... 14
6. BINARY TO OCTAL ................................................................................................................. 14
7. MS DOS: ............................................................................................................................................ 15
DEFINITION ....................................................................................................................................... 15
DOS COMMANDS .............................................................................................................................. 15
CHARACTERISTICS: ............................................................................................................................ 15
ADVANTAGES: ................................................................................................................................... 15
DISADVANTAGES:.............................................................................................................................. 15
8. INTRODUCTION TO WORD: ............................................................................................................... 16
INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................................................ 16
FEATURES: ......................................................................................................................................... 16
1. FILE ........................................................................................................................................ 16
2. INSERT ................................................................................................................................... 16
3. DESIGN .................................................................................................................................. 16
4. PAGE LAYOUT ........................................................................................................................ 16
5. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 16
6. MAILINGS .............................................................................................................................. 16
7. REVIEW.................................................................................................................................. 16
9. INTRODUCTION TO EXCEL: ................................................................................................................ 17
INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................................................ 17
FEATURES OF MS EXCEL: ................................................................................................................... 17
SHORTCUTS: ...................................................................................................................................... 17
10. INTRODUCTION TO POWERPOINT: ................................................................................................. 18
INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................................................ 18
BASIC ELEMENTS: .............................................................................................................................. 18
SHORTCUTS: ...................................................................................................................................... 18
ELEMENTS: ........................................................................................................................................ 18

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1. BASICS OF COMPUTER:
INTRODUCTION
A computer is an electronic device that can receive, store, process, and output data. It is a
machine that can perform a variety of tasks and
operations, ranging from simple calculations to complex
simulations and artificial intelligence.

Computers consist of hardware components such as the

central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices,
input/output devices, and peripherals, as well as software
components such as the operating system and
applications.

Today, computers are widely used in various industries such as education, finance, healthcare, and
entertainment, and they have revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. They have
also given rise to a new era of technology such as the internet, cloud computing, and mobile devices,
which have further transformed our daily lives.

Computer is a device that transforms data into meaningful information. It processes the input
according to the set of instructions provided to it by the user and gives the desired output quickly. A
Computer can perform the following set of functions:

 Accept data

 Store data

 Process data as desired

 Retrieve the stored data as and when required

Print the result in desired format.

DATA AND INFORMATION:

Data: It is the term used for raw facts and figures fed into the computer and along with the set of
instructions which enables the computer to convert this raw data into the refined and useful
information. Information: Data represented in useful and meaningful form is information.

Information is data that has been processed and organized in a meaningful way to convey a message
or answer a question. For example, using the sales figures from the earlier example, an analyst could
create a graph or chart that shows the sales trends over time, providing meaningful information
about the company’s performance.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS:
1. PERSONAL COMPUTERS
These are small and affordable computers that are designed
for individual users. They are
commonly used for personal productivity, entertainment, and
communication.

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2. DIGITAL COMPUTERS
These are the modern computers which are capable of processing information in discrete
form. In digital technology data which can be in the form of letters, symbols or numbers is
represented in binary form i.e. 0s and 1s. The digital computers are used in industrial,
business and scientific applications. They are quite suitable for large volume data processing.

3. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
These are large and powerful computers that are used by large organizations such as banks,
airlines, and government agencies to process massive amounts of data and handle multiple
users simultaneously.

4. MINI COMPUTERS
These are smaller and less powerful than mainframe computers, but
they are still capable of handling multiple users and processing large
amounts of data. They are commonly used by small to medium-sized
businesses for accounting, inventory management, and other data-
intensive tasks.

5. SUPER COMPUTERS
These are the most powerful and expensive
computers that are used for complex scientific
calculations, simulations, and research. They
are used in fields such as weather forecasting,
cryptography, and nuclear research.

INPUT DEVICES:
Input devices are the devices that are used to send signals to the computer for performing tasks. The
receiver at the end is the CPU (Central Processing Unit), which works to send signals to the output
devices. Some of the classifications of Input devices are:

 Keyboard Devices

 Pointing Devices

 Composite Devices

 Game Controller

OUTPUT DEVICES:
Output Devices are the devices that show us the result after giving the input to a computer system.
Output can be of many different forms like image, graphic audio, video, etc. Some of the output
devices are:

 Monitor
 Television
 Printer
 Plotter
 Speaker

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2. COMPUTER STORAGE AND SOFTWARE:

SOFTWARE

Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to

operate computers and execute specific tasks. It is the opposite of
hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a computer.
Software is a generic term used to refer to
applications, scripts and programs that run on a device. It can be
thought of as the variable part of a computer, while hardware is
the invariable part.

The two main categories of software are application software

and system software. An application is software that fulfills a
specific need or performs tasks. System software is designed to
run a computer's hardware and provides a platform for
applications to run on top of.

Other types of software include programming software, which

provides the programming tools software developers
need; middleware, which sits between system software and applications; and driver software, which
operates computer devices and peripherals.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE & SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Application software

Application software consists of many programs that perform specific functions for end users, such
as writing reports and navigating websites. Applications can also perform tasks for other
applications. Applications on a computer cannot run on their own; they require a computer's OS,
along with other supporting system software programs, to work.

System software

System software sits between the computer hardware and the application software. Users do not
interact directly with system software as it runs in the background, handling the basic functions of
the computer. This software coordinates a system's hardware and software so users can run high-
level application software to perform specific actions. System software executes when a computer
system boots up and continues running as long as the system is on.

The dimensions of software quality include the following characteristics:

 Accessibility. The degree to which a diverse group of people, including individuals who
require adaptive technologies such as voice recognition and screen magnifiers, can
comfortably use the software.

 Compatibility. The suitability of the software for use in a variety of environments, such as
with different OSes, devices and browsers.

 Efficiency. The ability of the software to perform well without wasting energy, resources,
effort, time or money.

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 Functionality. Software's ability to carry out its specified functions.

 Installability. The ability of the software to be installed in a specified environment

STORAGE
The storage unit is a part of the computer system which is employed to store the information and
instructions to be processed. A storage device is an integral part of the computer hardware which
stores information/data to process the result of any computational work.

Types of Computer Memory

1. Primary Memory

2. Secondary Memory

3. Tertiary Memory

1. Primary Memory: It is also known as internal memory and main memory. This is a section of the
CPU that holds program instructions, input data, and intermediate results. It is generally smaller in
size. RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory) are examples of primary
storage.

2. Secondary Memory: Secondary storage is a memory that is stored external to the computer. It is
mainly used for the permanent and long-term storage of programs and data. Hard Disks, CDs, DVDs,
Pen/Flash drives, SSD, etc, are examples of secondary storage.

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3. Tertiary Memory: Tertiary Memory is a type of Memory that is rarely used in personal computers
and due to this, tertiary memory is not considered to be an important one. Tertiary memory works
automatically without human intervention.

Types of Computer Storage Devices

Now we will discuss different types of storage devices available in the market. These storage devices
have their own specification and use. Some of the commonly used storage devices are:

1. Primary Storage Devices

2. Magnetic Storage Devices

3. Flash memory Devices

4. Optical Storage Devices

5. Cloud and Virtual Storage

PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICE

1. RAM(RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
 SRAM(STATIC RAM)
 DRAM(DYNAMIC RAM)
 SDRAM(SYNCHRONOUS DYNAMIC RAM)
2. ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)
 PROM
 EPROM
 EEPROM

MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICE

1. FLOPPY DISK
2. HARD DISK
3. MAGNETIC CARD
4. TAPE CASSETTE
5. SUPER DISK

FLASH MEMORY DEVICE

1. PEN DRIVE
2. SSD
3. SD CARD
4. MULTIMEDIA CARD

OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICE

1. CD
2. DVD
3. BLU RAY DISK

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3. ALGORITHM:
DEFINITION:
The word Algorithm means ” A set of finite rules or instructions to be followed in calculations or
other problem-solving operations ”

USES OF ALGORITHM
Algorithms play a crucial role in various fields and have many applications. Some of the key areas
where algorithms are used include:

1. Computer Science: Algorithms form the basis of

computer programming and are used to solve
problems ranging from simple sorting and
searching to complex tasks such as artificial
intelligence and machine learning.

2. Mathematics: Algorithms are used to solve

mathematical problems, such as finding the
optimal solution to a system of linear equations or
finding the shortest path in a graph.

3. Operations Research: Algorithms are used to optimize and make decisions in fields such as
transportation, logistics, and resource allocation.

4. Artificial Intelligence: Algorithms are the foundation of artificial intelligence and machine
learning, and are used to develop intelligent systems that can perform tasks such as image
recognition, natural language processing, and decision-making.

5. Data Science: Algorithms are used to analyze, process, and extract insights from large
amounts of data in fields such as marketing, finance, and healthcare.

NEED FOR ALGORITHM:

1. Algorithms are necessary for solving complex problems efficiently and effectively.

2. They help to automate processes and make them more reliable, faster, and easier to
perform.

3. Algorithms also enable computers to perform tasks that would be difficult or impossible for
humans to do manually.

4. They are used in various fields such as mathematics, computer science, engineering, finance,
and many others to optimize processes, analyze data, make predictions, and provide
solutions to problems.

CREATING AN ALGORITHM:
Since the algorithm is language-independent, we write the steps to demonstrate the logic behind
the solution to be used for solving a problem. But before writing an algorithm, keep the following
points in mind:

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 The algorithm should be clear and unambiguous.

 There should be 0 or more well-defined inputs in an algorithm.

 An algorithm must produce one or more well-defined outputs that are equivalent to the
desired output. After a specific number of steps, algorithms must ground to a halt.

 Algorithms must stop or end after a finite number of steps.

 In an algorithm, step-by-step instructions should be supplied, and they should be

independent of any computer code.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ALGORITHM:
 Clear and Unambiguous: The algorithm should be unambiguous. Each of its steps should be
clear in all aspects and must lead to only one meaning.

 Well-Defined Inputs: If an algorithm says to take inputs, it should be well-defined inputs. It

may or may not take input.

 Well-Defined Outputs: The algorithm must clearly define what output will be yielded and it
should be well-defined as well. It should produce at least 1 output.

 Finite-ness: The algorithm must be finite, i.e. it should terminate after a finite time.

 Feasible: The algorithm must be simple, generic, and practical, such that it can be executed
with the available resources. It must not contain some future technology or anything.

 Language Independent: The Algorithm designed must be language-independent, i.e. it must

be just plain instructions that can be implemented in any language, and yet the output will
be the same, as expected.

 Input: An algorithm has zero or more inputs. Each that contains a fundamental operator
must accept zero or more inputs.

 Output: An algorithm produces at least one output. Every instruction that contains a
fundamental operator must accept zero or more inputs.

 Definiteness: All instructions in an algorithm must be unambiguous, precise, and easy to

interpret. By referring to any of the instructions in an algorithm one can clearly understand
what is to be done. Every fundamental operator in instruction must be defined without any
ambiguity.

PROPERTIES:
 It should terminate after a finite time.

 It should produce at least one output.

 It should take zero or more input.

 It should be deterministic means giving the same output for the same input case.

 Every step in the algorithm must be effective i.e. every step should do some work.

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4. FLOWCHART:
DEFINITION:
A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process. A flowchart can also be
defined as a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, a step-by-step approach to solving a task.

USE OF FLOWCHART:
The following are the uses of a flowchart:

 It is a pictorial representation of an algorithm that increases the readability of the program.

 Complex programs can be drawn in a simple way using a flowchart.

 It helps team members get an insight into the process and use this knowledge to collect
data, detect problems, develop software, etc.

 A flowchart is a basic step for designing a new process or adding extra features.

 Communication with other people becomes easy by drawing flowcharts and sharing them.

TYPES OF FLOWCHART:
Three types of flowcharts are listed below:

1. Process flowchart: This type of flowchart shows all the activities that are involved in making
a product. It provides a pathway to analyze the product to be built. A process flowchart is
most commonly used in process engineering to illustrate the relation between the major as
well as minor components present in the product. It is used in business product modeling to

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help understand employees about the project requirements and gain some insight into the
project.

2. Data flowchart: As the name suggests, the data flowchart is used to analyze the data,
specifically it helps in analyzing the structural details related to the project. Using this
flowchart, one can easily understand the data inflow and outflow from the system. It is most
commonly used to manage data or to analyze information to and fro from the system.

3. Business Process Modeling Diagram: Using this flowchart or diagram, one can analytically
represent the business process and help simplify the concepts needed to understand
business activities and the flow of information. This flowchart illustrates the business
process and models graphically which paves the way for process improvement.

WHEN TO USE FLOWCHARTS:

Flowcharts are mainly used in the below scenarios:

 It is most importantly used when programmers make projects. As a flowchart is a basic step
to make the design of projects pictorially, it is preferred by many.

 When the flowcharts of a process are drawn, the programmer understands the non-useful
parts of the process. So flowcharts are used to separate sound logic from the unwanted
parts.

 Since the rules and procedures of drawing a flowchart are universal, a flowchart serves as a
communication channel to the people who are working on the same project for better
understanding.

 Optimizing a process becomes easier with flowcharts. The efficiency of the code is improved
with the flowchart drawing.

ADVANTAGES:
 It is the most efficient way of communicating the logic of the system.

 It acts as a guide for a blueprint during the program design.

 It also helps in the debugging process.

 Using flowcharts we can easily analyze the programs.

 Flowcharts are good for documentation.

DISADVANTAGES:
 Flowcharts are challenging to draw for large and complex programs.

 It does not contain the proper amount of details.

 Flowcharts are very difficult to reproduce.

 Flowcharts are very difficult to modify.

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5.OPERATING SYSTEM:
DEFINITION:
An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources
and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is the most important
type of system software in a computer system.

FUNCTIONS OF OS:
 Resource Management: The operating system manages and allocates memory, CPU time,
and other hardware resources among the various programs and processes running on the
computer.

 Process Management: The operating system is responsible for starting, stopping, and
managing processes and programs. It also controls the scheduling of processes and allocates
resources to them.

 Memory Management: The operating system manages the computer’s primary memory and
provides mechanisms for optimizing memory usage.

 Security: The operating system provides a secure environment for the user, applications,
and data by implementing security policies and mechanisms such as access controls and
encryption.

 File Management: The operating system is responsible for organizing and managing the file
system, including the creation, deletion, and manipulation of files and directories.

 Device Management: The operating system manages input/output devices such as printers,
keyboards, mice, and displays. It provides the necessary drivers and interfaces to enable
communication between the devices and the computer..

 User Interface: The operating system provides a user interface that enables users to interact
with the computer system. This can be a Graphical User Interface (GUI), a Command-Line
Interface (CLI), or a combination of both.

 Backup and Recovery: The operating system provides mechanisms for backing up data and
recovering it in case of system failures, errors, or disasters.

 Virtualization: The operating system provides virtualization capabilities that allow multiple
operating systems or applications to run on a single physical machine. This can enable
efficient use of resources and flexibility in managing workloads.

TYPES OF OS:
 Batch Operating System: A Batch Operating System is a type of operating system that does
not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator who takes similar jobs having
the same requirements and groups them into batches.

 Time-sharing Operating System: Time-sharing Operating System is a type of operating

system that allows many users to share computer resources (maximum utilization of the
resources).

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 Distributed Operating System: Distributed Operating System is a type of operating system

that manages a group of different computers and makes appear to be a single computer.
These operating systems are designed to operate on a network of computers. They allow
multiple users to access shared resources and communicate with each other over the
network. Examples include Microsoft Windows Server and various distributions of Linux
designed for servers.

 Network Operating System: Network Operating System is a type of operating system that
runs on a server and provides the capability to manage data, users, groups, security,
applications, and other networking functions.

 Real-time Operating System: Real-time Operating System is a type of operating system that
serves a real-time system and the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is
very small. These operating systems are designed to respond to events in real time. They are
used in applications that require quick and deterministic responses, such as embedded
systems, industrial control systems, and robotics.

 Multiprocessing Operating System: Multiprocessor Operating Systems are used in operating

systems to boost the performance of multiple CPUs within a single computer system.
Multiple CPUs are linked together so that a job can be divided and executed more quickly.

 Single-User Operating Systems: Single-User Operating Systems are designed to support a

single user at a time. Examples include Microsoft Windows for personal computers and
Apple macOS.

 Multi-User Operating Systems: Multi-User Operating Systems are designed to support

multiple users simultaneously. Examples include Linux and Unix.

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6. NUMBER SYSTEM, BASE CONVERSION:

Electronic and Digital systems may use a variety of different number systems, (e.g. Decimal,
Hexadecimal, Octal, Binary), or even Duodecimal or less well known but better named Uncial. All the
other bases other than Decimal result from computer usage. Uncial (named from Latin for 1/12
“uncia” the base twelve analogue of Decimal from the Latin word for 1/10 “decima”).

1. DECIMAL TO BINARY
Keep multiplying the fractional part with 2 until decimal part 0.00 is obtained.

(0.25)10 = (0.01)2

Answer: (10.25)10 = (1010.01)2

2. DECIMAL TO OCTAL
(10.25)10

(10)10 = (12)8

Fractional part: 0.25 x 8 = 2.00

3. OCTAL TO DECIMAL
(12.2)8

1 x 81 + 2 x 80 +2 x 8-1 = 8+2+0.25 = 10.25

(12.2)8 = (10.25)10

4. HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
To convert from Hexadecimal to Binary, write the 4-bit binary equivalent of hexa.

(3A)16 = (00111010)2

5. BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
To convert from Binary to Hexadecimal, start grouping the bits in groups of 4 from
right-end and write the equivalent hexadecimal for the 4-bit binary. Add extra 0’s on
left to adjust the groups.

1111011011

0011 1101 1011

(001111011011 )2 = (3DB)16

6. BINARY TO OCTAL
To convert from binary to octal, start grouping the bits in groups of 3 from the right
the equivalent octal for the 3-bit binary. Add 0’s on the left to adjust the groups.

Example: 111101101

111 101 101

(111101101)2 = (755)8

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7. MS DOS:
DEFINITION
DOS stands for Disk Operating System.
DOS basically refers to any kind of operating system but was majorly used for MS-DOS. DOS provides
a command line in which the users can give instructions in the form of commands.MS-DOS gained
much popularity in the 1980s and early 1990s. It was considered a stand-alone operating system.
The early versions of DOS were simple in functioning but then subsequent versions were made
which had additional features.

DOS COMMANDS
 DIR – Displays the contents of a directory.

 ERASE – Delete files.

 MOVE – Move files to another directory.

 EDIT – Launches the text editor.

 CLS – Clears the screen.

CHARACTERISTICS:
 Efficient file management – DOS helps in efficient file management. The file operations such
as creation, editing and deletion of files is easy.

 Correct environment – It provides the user an environment where user can do input, output
and give commands on the command line efficiently.

 Single user operating system – It can have only one user at a time on the computer.

 Space – It has a maximum space of 2 GB.

 Specification – It is a 16 bit operating system

ADVANTAGES:
 The commands in DOS are easy to remember and use.

 DOS is free of cost and can be installed easily.

 It gives us direct access to the BIOS calls.

 It can run on smaller machines and therefore the booting process is much faster than other
operating systems.

DISADVANTAGES:
 DOS doesn’t support multitasking.

 It only has 2 GB of space which cannot be extended.

 It can only have a single user at a time.

 It is not compatible with other browsers.

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8. INTRODUCTION TO WORD:
INTRODUCTION:
Microsoft word is a word processor software developed by Microsoft in 1983. It is the most
commonly used word processor software. It is used to create professional quality documents,
letters, reports, resumes, etc and also allows you to edit or modify your new or existing document.
The file saved in Ms Word has .docx extension. It is a component of the Microsoft Office suite, but
you can buy it separately and is available for both Windows and macOS.

FEATURES:
1. FILE
It contains options related to the file, like New(used to create a new document), Open(used to open
an existing document), Save(used to save document), Save As(used to save documents), History,
Print, Share, Export, Info, etc.

2. INSERT
It is the second tab present on the menu bar or ribbon. It contains various items that you may want
to insert into a Microsoft word. It includes options like tables, word art, hyperlinks, symbols, charts,
signature line, date and time, shapes, header, footer, text boxes, links, boxes, equations, etc.

3. DESIGN
It is the third tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. The design tab contains document designs that
you can select, such as documents with centered titles, offset headings, left-justified text, page
borders, watermarks, page color, etc.

4. PAGE LAYOUT
It is the fourth tab present on the menu bar or ribbon. It holds all the options that allow you to
arrange your Microsoft Word document pages just the way you want them. It includes options like
set margins, display line numbers, set paragraph indentation

5. REFERENCES
It is the fifth tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. The references tab lets you add references to a
document, then create a bibliography at the end of the text. The references are generally stored in a
master list, which is used to add references to further documents. It includes options like, Table of
Contents, Footnotes, Citations & Bibliography, Captions, Index, Table of Authorities, smart look, etc.

6. MAILINGS
It is the sixth tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. It is a least used tab in the menu bar. This tab is
where you would create labels, print them on envelopes, do mail merge, etc

7. REVIEW
It is the seventh tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. The review tab contains, commenting,
language, translation, spell check, word count tools. It is good for quickly locating and editing
comments.

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9. INTRODUCTION TO EXCEL:
INTRODUCTION:
MS-EXCEL is a part of Microsoft Office suite software. It is an electronic spreadsheet with numerous
rows and columns, used for organizing data, graphically representing data(s), and performing
different calculations. It consists of 1048576 rows and 16384 columns, a row and column together
make a cell. Each cell has an address defined by column name and row number example A1, D2, etc.
This is also known as a cell reference.

A spreadsheet takes the shape of a table, consisting of rows and columns. A cell is created at the
intersection point where rows and columns meet, forming a rectangular box.

FEATURES OF MS EXCEL:
Home Tab

It provides the basic facilities like changing the font, size of text, editing the cells in the spreadsheet,
autosum, etc.

Insert Tab

It provides the facilities like inserting tables, pivot tables, images, clip art, charts, links, etc.

Page layout

It provides all the facilities related to the spreadsheet-like margins, orientation, height, width,
background etc. The worksheet appearance will be the same in the hard copy as well.

Formulas

It is a package of different in-built formulas/functions which can be used by user just by selecting the
cell or range of cells for values.

Data

The Data Tab helps to perform different operations on a vast set of data like analysis through what-if
analysis tools and many other data analysis tools, removing duplicate data, transpose the row and
column, etc. It also helps to access data(s) from different sources as well, such as from Ms-Access,
from web, etc.

Review

This tab provides the facility of thesaurus, checking spellings, translating the text, and helps to
protect and share the worksheet and workbook.

SHORTCUTS:
1. Ctrl+N: To open a new workbook.

2. Ctrl+O: To open a saved workbook.

3. Ctrl+S: To save a workbook.

4. Ctrl+C: To copy the selected cells.

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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS ADITYA VERMA BCA G1 => 05

10. INTRODUCTION TO POWERPOINT:

INTRODUCTION:
Information can be displayed using an electronic presentation application. This information is usually
presented as a slide show — the data is displayed on a slide that may be viewed on a computer
monitor or projected onto a screen using an LCD projector. A presentation might consist of multiple
slides that are exhibited one after the other. The presentation tool in MS Office is MS PowerPoint.
Microsoft PowerPoint is a popular presentation application, although there are alternatives such as
Corel Presentations OpenOffice.org, Impress, etc.

Three major components of a presentation program are:

(i) An editor that allows text to be input and formatted

(ii) a means for inserting visual pictures, audio, and video

(iii) and a slide-show system to display the final content.

BASIC ELEMENTS:
(i) Title Bar: This shows the name/title given by you to the current presentation. If user do not save
the presentation by any name, default name given by MS PowerPoint appears in this bar.
(ii) Menu Bar: Contains menu items like insert, views, design, animations, etc.
(iii) Office Button: MS Office button on the left-most top.
(iv) Formatting Toolbar: Have tools like Bold, Italic, Underline, Font shape & size etc. to format your
data.
(v) Zoom Slider: To zoom in or zoom out your presentation.
(vi) Slide Sorter Pane: This allows us to choose which slides will be shown in which sequence during
the slide show.
(vii) Notes Pane: This allows us to type notes that we may require later when preparing for the
presentation, but they will not be displayed during the slide show.
(viii) View Buttons: Provides different views of your presentation like : normal, slide show & slide
sorter.
(ix) Slide Pane: This is where we type, format, and otherwise design the slide.

SHORTCUTS:
1. Ctrl + N – Create a New presentation.
2. Ctrl + S – Save a presentation.
3. Alt + F4 – Close a presentation.
4. Ctrl + P – Print a presentation.

ELEMENTS:
In a slide, we can add:
-Graphs
-Clip Art
-Tables
-Media Clips
-Pictures
-Charts etc.

18 11 December 2023