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Classification
Chapter 1 Learning Objectives
Learn the 7 characteristics of life
Learn the features of cells
Learn how organisms are classified
Learn the order of classification
Learn the characteristics of Phylum Vertebrata and its 5 classes
Learn the characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda and its 4 classes
Learn the characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
Learn the characteristics of Kingdom Fungi
Learn the characteristics of Kingdom Protoctista
Learn the characteristics of Kingdom Prokaryotae
Learn about characteristics of viruses
Learn how to use and construct a dichotomous key
Learn how to calculate magnification
What’s the difference? What makes one
‘alive’?
1.1 Classification of Living things
e.g. urinating to rid of urea and ammonia, seating to rid of salts, exhaling to rid of
Co2
Not only do living organisms meet the 7 characteristics of life, but their
cells all have the same common components.
1- Cytoplasm
2- Cell membrane
3- DNA- making up the genetic information
4- Ribosomes- for protein synthesis
5- Enzymes- used for anaerobic respiration
What would you classify this animal as?
- Webbed feet
- Duck bill
- Fur
- Tail
- Lays eggs
- Secretes milk
Dr. G. Shaw who first examined a dead
specimen even thought it was a hoax.
What would you classify this animal as?
The common ancestor for mammals existed 200 million years ago and
gave rise to all mammals today.
Newly discovered placental mammal’s
common ancestor
morganucodontid
In the old days…
In the past scientists classified organisms into groups based the organism’s
Morphology and Anatomy
This system is called the Linnaean Classification system and is still used
today.
Kingdom
All living things can be classified into 5 kingdoms
Animal
Plant
Fungi
Prokaryote*
Protoctist
For example under the kingdom Animalia (Animal) there are different
phyla.
Class
The level below phylum is called class.
For example under the phylum Vertebrata (animals with a backbone) there are 5
different classes:
-Mammals
-Birds
-Fish
-Reptiles
-Amphibians
Order
The level after class is order. Each order will contain several Families
E.g. Carnivora is the order which contains the family which contains flesh
eating placental mammals.
Family
The next level below Order is Family and will contain several Genera
E.g. Felida is the family that contains all Genera of cat-like animals
Genus
Genus is the next level of classification below Family.
Organisms within the same genus will also share similar characteristics
genus
species
Example: Dog Canis familiaris
Organisms belong to the same species if they are able to mate and
produce fertile offspring.
Sometimes organisms from different species are able to mate and produce
living offspring.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
The genus can be abbreviated to its first letter followed by the species after a
dot.
e.g. C. familiaris
What is the Binomial name of the Eastern
Bearded dragon?
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Family: Agamidae
Genus: Pogona
Species: P. barbata
Recap questions
1. What are the 7 characteristics of life?
2. What is the smallest unit of classification?
3. Which genus does Physalia physalis (Portuguese man o' war) belong to?
4. How are organisms classified in modern times? How does differ from traditional
methods?
5. What is a Binomial name?
6. Two species with similar DNA bases have a more recent or distant ancestor?
7. A golden retriever can produce fertile offspring with a poodle. What does this imply
about the two dog breeds?
8. Classification systems aim to express______________ relationships.
Chapter 1 Learning Objectives
Learn the 7 characteristics of life
Learn the features of cells
Learn how organisms are classified
Learn the order of classification
Learn the characteristics of Phylum Vertebrata and its 5 classes
Learn the characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda and its 4 classes
Learn the characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
Learn the characteristics of Kingdom Fungi
Learn the characteristics of Kingdom Protoctista
Learn the characteristics of Kingdom Prokaryotae
Learn about characteristics of viruses
Learn how to use and construct a dichotomous key
Learn how to calculate magnification
Kingdom: Animal/Animalia
Most Animals are able to move and actively hunt for food. Some animals
such as Sea Anemone were thought to be plants because they do not move
and look like flowers.
phylum
echinoderms
Vertebrates =
animals with
a backbone.
Phylum: Vertebrata/Vertebrates
* Endothermic animals are warm-blooded. They are able to regulate and maintain a
constant body temperature independent of the environment.
Class: Birds (Aves)
Birds are vertebrates that:
Most fish live in water, although there are some exceptions such as the mudskipper
which can breathe air for short periods.
Class: Reptilia/Reptiles
Reptiles are Vertebrates that:
3. Why are bats classified as mammals and not birds despite having wings?
More recap questions
There are more arthropods than all other animals put together.
4 classes of phylum Arthropoda
Arachnids
Insecta/Insects
Insects are very successful due to their water-proof exoskeleton and tracheae which
prevents water from evaporating from body, allowing them to live in dry places.
What are the two features which are common in all arthropods?
-Plants are organisms whose cells have a cell wall (made of cellulose) and
chloroplasts (which contain chlorophyll).
- Plants use energy from the sun to make glucose in a process called
photosynthesis using carbon dioxide and water molecules.
Remember this?
2 main groups of plants
Sporangia is a
spore case
where spores
develop
Flowering plants- 2 types
-Monocotyledonous (Monocots)
- Dicotyledonous (Dicots)
Cotyledon= the embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants
Broader leaves
e.g. Bean
Monocot vs Dicot seed
e.g. corn e.g. common
bean
Monocot or Dicot?
Monocot or Dicot?
Monocot or Dicot?
Monocot or Dicot?
Monocot or Dicot?
Monocot or Dicot?
Monocot or Dicot?
Monocot or Dicot?
Recap questions
2- How many types of flowering plants are there? What are they called?
3- Which three features do plant cells have that are absent in animal cells?
Saprophytic nutrition- Absorbing nutrient directly from dead or decaying matter. Digestion
takes place outside the organism.
Unicellular
Yeast
Multicellular
Polypore
Mould
Uses and harm of fungi
5. Are most fungi multicellular or unicellular? Can you name a unicellular fungi?
6.
Amoeba proteus
Kingdom: Prokaryotae/Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes have very different cell structures to other organisms (eukaryotes). They have
the following characteristics:
Many bacteria are helpful and play an important role in the ecosystem
(carbon/nitrogen cycle) and in biotechnology (genetic engineering)
Your gut contains helpful bacteria that aids with digestion and keeps away
harmful bacteria
Prokaryote or Protoctist
Euglena
Prokaryote or Protoctist
Euglena
Viruses (NOT a kingdom)
Viruses are not considered to be living as they do not meet any of the
characteristics of life.
All viruses can only reproduce parasitically by entering a host cell and
take over the cell’s machinery, forcing them to produce more copies of
the virus.
Virus are not made of cells and exist at a strand of RNA or DNA
surrounded by a protein coat.
COVID-19
1µm= 0.001 mm
1nm= 0.0000001 mm
Chapter 1 Learning Objectives
Learn the 7 characteristics of life
Learn the features of cells
Learn how organisms are classified
Learn the order of classification
Learn the characteristics of Phylum Vertebrata and its 5 classes
Learn the characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda and its 4 classes
Learn the characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
Learn the characteristics of Kingdom Fungi
Learn the characteristics of Kingdom Protoctista
Learn the characteristics of Kingdom Prokaryotae
Learn about characteristics of viruses
Learn how to use and construct a dichotomous key
Learn how to calculate magnification
Recap
You will eventually be led to the name of the organism as the key will give you two
descriptions to choose from. Each choice you make will lead you closer to your organism’s
name.
How to construct a dichotomous key
Identify features of the organisms that will allow you to split them into two
groups each time.
Test out your dichotomous key. Your peers should also be able to arrive at
the same result using your key.
Millipede Scorpion June beetle
Lobster
Black widow
1. More than 5 pairs of limbs..................... Millipede
Has 5 or fewer than 5 pairs of limbs …… 2
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Family: Testudinidae
Genus: Centrochelys
Species: C. sulcata
How poster will be marked
1- Content ( /5)
2- Design and layout/aesthetic ( /5)
3- Overall impression ( /3)
Total 13 marks
Magnification calculations
We are often presented with photos or diagrams that have been magnified to see
clearly (e.g. a diagram of a bacteria cell).
Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBdVARYWq1c
Example 1. calculating magnification
Calculate the magnification of the following image of sea
urchin eggs.
1. Use a ruler and measure the provided scale bar.
2. (Assume the scale bar measures at 20mm).
Convert the measurement into micrometres (μm)
mm (x 1,000) μm
20mm x 1,000 = 20,000μm
3. Substitute the values into the formula
M=I/A
M= 2,0000μm/50μm
Magnification = 400x
The electron micrograph image below has a 1. Measure the length of the image using a ruler. This is
magnification of 10,000x. Calculate the actual the image size
size of the bacterial cell. (Assume the image is 20mm across)
2. Convert the measurement into mm
3. Substitute the values into the formula
M=I/A A= I/M
A= 20mm/10,000x
A= 0.002mm
4. Convert your answer into μm (mm x1000 μm)