12/28/23, 12:30 PM Signals Sampling Theorem

Signals Sampling Theorem

Statement: A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be
recovered back when sampling frequency fs is greater than or equal to the twice the
highest frequency component of message signal. i. e.

f s ≥ 2f m .

Proof: Consider a continuous time signal x(t). The spectrum of x(t) is a band limited
to fm Hz i.e. the spectrum of x(t) is zero for |ω|>ωm.

Sampling of input signal x(t) can be obtained by multiplying x(t) with an impulse
train δ(t) of period Ts. The output of multiplier is a discrete signal called sampled
signal which is represented with y(t) in the following diagrams:

Here, you can observe that the sampled signal takes the period of impulse. The
process of sampling can be explained by the following mathematical expression:

Sampled signal y(t) = x(t). δ(t) . . . . . . (1)

The trigonometric Fourier series representation of δ (t) is given by

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12/28/23, 12:30 PM Signals Sampling Theorem
∞
δ(t) = a 0 + Σ (a n cos nω s t + b n sin nω s t) . . . . . . (2)
n=1

Where
1 2 1 1
a0 = ∫ −T
δ(t)dt = δ(0) =
Ts Ts Ts
2

2 2 2 2
an = ∫ −T
δ(t) cos nω s dt = δ(0) cos nω s 0 =
Ts T2 T
2

2 2 2
bn = ∫ −T
δ(t) sin nω s t dt = δ(0) sin nω s 0 = 0
Ts Ts
2

Substitute above values in equation 2.

1 ∞ 2
∴ δ(t) = + Σ ( cos nω s t + 0)
Ts n=1 Ts

Substitute δ(t) in equation 1.

→ y(t) = x(t). δ(t)

1 ∞ 2
= x(t)[ + Σ ( cos nω s t)]
Ts n=1 Ts

1 ∞
= [x(t) + 2Σ (cos nω s t)x(t)]
Ts n=1

1
y(t) = [x(t) + 2 cos ω s t. x(t) + 2 cos 2ω s t. x(t) + 2 cos
Ts

3ω s t. x(t) . . . . . . ]

Take Fourier transform on both sides.

1
Y (ω) = [X(ω) + X(ω − ω s ) + X(ω + ω s ) + X(ω − 2ω s )
Ts

+ X(ω + 2ω s )+ . . . ]

1 ∞
∴ Y (ω) = Σ n=−∞ X(ω − nω s ) where n = 0, ±1, ±2, .
Ts

..

To reconstruct x(t), you must recover input signal spectrum X(ω) from sampled
signal spectrum Y(ω), which is possible when there is no overlapping between the
cycles of Y(ω).

Possibility of sampled frequency spectrum with different conditions is given by the

following diagrams:

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Aliasing Effect
The overlapped region in case of under sampling represents aliasing effect, which
can be removed by

considering fs >2fm

By using anti aliasing filters.

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