What is Topology? Network topologies describe the methods in which all the elements of a network are mapped. The topology term refers to both the physical and logical layout of a network.Bus Topology Bus Topology Diagram Bus topology uses a single cable which connects all the included nodes. The main cable acts as a spine for the entire network. One of the computers in the network acts as the computer server. When it has two endpoints, it is known as a linear bus topology.Advantages: Here are pros/benefits of using a bus topology: © Cost of the cable is very less as compared to other topology, so it is widely used to build small networks. Famous for LAN network because they are inexpensive and easy to install. It is widely used when a network installation is small, simple, or temporary. It is one of the passive topologies. So computers on the bus only listen for data being sent, that are not responsible for moving the data from one computer to others.Disadvantages: Here are the cons/drawbacks of bus topology: © Incase if the common cable fails, then the entire system will crash down. e When network traffic is heavy, it develops collisions in the network. e Whenever network traffic is heavy, or nodes are too many, the performance time of the network significantly decreases. e Cables are always of a limited length.Ring Topology Ring Topology Diagram In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighboring devices for communication purpose. It is called a ring topology as its formation is like a ring. In this topology, every computer is connected to another computer. Here, the last node is combined with a first one. This topology uses token to pass the information from one computer to another. In this topology, all themessages travel through a ring in the same direction. Advantages: Here are pros/benefits of ring topology: ¢ Easy to install and reconfigure. © Adding or deleting a device in-ring topology needs you to move only two connections. ¢ The troubleshooting process is difficult in a ring topology. e Failure of one computer can disturb the whole network. © Offers equal access to all the computers of the networks Faster error checking and acknowledgment.Disadvantages: Here are drawbacks/cons of ring topology: © Unidirectional traffic. © Break ina single ring can risk the breaking of the entire network ¢ Modern days high-speed LANs made this topology less popular. « Inthe ring, topology signals are circulating at all times, which develops unwanted power consumption. ¢ Itis very difficult to troubleshoot the ring network. ¢ Adding or removing the computers can disturb the network activity.Star Topology Star Topology Diagram In the star topology, all the computers connect with the help of a hub. This cable is called a central node, and all other nodes are connected using this central node. It is most popular on LAN networks as they are inexpensive and easy to install.Advantages: Here are pros/benefits of start topology: Easy to troubleshoot, set up, and modify. ® Only those nodes are affected, that has failed. Other nodes still work. Fast performance with few nodes and very low network traffic. ® In Star topology, addition, deletion, and moving of the devices are easy.Disadvantages: Here are cons/drawbacks of using Star: If the hub or concentrator fails, attached nodes are disabled. ¢ Cost of installation of star topology is costly. e Heavy network traffic can sometimes slow the bus considerably. e Performance depends on the hub's capacity e Adamaged cable or lack of proper termination may bring the network down.Mesh Topology The mesh topology has a unique network design in which each computer on the network connects to every other. It is develops a P2P (point- to-point) connection between all the devices of the network. It offers a high level of redundancy, so even if one network cable fails, still data has an alternative path to reach its destination. Types of Mesh Topology: ¢ Partial Mesh Topology: In this type of topology, most of the devices are connected almost similarly as full topology. The only difference is that few devices are connected with just two or three devices.Partially Connected Mesh Topology ¢ Full Mesh Topology: In this topology, every nodes or device are directly connected with each other. eet Fully Connected Mesh TopologyAdvantages: Here, are pros/benefits of Mesh topology Ads by Google The network can be expanded without disrupting current users. Need extra capable compared with other LAN topologies. Complicated implementation. No traffic problem as nodes has dedicated links. It has multiple links, so if any single route is blocked, then other routes should be used for data communication. P2P links make the fault identification isolation process easy. It helps you to avoid the chances of network failure by connecting all the systems to a central node.Disadvantages: Installation is complex because every node is connected to every node. Dedicated links help you to eliminate the traffic problem. A mesh topology is robust. Every system has its privacy and security It is expensive due to the use of more cables. No proper utilization of systems. It requires more space for dedicated links. Because of the amount of cabling and the number of input-outputs, it is expensive to implement. It requires a large space to run the cables.Tree Topology Tree Topology Tree topologies have a root node, and all other nodes are connected which form a hierarchy. So it is also known as hierarchical topology. This topology integrates various star topologies together in a single bus, so it is known as a Star Bus topology. Tree topology is a very common network which is similar to a bus and star topology.Advantages: Here are pros/benefits of tree topology: Failure of one node never affects the rest of the network. Node expansion is fast and easy. Detection of error is an easy process ¢ It is easy to manage and maintain Disadvantages: Here are cons/drawback of tree topology: e It is heavily cabled topology e If more nodes are added, then its maintenance is difficult e If the hub or concentrator fails, attached nodes are also disabled.Hybrid Topology Hybrid Topology Hybrid topology combines two or more topologies. You can see in the above architecture in such a manner that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies. For example, as you can see in the above image that in an office in one department, Star and P2P topology is used. A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basicnetwork topologies are connected. Advantages: Here, are advantages/pros using Hybrid topology: * Offers the easiest method for error detecting and troubleshooting ¢ Highly effective and flexible networking topology It is scalable so you can increase your network size Disadvantages: © The design of hybrid topology is complex © It is one of the costliest processes11 DATA COMMUNICATIONS When we communicate, we are sharing information. This sharing can be local or remote, Between individuals, local communication usually occurs face 10 face, while ‘emote communication takes place over distance. The term telecommumnication, which ‘ata communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable. For data communications to occur, the communicating devices must be part of a communication system made up of acom- bination of hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs). The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four fundamental characteristics: deliv ry, accuracy, timeliness, and jer. 1, Delivery. The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be received by the intended device or user and only by that device or user. > Accuracy, The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable. ‘Timeliness. The system must deliver data ina timely manner. Data delivered late are useless. Inthe case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as they are produced, in the same order that they are produced, and without signi ‘ant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission. 44, Stet. site refers tothe variation in the packet arrival time. It isthe uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets. For example, let us assume that video packets are sent every 3D ms, I some ofthe packets arrive with 3D-ms delay and others with Dims delay, an uneven quality in the video is the result COinponents {A data communi ions system has five components (see Figure 1.1). Figure Ll tonw |. Message. The message is the information (data) to be communicated. Popular forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video. Sender. The sender is the device that sends the data message. It can be a com- puter, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on. . Receiver. The receiver is the device that receives the message. It can be a com- puter, workstation, telephone handset, television, and so on. . Transmission medium. The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver. Some examples of transmission media include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and radio waves. SECTION 1.1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS 5 . Protocol. A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It repre- sents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating, just as a person speaking French cannot be understood by a person who speaks only Japanese.Type of Connection pathway that transfers data from one device to another. For visualization purposes. itis simplest to imagine any link as a line drawn between two points. For communication to occur, two devices must be connected in some way to the same link at the same time. ‘There are two possible types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint. Point-to-Point A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link between two devices, The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission between those (wo devices, Most point-to-point connections use an actual length of wire or cable to cor rect the two ends, but other options, such as microwave or satelite links, are also poss ble (see Figure 1.3a). When you change television channels by infrared remote control, you are establishing a point-to-point connection between the remote control and the television's control system. Multipoint A multipoint (also called multidrop) connection is one in which more than two specific devices share a single link (see Figure 1.3b} In a multipoint environment, the capacity of the channel is shared, either spatially oo temporally. If several devices can use the link simultaneously, itis a spatially shared connection. Ifusers must take turns, itis a timeshared connection. Physical Topology The term physical topology refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically.: ‘Two or more devices connect to a link; two or more links form a topology. The topology SECTION1.2 NETWORKS 9 1.3 Types ofconnections: point-to-point and multipoint ——== i MalipaiaA computer network is a group of computers that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes. The interconnections between nodes are formed from a broad spectrum of telecommunication network technologies, based on physically wired, optical, and wireless radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network topologies. The nodes of a computer network may be classified by many means as personal computers, servers, networking hardware, or general purpose hosts. They are identified by hostnames and network addresses. Hostnames serve as memorable labels for the nodes, rarely changed after initial assignment. Network addresses serve for locating and identifying the nodes by communication protocols such as the Internet Protocol. Computer networks may be classified by many criteria, for example, the transmission medium used to carry signals, bandwidth, communications protocols to organizeAdvantages and Disadvantages of Computer Networking Computer network is defined as a set of interconnected autonomous systems that facilitate distributed processing of information. It results in better performance with high speed of processing. Advantages of Network: These are main advantages of Computer Networks: 1. Central Storage of Data -— Files can be stored on a central node (the file server) that can be shared and made available to each and every user in an organization. 2. Anyone can connect to a computer network — There is a negligible range of abilities required to connect to a modernw computer network. The effortlessness of joining makes it workable for even youthful kids to start exploiting the data. . Faster Problem solving — Since an extensive procedure is disintegrated into a few littler procedures and each is taken care of by all the associated gadgets, an explicit issue can be settled in lesser time. Reliability — Reliability implies backing up of information. Due to some reason equipment crash, and so on, the information gets undermined or inaccessible on one PC, another duplicate of similar information is accessible on another workstation for future use, which prompts smooth working and further handling without interruption.5. It is highly flexible — This innovation is known to be truly adaptable, as it offers clients the chance to investigate everything about fundamental things, for example, programming without influencing their usefulness. 6. Security through Authorization — Security and protection of information is additionally settled through system. As just the system clients are approved to get to specific records or applications, no other individual can crack the protection or security of information. 7. It boosts storage capacity — Since you will share data, records and assets to other individuals, you need to guarantee all information and substance are legitimately put away inthe framework. With this systems administration innovation, you can do the majority of this with no issue, while having all the space you requirement for capacity. Disadvantages of Network: These are main disadvantages of Computer Networks: 1. It lacks robustness — If a PC system’s principle server separates, the whole framework would end up futile. Also, if it has a bridging device or a central linking server that fails, the entire network would also come to a standstill. To manage these issues, gigantic systems ought to have a ground-breaking PC to fill in as. document server to influence setting to up and keeping up the system less demanding.2. It lacks independence — PC organizing includes a procedure that is worked utilizing PCs, so individuals will depend a greater amount of PC work, rather than applying an exertion for their jobs that needs to be done. Beside this, they will be subject to the primary document server, which implies that, in the event that it separates, the framework would end up futile, making clients inactive. 3. Virus and Malware — On the off chance that even one PC ona system gets contaminated with an infection, there is a possibility for alternate frameworks to get tainted as well. Infections can spread on a system effectively, in view of the between availability of different gadgets.4. Lack of Independence4. Cost of network — The expense of executing the system including cabling and equipment can be expensive.What is LAN? ZN A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computer and peripheral devices which are connected in a limited area such as school, laboratory, home, and office building. It is a widely useful network for sharing resources like files, printers, games, and other application. The simplest type of LAN network is to connect computers and a printer in someone's home or office. In general, LAN will be used as one type of transmission medium.It is a network which consists of less than 5000 interconnected devices across several buildings. Characteristics of LAN Here are important characteristics of a LAN network: e Itis a private network, so an outside regulatory body never controls it. © LAN operates at a relatively higher speed compared to other WAN systems. © There are various kinds of media access control methods like token ring and ethernet.Advantages of LAN Here are pros/benefits of using LAN: Computer resources like hard- disks, DVD-ROM, and printers can share local area networks. This significantly reduces the cost of hardware purchases. You can use the same software over the network instead of purchasing the licensed software for each client in the network. Data of all network users can be stored ona single hard disk of the server computer. You can easily transfer data and messages over networked computers. It will be easy to manage data at only one place, which makes data more secure. Local Area Network offers the facility to share a single internet connection among all the LAN users.Disadvantages of LAN Here are the important cons/ drawbacks of LAN: ° LAN will indeed save cost because of shared computer resources, but the initial cost of installing Local Area Networks is quite high. © The LAN admin can check personal data files of every LAN user, so it does not offer good privacy. Unauthorized users can access critical data of an organization in case LAN admin is not able to secure centralized data repository. Local Area Network requires a constant LAN administration as there are issues related to software setup and hardware failuresWhat is WAN? WAN (Wide Area Network) is another important computer network that which is spread across a large geographical area. WAN network system could be a connection of a LAN which connects with other LAN's using telephone lines and radio waves. It is mostly limited to an enterprise or an organization.Characteristics of LAN: © The software files will be shared among all the users; therefore, all can access to the latest files. ¢ Any organization can form its global integrated network using WAN. Advantages of WAN Here are the benefits/ pros of using WAN: ¢ WAN helps you to cover a larger geographical area. Therefore business offices situated at longer distances can easily communicate. * Contains devices like mobile phones, laptop, tablet, computers, gaming consoles, etc. * WLAN connections work using radio transmitters and receivers built into client devices.radio transmitters and receivers built into client devices. Disadvantage of WAN Here are drawbacks/cons of using WAN: ¢ The initial setup cost of investment is very high. Itis difficult to maintain the WAN network. You need skilled technicians and network administrators. There are more errors and issues because of the wide coverage and the use of different technologies. It requires more time to resolve issues because of the involvement of multiple wired and wireless technologies. Offers lower security compared to other types of networks.What is MAN? Core Network vi WLAN.LAN. / 26,36 Ay _— Metro Network Z NN \ ~ \ 1sDN os A A Metropolitan Area Network or MAN is consisting of a computer network across an entire city, college campus, orasmall region. This type of network is large than a LAN, which is mostly limited to a single building or site. Depending upon the type of configuration, this type of network allows you to cover an area from several miles to tens of miles.Characteristics of MAN Here are important characteristics of the MAN network: * It mostly covers towns and cities in amaximum 50 km range * Mostly used medium is optical fibers, cables © Data rates adequate for distributed computing applications. Advantages of MAN Here are pros/benefits of using MAN system: © It offers fast communication using high-speed carriers, like fiber optic cables. It provides excellent support for an extensive size network and greater access to WANs. ¢ The dual bus in MAN network provides support to transmit data in both directions concurrently.¢ AMAN network mostly includes some areas of a city or an entire city. Disadvantages of MAN Here are drawbacks/ cons of using the MAN network: * You need more cable to establish MAN connection from one place to another. ¢ In MAN network it is tough to make the system secure from hackersWhat is PAN (Personal Area Network)? PAN is a computer network formed around a person. It generally consists of a computer, mobile, or personal digital assistant. PAN can be used for establishing communication among these personal devices for connecting to a digital network and the internet.Characteristics of PAN It is mostly personal devices network equipped within a limited area. Allows you to handle the interconnection of IT devices at the surrounding of a single user. PAN includes mobile devices, tablet, and laptop. It can be wirelessly connected to the internet called WPAN. Appliances use for PAN: cordless mice, keyboards, and Bluetooth systems. Advantages of PAN Here, are important pros/benefits of using PAN network: « PAN networks are relatively secure and safe Itoffers only short-range solution up to ten meters © Strictly restricted to a small areaDisadvantages of PAN Here are important cons/ drawback of using PAN network: e |t may establish a bad connection to other networks at the same radio bands. e Distance limits.