dl UNIT, Wf FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOmy, ! PHYSIOLOGY IN SPORTS Sports : It helps to understand about Anatomy and Physiology importance in physical education. Functions of Skeletal system, Classification of Bone and Types of Jointy:) This gives knowledge about Skeletal system, types of bones and joints, | . Function and Structure of Circulatory system and Heart : It gives us knowledge about circulatory system its functions and also tell us about heart (its structure and functions). _ and Structure of Respiratory System : It gives us understandi piratory system, i jeune TEEN Human body system is a complex of various systems such as Digestive, Respiratory Circulatory, Exete tory and Musculatory, ete.). Each System is made-up of various ‘Organs’ and each organ is made-up of various ‘tissues’ and tissues consist of many ‘cells’. Thus, the functional ability of the body depends upon te efficiency of each cell. In this chapter, we will learn about the basic working of various systems. The science which deals with the structure and functioning of body and its relationship with other systems is named as Anatomy and Physiology. Human body consists of bones and muscles which help the body to perform external movement. Muscls provide necessary energy and force for movement, whereas bones act as lever in performing work. Te understand the movements of human beings we need a specialised subject “Kinesiology. PU aso Ma EU ODOM O Nay Car Aya AN t is a branch of biology which studies the human body structure. Thi of human structure, its shape and interrelation of various parts of body. [PHYSIOLOGY : It is the science which deals with the functioning of various organs or syste™ their relationship with other organs and their effects. In other words, physiology is the seience mechanical, physical, bioelectrical and biochemical functions of human organs and the cells of which they #* composed. ‘Anatomy and Physiology are closely inter-related fields and help to understand the structure and funeto"’ of various body systems. Rate a ee Tero (i) Skeletal System : It consists of bones, joints, cartilage, et. It provides framework and shape (0 body. It protects delicate organs and gives junction to skeletal muscles, Oe‘SKELETAL SYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Gi) Muscular System : It consists of muscles, tendons, ligaments, rough its contraction. tc. It provides movement to the body Circulatory System : It consists of blood, blood vessels, heart, ete It Provides fluid movement in the ty. {) Respiratory System : It consists of breathing organs like lungs, trachea, alveoli, we energy production. (8) Digestive System + It consists of digestive organs like the stomach, foodpipe, in the energy production. te. It also helps in intestine, etc. It helps i Nervous System : It consists of brain, spinal cord and nerves. It controls the working of various ‘organs of the body. L__ (vii) Glandular System : It consists of endocrine and exocrine glands like liver, Pituitary. salivary, intestinal, etc. It helps various organs to pancreas, thyroid, adrenal, ‘work properly, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM EXCRETORY SYSTEM (ili) Exeretory System : It consists of kidneys, skin, etc, (is) Reproductive System ; It con: As a result of regular physical activi Me temporary but all these have Whelps in exereting wastes from the body. ts of reproductive organs. It helps in reproducing young ones. A . changes and some ities, many changes occur, Some are permanent change positive effects on human efficiency. \Cabek panama, LS(i Undersianaing of Holy Structure: Anstomy ia subject which helps to understand the body sng, properly: " (iii) Understanding the Body Organs : Physiology helps to understand the functionin, and organ systems, thus, gives us knowledge about their working, 8 Of various op, iv) Helps (o Improve Health : By understanding how body systems interact, we can do proper ca of our body and also improve our health. : (¥) Prevents Health Problems : Ha ng knowledge of human anatomy and physiology, we can undentny our body system better, wi h helps in fighting many diseases and tell us the ways to cure them, (vi) Improves Efficiency : These subjects help the individual to improve the efficien: thus, overall efficiency can be improved. cy of various system, (vi) Understanding the Cause of Health Problems : By knowing our body structure and organ sea well, we can also understand the cause of a specific disease. Both these subjects about our body. aU eS StS CMa Very Zao ia OL enh | OF BONES AND TYPES OF JOINTS Skeletal system consists of bones and joints which provide attachment to the movement muscks (skeletal muscles). Proper functioning of skeletal system and muscular system improves the efficiency of body. |A/FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL’ SYSTEM” (i) Support : It provides supporting framework to the body. It acts as pillars and provides structure give us a specific knowles: ‘ntsior The Skelotal System poster Jape : It provides shape and structure to the body. It attaches muscles to the bones and provides us different shapes and structures. (iii) Protection : Bones protect the delicate internal organs of the body like skull bones which protect brain, ribs which protect lungs and heart. (iv) Junction ; Bones provide junction or attachment to skeletal or striated muscles and tendons. (v) Store house : Bones are the storehouse of important minerals and salt like calcium, potassium, iron, ete, It also stores 1 and provides energy. %(vi) Manufacturer of RBC ie. RBCs are manufactures development patterns, + Bones are capable of manufacturing RBCs (Red Blood Cells) in the blood, the bone marrow. It also produces hormones which help in the growth and Act asa Lever : Bones act as lever and thus, provide movement of muscles as well as other body Movement : (ix) Ossificatis growth pattems, CLASSIFICATION OF BONE: Axial Skelet keletal muscles attached to bones give external visible movement to body. Bones are capable of doing self repair whenever they are damaged. Thus, help + It consists of the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones. Appendicular Skeleton ¢ It is attached to the axial skeleton, It is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs. Bone isa living tissue that makes up the body's skeleton. Iti the hardest part ofthe body. Bones provide shape and support to the body and also protect some delicate organs. Bone is divided into three pars : (a) Head (b) Shaft (c) End or tail. There are 206 bones in the human body (in small children there are about 270 bones). Femur bone (present in thigh) is the longest ; Stapes (present in ear) is the smallest bone. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF BONE ‘SPONGY BONE (Cancellous Bone) Bones are the hardest connective tissues forming MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF COMPACT BONE COMPACT BONE the skeletal. Like other oe Connective tissues it is also made of matrix. Long bones are Usually hollow, containing bone ‘marrow init In matrix, there are Haversian canal, The layers of ‘matrix is in the form of layers called lamellae. They are richly Supplied by blood, Cartilages are the elastic hard connective tissues. The clasticity is due to the presence of chondrin protein and some inorganic salts \ Corre RARERCartilage has lacunae and chondroblasts in its structure, His of three types, fe hyaline cartilage, iy cartilage and calcified cartilage. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES * CLASSIFICATION GF BONES } rhe structure and size differs in bones. They are classified (a) Long Bones : They are long and wide, They _~ act as lever. They have tong shaft and are found in legs ike Femur and Humerus bones. and arms (b) Short Bones : They are short in size and cube shaped. They are found in wrist and phalanges. (©) Bones : Flat bones have broad surface. (a) Long ‘They mostly protect our organs and give attachment to | quumarus) muscles like Sterum, scapula, (@) Irregular Bones : These bones have irregular shape like vertebra, skull etc. (©) Sesamoid Bones : These bones are embedded in tendons. They hold the tendons like patella, 3 (©) Irregular bone () Cartilaginous Bones : Cartilaginous bones are re (€) Shot bow flexible and soft. They are found in ear and nose. right lateral view . (aus) | Joint is the place where two or more bones meet/join, Joints are of three types : THIMOVABLE T FIGROUS JOINTS (@) Immovable’ or Fibrous Joints >) They are also known as fixed joints. Bones are joined together and no movement is possible like skull joint. (2) Slightly Movable or Cartilaginous Joints: In these joints there is slight movem: inter-vertibrations, t like aacuar RAS vente i eoverreoen —feeresset 1D ra ts ats eam move to eat extent These are coverc y thin mbna fill by 598% i iyi he freely movable or synovial joints, are filled with synovial fuid which acts as sasing agent (0 Prov we \oararermeNNATeslippery surface of joint. Further these joints are VARIOUS TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS covered by thin membrane called synovial membrane. These synovial joints are again of various types like : (a) Ball and socket joint i s (at shoulder or hip) Potent (b). Hinge joint (at elbow) (Neck joint (6) Pivot joint (at neck) (8) Gliding joint (at carpals) db (ce) Saddle joint (at thumb) Sa Hinge Joint (Elbow Balland Socket Joint (Hipjein’) ‘Saddle Joint (Thumb joint) EMA hE ao eNO EEN, Circulatory System is a vital organ system that delivers the essential substances to all cells. Circulatory system is a network composed of the heart (pumping blood), blood vessels that distribute blood throughout the body and the blood transport the various substances all over the body. Functions : The main function of the circulatory system is to deliver oxygen to the body tissues and removes carbon dioxide. Other functions are transport of gases, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes & hormones. “STR uctu URE i | WORKING OF HEART vessels teries, arterioles, capillaries, vei Circulatory system consists of heart, blood vessels, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, ‘enulce and uid blood). Heart acts as 2 pumping organ and is located slightly on the left side ofchest. It is approximately of fist size. It beats about 72 times per minute at normal or basal level in an adult. It has four chambers. In the upper two parts (Auricles) there is collection of blood. In lower (wo chambers (Ventricles) the blood is pumped out. This complex organ works with the proper co-ordination of its valves like tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic, pulmor BLOOD CIRCULATION IN HEART ry valve, ete, The heart has the ability to respond immediately (when any extra demand is placed upon it). During hard physical work (stressful situations), the heart rate ean increase up to 220 beats per minute, The heart of a trained athlete can pump out up to 40 litres of blood per minute, “Blood ¢ Blood is a special kind of fluid which acts as a medium of transportation nutrients and gases from one part of body to another: It also acts as a means of communication by conveying chemical messages (through hormones from the endocrine glands) to various organs and tissues. Blood consists of a colourless fluid called plasma. Red Blood Cells (RBCs),White Blood Cells (WBCs), Leucocytes, ‘Thrombocytes and Platelets are present in the blood. There is approximately 5 litres of blood in an adult. | Heart Rate # It is the number of contractions/pumping 25: of heart in one minute. It is about 72 times per minute in normal conditions in an adult. It is also considered as pulse. B50. ‘Strole Vollimeld It is the volume of blood pumped | 2" ‘out by heart in one beat. It is approximately 80 mL/beat in a normal adult, whereas trained players have 110 mL/beat as | 50 stroke volume. Trained athletes nave | higher maximal ear a | with lower resting rate |(Cardiae Ouija 1 is the amount of blood pumped —— Sean tne insert) out by heart in one minute, Cardiae output is the product of stroke volume by heart rate. It is 5-6 lites at whereas in trained athletes it can go upto 40 litres sal level. In untrained persons it can go upto 20 lites og Tomo Rrra,DIb0d PRESSUFE F It is the force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels while it is moving through them. It is of two types ; (a) Systolic (b) Diastolic. (8) Systolic = It is the upper or higher pressure of ing. Ivis during the contraction of heart. It is 120 mm/Hig in blood exerted on the walls of blood vessels while travell normal adult. (b) Diastolic : is the lower pressure of blood while travelling. It is during the relavation of heart. It is 80 mm/Hg in normal adult, FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM \NN Respiration is the process in which exchange of gases takes place in the body, i.e, from blood). The piratory tract, nose, interchanging of gases (oxygen fuses with blood and carbon dioxide di process of respiration involves respiratory organs (lungs, diaphragm, r mouth, larynx, pharynx and trachea). Oxygen is an important component on which our life depends. It is essential to every cell and tissue in the body. It helps to provide energy which is necessary for life. Oxygen is brought into the body when we inhale and its bi-product (CO,) is given out when we exhale. Respiration is of two types: (a) External Respiration or Breathing : This respiration process takes place in lungs with the help of alveoli (air sacs). In alveoli, the carbon dioxide diffuses from blood and oxygen fuses with blood, External respiration is also called breathing. Inhalation and exhalation are the two processes of external respiration (breathing). This breathing process oxygenates the blood, ice. it gets purified as carbon dioxide is removed from the blood. External respiration makes internal - - ; respiration possible as oxygen rich blood goes to different parts ofthe body ‘This process of respiration takes place in tissues 5 ternal ‘ration or Tissue Respiration : p aa and eae ie oxygenated blood reaches the tissues, where oxygen gets used up during ene . rod ai i ‘This metabolic reaction produces earbon dioxide which is carried away by the blood to -rgy production, the lungs for purification through external respiration. [FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory system . helps to produce energy Fo our body atvities through () Produces Energy for Body: the process of internal respiration. ; ; ae alps reat: Respitory ter makestrcating ose ou Ue proes eternal espn i) Helps in Breathing: Toii) Hetps in tathing: Respiratory system helps and allows us to talk and smell the things, i) Helps q y perature: Respiratory tem helps to maintain the hydro! Water balan, (iv) Maintains Body Te ; ste air, 1 also maintains the humidity level of the body according t the ci arizing the inh . es, system delivers oxygen to working tissues yj i the body by () Delivers Oaygen to Working Tissues: Respiratory helps to produce energy by oxidation process. (vi) Removes Waste Gases: Respiratory system removes the waste gases Tike carbo FONide fron the body through the process of exhalation, (oii) Prevents Allergic Agents: It filters dust and other harmful substances from air and prevents aping allergic agents in the air by its filtration process. (viii) Develops Resistance: Active respiratory system develops resistance against ait-borne diseases MECHANISM OF BREATHING ‘The lungs are two thin-walled elastic sacs in the thoras, This is an airtight cavity enclosed by the ribs from the sides and the diaphragm below. Any change in the thorax affects the volume of the lungs. When we breath in (inspiration/inhale), muscles across the ribs contract, it pulls the ribs upward and sideward, At the same time, the muscles of the diaphragm contract and flatten, Thus, size of lung increases and there is an increase in the volume. Due to this, low pressure develops in the lungs, so air is sucked inside through the nose and mouth, Breathing out (expiration/exhale) occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm and the ribs relax. By thi, the space is reduced and there is decrease in volume, thus, high pressure develops in the lungs so air is pushed out, When the body is at rest, the movements of the diaphragm alone are sufficient to fill and empty the lungs for breathing, During rest we breathe approximately 15 to 20 times in a minute. We inhale about 500 mL to 3000 mL of air in each breath, If there is increase of carbon dioxide in the blood, the rate of breathing is increased. The carbon dioxide concentration will rise whenever the body is engaged in physical activity. The BREATHING INrate of breathing can increase upto 40 times a minute, The age factor and level of fitness decide the efficiency of respiratory system. Breathing Rate : Normal breathing rate is 15 to 20 per minute during extreme activity. Tidal-Volum breaths per minute. It may increase upto 40 breaths I is the normal amount of air exh: led in a single breath. It is approximately 500 mL to 3000 mL in a normal adult. Vital Capacity + It is the maximum amount of air exhaled after deep breath. It may be from 3 to 5 litres of volume Some important Questions Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 1. Anatomy is the study of : (a) Body functions (4) Body structure __(c) Body diseases. () Body movements 2. The largest bone of human body is : (a) Humerus (b) Radial (©) Femur (4) Phatanges 3. Hip joint is a type of: (a) Immovable joint (6) Hinge joint (©) Pivot joint (d) Ball and Socket joint 4. Cardiac output is the amount of : (a) Blood pumped out by heart in one minute (6) Air breath-out from lungs (c) Heart size (d) Blood pressure 5. Physiology is the science which studies : (a) Human body (6) Forces acting on body (c) Human structure (d) Functions and relationship of various organs 6. Anatomy and Physiology : (a) Give knowledge about body structure and body working (b) Improve health and overcome health problems (c) Improve efficiency by its knowledge (d) Allof these 7. Bones help in : (a) Protection and support (b) Storing important minerals (c) Acting as lever and provide movement (d) Allof these 8. Elbow joint is an example of : oo (a) Immovable joint (6) Hinge joint (c) Pivot joint (d) Ball and socket joint 9. Which part of heart pump out blood to the whole body ? (a) Left Ventricle (b) Left Auricle (c) Right Ventricle _(d) Right Auricle 10. Which blood vessel brings the pure blood from lungs to the heart ? (a) Pulmonary Vein (b) Pulmonary Artery —(c) Aorta (d) Superior Vena-cava 11. The science that deals with the structural aspect of the human body is known as (a) Physiology (b) Anatomy (c) Zoology (d) Kinesiology ‘Crier NeREATERTaRE, BSThe scientific study 2bout the human body movements is known as 0 (b) Anatomy (c) Lerhony (4) Kish of the larger structures of the body such as heart, lungs and bones is kacwn a5 i (6) Regional Anatomy (c) Surface Anatomy (dy Micronerps. s, 14. es are generally (a) Flat (b) Cube-shaped (d) Curved (dy Thin 15. One of the functions of the skeletal system includes haematopoiesis which refers to (a) Provision of support to the body (6) Formation of blood cells (c) Production of minerals (d) Protection of delicate organs 16. A child has nee DOMES. (a) 206 (b) 230 (c) 240 (d) 270 17. Bones serves asa storehouse for (a) Potassium (6) Phosphorous (c) Calcium (d) Nitsogen 18. The sutures of the skull are the best examples of: (a) Canileginous joints (b) Synovial joints ——_(c) Fibrous joints (A) Freely movable pin 19. The ability of a muscle to shorten forcefully is known as (a) Extensibility (b) Contractility (c) Elasticity (d) Excitability 20. Trachea is also known as (a) Windpipe (6) Voice box (c) Pharynx (d) Nose 21. The movement of air in and out of the lungs is called (a) External respiration (6) Ventilation (c) Internal respiration (d) Respiration 22. The main organ of respiration is (a) Nose (b) Larynx (c) Trachea (d) Lungs 23. The heart is made-up of (a) Connective tissue (b) Epithelial tissue (c) Cardiac tissue (dy Muscle tissue 24. Match List I with List Il: List F List 11 1. Skeletal System (i) Lungs, Trachea, Alveoli for energy production 2. Muscular System (ii) Bone, joint, cartilage and gives body framework 3. Circulatory System (ii) Blood vessels, Blood and fluid transportation 4. Respiratory System (iy) Muscles, Tendons, Ligaments and provides movement (b) ii, Ca 25. Match List f with List If: List 1 List I 1. Vital Capacity (i) Amount of blood pumped out in 1 min 2. Tidal Volume (ii) Volume of blood pumped out in | beat 3. Stroke Volume (ii) Volume of air exhaled in normal breathing 4, Cardiac Output (iv) Maximum air exhaled after deep breathing (6) ©) (c) ii, (@) (d) iti ivi ii ‘orrmmaneaie29. 30, Match List I with List IT: List 1 1. Internal Respiration Extemal Respiration 3. Inhale 4, Vital Capacity List 17 (9 Breathing at lungs level Gi) Lungs expand and diaphragm flattens Maximum air exhaled after deep breathing (iv) Attissue level to produce energy (a) iii iyi (6) iviv, Match List I with List Il: List 1 List 1, Anatomy (i) Study of organs, its functioning and relationship with other organs 2. Physiology Scientific study of human movement 3. Kinesiology Study of human structure 4, Biomechanics (iv) Scientific study of forces acting on body (@) ivi iv Match List I with List II : (6) iui iv @i List I List 0 1. Flat Bone (i) Vertebra 2. Long Bone Gi) Radial Bone 3. Short Bone (iii) Phalanges 4. Irregular Bone (iv) Scapula @ iv, @) iitiiiiv Match List I with List II : List 1 List IL 1, Ball and Socket (i) Neck Joint 2. Immovable Joint i) Elbow Joint 3. Hinge Joint ii) Skull Joint 4, Pivot Joint (iv) Shoulder Joint A in (d) (@) iii ii,iv (6) ivi, @i Identify the Bone/ Joint/ Body part. (a) ® © Beng”(@) (e) Assertion and Reasoning Type Questions Given below are the two statement, one labelled as assertion (A) and the other as reason ®). Select the correet answer to these questions from codes (a), (b),(c) and (a (@) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) (©) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) () (A) is true and (R) is false (d) (A) is false and (R) is true. 1. Assertion (A) : Physiology is the science which deals with the functioning of various systems, Reason (R) : It deals with the scientific study of cel, its functioning and relationship with others 2. Assertion (A) : Skeletal system consist of bones and joints, lood pressure is regulated by skeletal system, Hinge joint enable the bone to move in one direction. Reason (R) : Elbow joint is the example of hinge joint. 4. Assertion (A) : Heart provides oxygen to the working tissues. Reason (R) : Heart has four chambers, the upper two chambers are known as Auricles and love ‘two chambers are called ventricles, 5. Assertion (A) : Respiratory system helps to produce energy through the process of oxidation Reason (R) : We breath approximately 72 times in a minute, Short Answer Questions (Type I-40 to 100 Words) 1. Define Anatomy and Physiology. 2. State the importance of Anatomy and Physiology. 3. Explain the functions of skeletal system. 4. Classify bones with example. Or Name four bones of body. 5. Classify joints with example. Or Name four joints of body. 6. Explain the process of respiration. 7. Explain the mechanism of Breathing. 8. Write a note on Vital Capacity, Tidal Volume and Breathing rate. 9. State the working of heart. 10. Define Heart rate, Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output. Short Answer Questions (Type II-100 to 200 Words) 1. Define Anatomy & Physiology. Highlight the importance of these subjects. Explain the general working of skeletal system. Explain about joints briefly. Discuss about various aspects of respiratory system. Explain the working of heart, Give the importance of blood, & yuu . Pee eee 2. 3. 4,