Data Communication

and Networking
CST 232-2
Lecture 05
2 Bandwidth
3 Bandwidth Utilization

Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of

available bandwidth to achieve specific
goals.
Efficiency can be achieved by
multiplexing; i.e., sharing of the bandwidth
between multiple users.
4 Multiplexing

Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking

two devices is greater than the bandwidth
needs of the devices, the link can be shared.
Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows
the (simultaneous) transmission of multiple
signals across a single data link. As data and
telecommunications use increases, so does
traffic.
5 Multiplexing Cont…
6 Applications of Multiplexing

Analog Broadcasting
Digital Broadcasting
Telephony
Video Processing
Telegraphy
7 Multiplexing Categories

Multiplexing

Frequency-Division Wavelength-Division Time-Division

Multiplexing Multiplexing Multiplexing
Analog Analog Digital
8 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that

combines analog signals.
Frequency division multiplexing is defined as a
type of multiplexing where the bandwidth of a
single physical medium is divided into a number
of smaller, independent frequency channels.
This type of technique is useful when the link’s
bandwidth is better than the United bandwidth
of the transmitted signals.
9 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Cont…
The FDM is used in telephone companies in the
20th century in long-distance connections for
multiplexing a number of voice signals using a
system like a coaxial cable.
For small distances, low-cost cables were utilized
for different systems such as bell systems
10 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Cont…
11 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Cont…
12 Guard Bands in FDM

In FDM, we can observe a lot of inter-channel

cross-talk, due to the fact that in this type of
multiplexing the bandwidth is divided into
frequency channels.
In order to prevent the inter-channel cross talk,
unused strips of bandwidth must be placed
between each channel. These unused strips
between each channel are known as guard
bands.
13 Guard Bands in FDM Cont…
14 FDM Process

 The input signals are translated into frequency bands by

using modulation techniques, and they are combined by a
multiplexer to form a composite signal.
 The main aim of the FDM is to subdivide the available
bandwidth into different frequency channels and allocate
them to different devices.
 Using the modulation technique, the input signals are
transmitted into frequency bands and then combined to
form a composite signal.
 The carriers which are used for modulating the signals are
known as sub-carriers. They are represented as f1,f2..fn.
15 FDM Multiplexing Process
16 FDM Demultiplexing Process
17 Example of FDM
18 Advantages of FDM

FDM is used for analog signals.

FDM process is very simple and easy modulation.
A Large number of signals can be sent through
an FDM simultaneously.
It does not require any synchronization between
sender and receiver.
19 Disadvantages of FDM

FDM technique is used only when low-speed

channels are required.
It suffers the problem of crosstalk.
A Large number of modulators are required.
It requires a high bandwidth channel.
20 Applications of FDM

FDM is commonly used in TV networks.

It is used in FM and AM broadcasting. Each FM
radio station has different frequencies, and they
are multiplexed to form a composite signal. The
multiplexed signal is transmitted in the air.
21 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
(WDM)
WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine
optical signals.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing is same as FDM
except that the optical signals are transmitted through
the fiber optic cable.
Optical signals from different source are combined to
form a wider band of light with the help of multiplexer.
At the receiving end, demultiplexer separates the
signals to transmit them to their respective
destinations.
22 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
(WDM) Cont…
23 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
(WDM) Cont…
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing can be
achieved by using a prism.
Prism can perform a role of multiplexer by
combining the various optical signals to form a
composite signal, and the composite signal is
transmitted through a fiber optical cable.
Prism also performs a reverse operation, i.e.,
demultiplexing the signal.
24 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
(WDM) Cont…
25 Uses of WDM

WDM multiply the effective bandwidth of a fiber

optic communications system
This reduces the cost and increases the capacity
of the cable to carry data.
It uses light of different colors to create a
number of signal paths.
It uses Optical prisms to separate the different
colors at the receiving end and optical prisms
does not require power source.
26 Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)

 TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for

combining several low-rate digital channels into
one high-rate one
 In Time Division Multiplexing technique, the total time
available in the channel is distributed among
different users. Therefore, each user is allocated with
different time interval known as a Time slot at which
data is to be transmitted by the sender.
 In Time Division Multiplexing technique, data is not
transmitted simultaneously rather the data is
transmitted one-by-one.
27 Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Cont…
In Frequency Division Multiplexing Technique, all
signals operate at the same time with different
frequency, but in case of Time Division
Multiplexing technique, all signals operate at the
same frequency with different time.
In TDM, the signal is transmitted in the form of
frames. Frames contain a cycle of time slots in
which each frame contains one or more slots
dedicated to each user.
28 Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Cont…
29 Types of TDM

Synchronous TDM
Statistical TDM
30 Synchronous TDM

A Synchronous TDM is a technique in which time

slot is pre-assigned to every device.
In Synchronous TDM, each device is given some
time slot irrespective of the fact that the device
contains the data or not.
If the device does not have any data, then the
slot will remain empty.
31 Synchronous TDM Cont…

In Synchronous TDM, signals are sent in the form

of frames. Time slots are organized in the form of
frames. If a device does not have data for a
particular time slot, then the empty slot will be
transmitted.
The most popular Synchronous TDM are T-1
multiplexing, ISDN multiplexing, and SONET
multiplexing.
32 Synchronous TDM Cont…
33 Synchronous TDM Example
34 Disadvantages of Synchronous TDM

 The capacity of the channel is not fully utilized as

the empty slots are also transmitted which is
having no data. In the above figure, the first
frame is completely filled, but in the last two
frames, some slots are empty. Therefore, we can
say that the capacity of the channel is not utilized
efficiently.
 The speed of the transmission medium should be
greater than the total speed of the input lines. An
alternative approach to the Synchronous TDM is
Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing.
35 Statistical TDM

An asynchronous TDM is also known as Statistical

TDM.
An asynchronous TDM is a technique in which
time slots are not fixed as in the case of
Synchronous TDM. Time slots are allocated to
only those devices which have the data to send.
Therefore, we can say that Asynchronous Time
Division multiplexor transmits only the data from
active workstations.
36 Statistical TDM Cont…

An asynchronous TDM technique dynamically

allocates the time slots to the devices.
In Asynchronous TDM, total speed of the input
lines can be greater than the capacity of the
channel.
Asynchronous Time Division multiplexor accepts
the incoming data streams and creates a frame
that contains only data with no empty slots.
37 Statistical TDM Cont…

In Asynchronous TDM, each slot contains an

address part that identifies the source of the
data.
The difference between Asynchronous TDM and
Synchronous TDM is that many slots in
Synchronous TDM are unutilized, but in
Asynchronous TDM, slots are fully utilized. This
leads to the smaller transmission time and
efficient utilization of the capacity of the
channel.
38 Statistical TDM Cont…

In Synchronous TDM, if there are n sending

devices, then there are n time slots. In
Asynchronous TDM, if there are n sending
devices, then there are m time slots where m is
less than n (m<n).
39 Statistical TDM Cont…
40 Exercise 01

Assume that a voice channel occupies a

bandwidth of 4 kHz. We need to combine three
voice channels into a link with a bandwidth of
12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency domain.
Assume there are no guard bands.
41 Answer

We shift (modulate) each of the three voice

channels to a different bandwidth
We use the 20- to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first
channel, the 24- to 28-kHz bandwidth for the
second channel, and the 28- to 32-kHz
bandwidth for the third one.
Then we combine them as shown as follows,
42 Answer Cont…
43 Exercise 02

Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth,

are to be multiplexed together. What is the
minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need
for a guard band of 10 kHz between the
channels to prevent interference?
44 Answer

For five channels, we need at least four guard

bands. This means that the required bandwidth
is at least
5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz,
as shown as follows,
45 Answer Cont…
46
Thank You!!!
M. Janotheepan