ELECTRICITY

Current (I)- Rate of flow of charge. SI unit of current is Ampere (A). Electric Current is measured using Ammeter
(Connected in series.

Q V −3 −6
I= I= 1 mA=1 0 A 1 µA=1 0 A
t R
Charge (Q)- Net charge that flows across any cross section. SI unit of charge is Coulomb (C).

Q=¿
Potential Difference (V)- The difference of electric pressure. SI unit of Potential Difference is Volt (V). Potential Difference is
measured using Voltmeter (Connected in parallel).

W
V=
Q
Work Done (W)- The amount of work done to move a charge from one point to the other. SI unit of Work Done is Joules (J).

W =VQ
Ohm’s Law (V ∝ I)- The potential difference across the ends of a given metallic wire in an electric circuit is directly proportional to
the current flowing through it.

V =IR
Resistance (R)- A constant for the given metallic wire at a given temperature. SI unit of Resistance is Ohm (Ω).

V l
R= R=ρ
I A
Series (Rs)- ( Rs=R 1+ R 2+ R 3) Current ( I )=I ( Constant )

1 1 1 1
Parallel (Rp)- ( = + + ) Current ( I )=I 1+ I 2+ I 3 (Changes at different branches )
Rp R 1 R 2 R 3
Joule’s Law of Heating (H)- When a current passes through a conductor of resistance for time then the heat developed in the
conductor is equal to the product of the square of the current, the resistance and time.
2
H=I Rt H=VIt
Power (P)- The rate of doing work. SI unit is Watt (W).
2
Q 2 V
P=V P=VI P=I R P= 1 kWh=1000 w ×3600 sec
t R
6
¿ 3.6 ×10 J
Rho (p)- Constant of proportionality and is called the electrical resistivity of the material of the conductor.

Notes-
1.Alloys do not oxide readily at high temperatures. For this reason, they are commonly used in electrical heating devices.
2.Resistance of a conductor depends on – (i) On its length. (ii) on its area of cross section. (iii)on the nature of the material.
3.A component used to regulate current without changing the voltage source is called variable resistance. In an electric circuit a
q device called rheostat is often used to change the resistance in the circuit.
4.Electron possesses a negative charge of 1.6 ×10−19 C .