| 4 \ 194
Eleckvostaties
The branch of ph sics that deals uth the stationary charge
by ctudyin An. “1 Mhew properties of charger. Uke ; f
here Geld, elechic préstial | capacitance
Chavap ‘
Jers an arbi pepe* of a particle yee attract
ov sepa other none parties Th can positive ov negak
How can an object be charged?
1 NC Ye waiad 19 adA a pratt an cite. abou ee baby dio
vd fresh diseto electvotabe force but whorthe tilance bjs den
| ‘Ne piton We then thee ull be a very chreg acttyacte ¢
force called strong nucleay force anck then the protien revber ch
wil Wienadehy so the whole elem — Yons » Vonage “j
> To chavge a particle , we will only increase SY deureare the nub
4 eta
of electrons which will Wwouct a poe ox pote en
te petiely no chonge ual\ be dane to the pres
Coulomb’, law
¥ of alae Vv > 2 . :
Feo. . oy
Sa tek qq; where E i: ond
y>
Re Kaye F
> eo Gran
Y yr
LF can be athachive a5 a. Fe ig aly,
well ay ve pulsive, a ra
uw Ke 4 x10'Nne/c* s0 2 Fe is ve Sima
, : ‘
Fe is my big. QP 6.44 nal Ing
Yk
: ge G's univer tal Un
h. ‘x a de t medium, is) .
5. &K' is leper unt oh Lm, Gis weld ea
t fleck of medium on Coulomb’s fwce-
ke
Uke
FE =« 4 An. = 4 tye
Une See «
shave
Sphevical fw —vodually gubwavd
. dictan «,
1. SiINCR > is inversely elated te Fe, accthe aren inuieny
the free deveases sthis will ha pen spherical
Yo chius ot sphere ineveages » force will decveace.
r. Fover is aeeslls proportional to 'qag: So a, the product
Incveastss fuer inoreayes.
* a the
3: Since K > ee > the overlay for cuy fag area 8}, sphere
is in the fovmula whick shows hat Fe a spherical re
whidh is enevted ‘odtally patwavd.
> u. Fauall alunys be a
dent om roedium, A denser wnedivanr,
will oveate
hurdles but no medium oy vaccurn wi'll let
qpeaker force aut onthe charges, This ic chown bu fe where
fais the rey wn thok chows behawour 4,
medium wi duke tate, vee. Eo isuvitten for pei
Free space | vaccum.
{ Fov free ee
Fe 19+ where, & = 9-5 x10 Cf nlm
On tev" 77
For any medium «
Fe a x At4r
Whe ye
ge Neocentat Jove | adhin aba dnlante . force whol, dot
yequve We-tue rnadtr aleto Core Un contac
ont
Relative Pevmitivity (Ee)
> Vaccum har an dette behaviow whocls does not allow 1007
Duby pal a a tyrce
Force in medium.
a x VE x We x a
Yee xe Yee
& se &
te
ie, = Fovcein ain | free space = h. he Gy inerenser » force, ecreases
Q Two similar spheres, each of mass Ibo ave Sepevatect b
‘ Find out how many elechon .
distance - vd 5 must be vempved
bot sothak the elecho sbakic vepuliion is balanced b. th
qyrnitalional free ? d °
fe = Fa
qr = 4
mi = m2 =\0q. = eat:
(= b-b1K 15" Ne | kg?
Ke 4xt0' Ne] C7
Kat = Gw?
¥ “
4 .
Oharps aeony © fem wtegek val
chow
5 furdamental chowte :
os Qetae
“11,
[Link] 10 ©
Eledvic Geld of a che
so fe
Qe} .
\/ tes :
at 7 proofed >
4!
chowge \ clog none !
= We can on!
anothey deat Char Hecaust, no-torce will be enetted
dhavge on & neutral object but aptrdu deg ansthew chavge
will nave afield of tht ovr
> To miniwire the. effect 8 this nape peiton 2 VE UGE A Very sal
chavge which we imagine has a field clocetenone-, Knew
oo eo ov tet change Gy the rain change ell ke Q x
Souvce cha
oh pre where the fer chavge will enpetience a areaty
Lovee will nave more dechic field intensity. d
> Cledic Feld ‘tensity — fer
Yo
Fa 4 Eg
etudy an elecbic Kad of a charge Myre
the © T= Is>
ms
\
. fou
\ > 4h) dary 5
: piieg ater te dans withie thet dleadae Aelds
5 Whee the deat change is ight io We middle 4 the PU dang,
| Ye dedne tid iment will be zed vince tere i: egal
free from bath ende.
al wg wecegnitucle have to be ime aatred ug
c
my ua ok 4a 5 EL = Ex with came
6—5 8 rag ibaa Game pele
We tee dagen ave B,urnegual wagnauc, ihe Heal low
Wo heaka srafe distin Wert magus AB, Lyth Soccunuill H
Sane y which will benearey to the cmaller chap. co F=0
> —_— ¢
4. @—t —__ . ars end
20 (rear cane Te mapas yey
> Ele
we ST
pO ye
#0 = Eledie eld ineneilg will only be revo wher eledvicfeld of
both changes at equal ie Exo ke.
o———_9
An _ E E1
‘ y
what. Y a> 42 wn tamer of eagle
aq ve?
I
1 eo - 4
9K Yo yGSeLW)(. 25x18) C3) HUNT FxeIOYC
a _
L Ib xl0 = iL 4x10
ytuya-d*) 8 8SxID — y(atu) gasxl" A*
Ver Ut
ee
= baa AO td” (a)
5 7
atexID = xld
4-4 +d? a oh ri A cos®
maerepsot = 1
tos 40°=
phe igo’ 2 - 4
-+ Wears a vector portly and its divection is aleays pe
perdi,
fo the suvFace - Beas ame \
> Yov a Circular objeat, the dvection will be Pevpenctiaulay
every point on the cued surface & will —e wh,
a? \- Ly pind
ke hic. Flue blcid ic perprdicnl”
go | | 5
€ eS 2
———_
—s >
RS T= 100"
O°
=
|
—__—| a >| neg. cleans fly
—————- >
SS divedion
Of arto
win sted ioe paw
> 2
es eked BUA Vines
2 axe
‘ Etim
a)
> The numberof electric field lines psi m4 ine sorne aye
ave called eleckic Flux .
EK 2 EAwse af"
A = ( Seo. = 4 = Siprtol for eledac um
Ehedrae Hoan Product of two verlors, so bo cul
+ leche flux is a scalay ayranhiy vith the unié New| c
os ve chevae won nde an cect neakes a eyt tos
—
-ve dl * show innide ony ayer creates a —ve {lin
+1 0
41 a4
+1
A
adadelede +4
4 NE chage when bende an dbp ov oulsrde & wall cake
wo Flux so, it never matters
we The clechic flux iovide am objeit ic what. oust and rake
~
difference, oud vidle te ob)
eck > Flume ie adi
c shart to pe such that iL.
tar,
ayia ok Over post will be pels,
{lok didn
qe shea Ad {row vidlin Te as ° =O
yea
prrtions dj, the sphere Oo ARAL, AR
tonsider small
At 1: >
far EBM
= EAB sWs(0") + Cosd°= 1
Smiley
Diz EAR:
Ba Gu - EAR
Quen ) all fun:
Dz ut Dr. + Ds -..Bw
DB = EA + Eak -.. Baty
= E (oh Ah, ... Sdn)
= E(S AN
@ = E(uney*) x Sie surface iv coed Me Change ill not dep wd a
The above statment |fovenula a that electvic fun
oy a closed cuvface dogo eotidepend "tre a tor-chy
Ov avea of He dlejeck bukit depends ont upon he cee
of ae tae enclosed nit d
t Vy shay o sae Hine cechic
JO Hla will b¢ “fe same A
i Nath den j »| af Namie
fle Tove lwo can,
Aejrk
wt
co Find the eS
ife aie yok
cee r+] ie
e tH Re 2t :
iy be ajete Ae s
[Link] , A= Mie 44
fos indicabe te @ ie parts Gis) & &),
7 Ip, Comparthe vasitehivonal force. and elechostatlic fovey
| droguniiton. « Given that»
Mp = wisi
Mee 4 xlO q
yY=2o0-5\R
es bexlo'e
= 61 210 nt
Ee 85 110°C et
| Bhs. Fd the net:
flaw in *e Fling Cares. Aso indicate ”
(23 37K). (7-8
(324)
z Net [eC
n
a
0
it) B= ec: nr
= (2b +27). (j- %)
ZB =(2 Neo'|¢
iy BER
= (54) - (24) pi ve PaO re to han
= 0 Noo'Je (se = ao") porperticutann
oo
ivy . @ = E ze f.
= (UF UR). (32) gece, 1 pagent
AA & jgeay ie Hy 42
FONw/C (= ao)? a 4
a
») GER
= (2 24 424) Bt) wheerer © vector ic le
( 4) Cutty) vee woe ae
8+) cleats pede 2
p = lb Neo] (p -
Ars 2 . Ta
$2. ces kquqe + Fqmm
u a Gm M4
a aul \- 4x10") vbel0) ~3t
(G-b1x10 )(eerat0 ay xd)
U (314) EAsx10 )(6-C1A10') (61x10 (40
= 2-0) x10"
Co sy FeSD>>Fq
bes, Ca) Qe W3-W= ia + Wb $12
ott
() Dectrd Sus o40-3
=0 \| 08 \14- So
“ Caleaion of debe Feld boy Gauss lw
4. We will umsidey a suvface (imaginavy) called Gaussian
suvfaw a prow convenience, such , the point at
whida eleckic fyeld is to be rreasuved must pass trisaghi
Kk and caluuldhion of Flux should be easy f
r- Find “ah Hon s 7
Q=e-A
3. Find the Flux of closed surface bys
G = Denciosed
“Ge
ue Equake equations Avorn step 1&3.
Change pra cocduetoy alums vender on th surface be if
W Aneote go inside sthe clavge ovev it will vepdlit fromm all
directions epaking it r leak “Fo the suv face
\ i xf Me It
—_ soe wil pare 100 -flum clue 4,
a or Syeet except qe falda heveas in "I
| { ata U elec “ Cth
formed oo
sinte se fald 4 aren ane fiom | diecticn a
ang lt fovmed i 0
1
Surface chavge tout .
+ Dea “yh vided fos
Y dencity — some ab ai fe Pe space
+ cs
> Suvface chavae dersily isthe amount 5 hava Pert ap,
iks spiel (sigma)
o=8
A
Units C Lm
Applicabins of Gauss’s Law.
4. Cledbic fidd at a posat duets invite sheet of change
ae The deabae Ald val ble 9,
vad Ve od en \ we
outwava wfc Whey XX XY 4 0
Sheed is inhnite a* oe x ie .
x
Go Ws edger our! Ax :
Uta 050 Bo ve xx nt
Oe enert Hoan oe x the callin
So they ye. pel & cra ee ul
, 1
Swasde Maa ai
Total tee if EE < ose “TE
= = EAy os (0°)
‘ Os . Ay. TT
. Qa- a 6A, cs 60")
zo pepe Dr= EAx
A
Bos Ds 2 EAs os 0")
Gs =0
Braver - Ehie £A,+0
_ (At A)
metrical » Avehe=A
cince ¢ Jincler_is syrm
1
tee tel aca en pel Doge
tearie fi in! 4 _ ] i
coca Matte ]
wonky presant 6” Monae :
os ane ' \° |
woe dio ta vel pe pe hil aos
do ve a Gyamiian sala Ae ay enclose mp
che,
sudh thot some ve 9) “UE wovens nuies Ho eal
plates epee outside ‘the Let plate: the
2 Fun ‘heen cath Face:
1 Consider a Gaussian guvface tn eto al
. Pre ER
Ey = EAy Gos® CO (o) 24
Pre EAs
ah
. : Gr 2 EA. OsG
, 2 EAs Cos (40°)
g.- 0
Sint ay ly
4 G3 20
da -O EX
he E20 ‘0,
$a =0 2. Ceebvic Feld ions dueto ‘a chavged spheve-
4 ay Ma po tate ere,
3 ap ye & *
N
srt we a aecle te bridal clive} Concidey @ Masssior surface HE ven oF 2 Sphere |
wale, Chav ;
‘ ius fa” encloses the le 1° & qn vn y
Ya div s ? ;
es
Flux ak each seq
hw duvide sghevical cil tac, sell aizte, ws
‘Als Bho Afa «+ AP “
2 EARS Cos(0)
Ore EAN.
sesilet
] G.- EAR
Qs = EAs
gu = EARN
Total fur : :
@= Be Orr Os.» Ox
— EAA, + EAAr+ EDAs.-- + EARw
= © (AAs + DA + APs = Ah)
SE CE DAY w -
= E (unady Deine Y
3. Flun Sov closed surface
P= Qensord — @)
€.
* Fig 40 ©
Quesced 2 E (4Ka’)
bo
ae r) fk a pet ote ane 0 phere
a Aven are = Uy”
$0>
E LQ
uttte 7
°) hea pee inade We ssyyface 4, ophere
= Se :
7 : pO
¥ +
+
+
€=0 (because there is no eae eutade the sphere) oh
How can
- allerentiale between the yesubh, d
Cte infaite shut 9} chavae ately
thr
intens¥ . ne
vee) orp clay nage! a
C2 6 (inkinite® sheet) Ge wp
= eae
Lkbe e plat)
ue ce Vr pecaust 0 0 Gince Me’ plakes ake
pbsevvev, we can on sea. tre oy seers dlveck,
hall | the electne fretd it ESO canchysey
se posine teobsee the otherbalf—sshole-eld ‘ San
[ oy thak ade. U
The xeoult fam the roathernalics 4 spherical chow, © olishy
the eleckicintens# eutvide the sphere ceems valedoet wh
with the eledvic tA due tea print charge . Explain
cr.-1 pore
ees priest charge
]
UT eo ¥*
E24 Q | putside the
URE. oO sphere
dh ae ev cal dicvbultery co ve r .
> -pb a
have many charges bal
wird
of fy phe uy,
rt Ah! tx
d
cfasgqer ave fuged ‘eyihe Wok ad ove pir
v ( Why do ue need + take Average » wha do uc calculate
it ok a quantity.
we unr " ¥ ty
Eledvic p ‘al difference % clechic polenta
~ fry Seyed wl alway ty ty attain lovey poh mhal. Jp bas
U
is kept ot set AL K-E ull pe ceruen ted
weep He ote clLavg@ wi > goto point! B
== hay en
wsing PE Luv weve bing tl tok € garner unghih +
phe omaha
‘ a 8
. Nosy
I\
¥ \
A Ueto wl be doe RE wT be cowed om HE
to bring the chavac back to A fyom ook dee
Denny 8 Bem eke”?
w= Av- bal Us
ENecbyie. porectiat snort.
sige Petal energy.
Ne W uit: To Volt
aevtic, coh ¥° c
difference.
i ee 7 differen
da ined a» work done pr uny SX
Glecbie ie tend 4 oa r und thy,
MVe NR - Ve
Sogn yh sour dae oy
6 Ant othe whole sex,
de
“|
Us pe chad onal a .
porter enue ih ger chavae with eapecky se
y+ potential = souree Chom Pooh J
om yeforence- pnt & distance + V (v)
'
i
Glee potrtial (ok a poirt duet a ene charg ‘)
w
| ots 16
rz Ye
wes oe orn eg
|
J
paler Aree 90
roth
—
To fed qordene mean = Al Ab
So jhere « 7% 2 NtaVe
/ OR Vs Ys
F .
ips Og, ve ae
4Kto Y*
a
1 By. 9
UKto YaYp For Work +
WwW -f- a
Wwe Ta Cosh «145 —ble dle fom
wale Bee) px Cas (180) “eg a
UKE BN - te clechy
4 ayaa) (-L)
” Cone Yee!
es -(2¥) Ya=¥p\)
Unge 1 \ ave /
- (Qa.
(NE)
. (84) (~~) -@
Foy elechic pertial difference (AV)
Ove Ww
a
= (Ry i \
MMe =
WV. @ i =f ¥
bi if et.
ant “)
. AV = Va-Vp
Na-Vep =
ce dy ——4 Hanged v
yee + ty.
. ( - Cov a Temp © Ny
Feat ayotigt
: V AY
Av 2zW Weked g Fado
Vv
by =F.d
Ay = Fdtest®
by = (quedo cn (10)
¥
‘Av = -E AY
av . -E
aw
ov. EDN Y pete bev
AY a |
-ve ear y de ates Hat worl re f Hite Geld, |
aldo tWle Ne divectia joe dis tomar
Acac > nq | 4 rlial
U 8. A parbele ass b1xto K 4 dhavae
no biorler> vetveen two st
hk
as ko be WW ‘O
her rd he distance bebe
Iv
%
\ovi7or
en a stertiol difter
or when 22 mace
is ap aor Yo qlate sy \u Ry, i pie
vel
Capacitors :
. A caper ga doe wed ty stove elednic Sata 4
ele dvical “ay
© We know that dbavae \s a“ proportional to hae
ov potential di Herence +
&«Kv
Q@=CNV :
; 5 capacitance (since sil capaciy as filled ~ nent
ce
v
unit: covlunb = Favad .
volt
» The capadtane 6) 0 capotev i defamed as tre amount of
charge + coved » requivee ® yas “IN of the
iver plates ta capacitor:
ben cLevg is ctored oa city , work clove +
boving Ls He e whidk provides OA probel.
«Aven 0 lent ak chi (2:
“tf
AV .s o*V
“2
BV= 1V
2
BV =
2[% Combindlion
1. PVayallel. CN av
\ —
when waver | cr 1Orv
« Mon tT
Inns cadet
ere patho \\S* Gay
tread thicadh ‘
—|"|——
By
Tot od cage B& = Or:+Qr48s
(Voltage remains
fe per’ E=fagy
«Nog. charge will abso flow luk we wll osovder only one
Wie choral change either “4 ov Pp iKve
QO: cv uNecetd
Qe (ed) + Q=o/k
OA = C(Ed) "E20
Cie \a feo
(e)
oA
ny
EF dicharce vill Yrake the
P Vo Vana ow c at oy A veanny thety
aechie eld! 4 chande will
Acoveair labeven a owe oy cake
lepine (pieleedc) - a
Ae .
ery y 4)
rare, Chavge PY nani
4
picledvic :
ce At _aee
as
pakons OS:
oe & (hE
ak a
inde wdhion: © ba ©
ul Whe ad
wr
c
C’ . tr
c C C wa
oF uf 2F
7 AC/y 4C/F 2e\v
. bring L volt af ents ldilf. +e vill have to add RC ay
abit lee bring IDG clarge bE, & wlerhal differny )
4, Volts vil be incluce dd Numericals.
Qs. Two ckovs of BAF 4 GuAF ave inseries acvost
a 10 Wea volts DC supply: Colalate the charges on
each capacitev q we dct difference "hon each
Q2- Find the chovge> on the capacitors emne ched do shown
in the dete cB
Oa. Find an emprtstion Lov tre capacitance of a comapounal
witey the sace belucen the plates of which anpeel
Killed uith a slalo of dielectric -
Qa A capadtor ot 100 pF is dang toa prtorton dikference of
GOV > k% plakes are ten coonched ox avollel to ancthey
capacitey 4 ak ic found that the potertial Aileen ce behween
ih piste talk to 35V. Whak 's the capatiben ee ot
ceo capacitor 8 ?
bn y 1
uletl — OM .
Pav Vn 1 be 4 xl0F
~~ =i
“ds ae F 2b x!l0 €
wet ce OM
hack Ve qov
nel l + |
“ j ¢@i-
Pp 6 a on
. " f eg * _
c 3x10. éx (0
ob
g 2 3rld F
16 2X ,
_(ax\0°) (40)
“4
Q 2 @xlO iG
“ellage auross Cagidty 1:
Q 2 OY,
“4 eG
U-Gxl0'= 3x10 x MV
Ni 2 60V
Matha aeross capacitor 2
Qe GV,
0 lO dat
PO's bxlD Ms
Vi = 30V iG
ee om capautkovs 4H C eras) wo.
gO
Q = He (818) (120)
Q =14dc.
B; = C,N
= (4) (120)
Q; = 0 Ne TV
VeI10V
Cy2 ME
C2 MF Qi= GN
(2 ae 2 (2) (1)
cy 463 aeepmallel: Gas HAC
2a +G
«i 1 Qre CV,
c's Buk = (2) (us)
C4 & Clayeinseries : Bre Ab ac
beled .
COU CC 832 Cw,
Rete = (A\( 44)
S23 Ose YEU
C 2 L2UHF
B=
2 \-2(120)
& = uy guc
Q® = QR. +B
= CN ¥OG3N
SS
tay = (2)¥¥ ta (2)
uu = V,(3)
‘a= By
Moe V+ Vi eds
20 =Vi + Ug ~~
palais.
SS
a+ An pel plate ceo . S
Since capacitan ct of all eee ave different, ™
veh actoss cath one, Yeomans same, the current -
paves be cliff since it hos move than one el
Jo Slow $0 sone of tk goes me capacity ay
sone fo the they (s).
oa Sw Gets qlee citoys.
The chavat hos one posto Flow 5 thre
wget 4 ind ced eh other P etal
Yoram Sane eg She oe ince i.
capaci ‘is dilletent the vol cwill have to be
gillerert 4p yeach thok capacitance:
nc eee
d ben yetohey
F hne chee tavt
G
wll
wi ace tt ‘ go theve vil be we eoainkeinans
nee reastt cas We capacity + Wyck hat supple
vty shaw A chah teary th bee stay wget drown
Sha sho phot nbeuies a), poten al yes chy
NW t=
wee Ut sec
Time Cwkowt: vata east
Time comtaud 9 ERC ais the perinneley of an RC dius et
thot tells ws eat ume, Neayive Sov the capacitor te charge
skal 40 637. of ements -—_ - At (WwW)
Electron Vo it nok
hunt whid used fo very crmell werk done. Why 1,
change ancreases OF decreases ba AV, work of ley,
% dome
We
w 2 (ie) )
We Lev
“4
AceVe 4. 6x10 J
Electric dipole-
Tt « defined onyequa) amount of postive droxae lank
charge which is seperated by o Bich. Wah ea
wall cults [ike (Or | CHyy te center of patie. ch
‘wpe diarge Sjukids taindd » de et ov lt
ips oak the influence 6) on enternal electvic Feld,
The contey 8 poutine & wv = ene * seperated §
Joa sie is v le is
inl rroleales ke 120 m HCL Wave an inherent dip
due te sepuvdlion of opposite tae
.
“0 ats O- .
. caer ‘ "4 4 r charg > bath
cunts rh
my dage -—
a coulew aN +Vve Lona
a yg ‘ ay wt alae wit, He
ee fel, ceneoat
\
forge (resented ) Sovie)
1
eentecnde tun he a coche der cts
paler He erate vd k
