INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

1
 INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

1: COLOR Blue Cu++ / Ni++

Light Green Fe++
Dark Brown Fe+++
Light Pink Mn++
White Above ions absent
2: SMELL Ammoniacal smell NH4+ indicated
Vinegar smell CH3COO- indicated
Rotten egg smell S-- indicated
3: FLAME TEST Apple green Ba++
(Procedure: Make a paste of the Brick Red Ca++
salt in conc. HCl and dip a glass Crimson Red Sr++
rod into it and introduce it into the No colour Above ions absent
flame)

Dry Heating Test

Change Observation Inference

1.Gas Colourless and odourless gas(may be CO2) CO32- or C2O42-
evolved
Colourless gas with rotten eggs smell (may be H2S) S2-

White fumes with suffocating odour(may be SO2) SO32-

Colourless pungent smell (may be HCl gas) Cl-

Characteristic vinegar like smell CH3 COO-

Smell of ammonia NH4+

Brown colour gas NO2, NO3- or Br-

Dark violet vapours I-

2.Sublimate White Sublimate NH4+

formed: Black sublimate accompanied by violet vapours I-
3.Sound Decrepitation (makes crackling sound) Pb2+
4. Swelling The salt swells up into voluminous mass PO43-
5. Residue a) Yellow when hot white when cold Zn2+
b) Brown when hot yellow when cold Pb2+
c) White salt becomes black on heating CH3 COO-
d) Blue salt becomes white on heating CuSO4
e) Coloured salt becomes brown or black on Co2+ ,Cu2+,Mn2+
heating

2
 WET TEST FOR ANIONS

[CO32-, S2-, NO2-, SO32-, Cl- , Br-, I-, NO3-, CH3COO-, C2O42- ,PO43- ]

a) The Anions that give reactions with H2SO4

Salt + dil. H2SO4 Brisk effervescence with odorless gas CO3-- indicated
Smell of burning sulphur SO3-- indicated
Smell of Rotten Eggs S-- indicated
Brown Fumes NO2- indicated
No Observation Above ions absent

b) The Anions which give reactions with conc. H2SO4

Salt + conc. Colour less gas with pungent smell Cl- indicated
H2SO4Gently Brown Fumes Br- indicated
warm the above Violet Fumes I- indicated
solution Pale yellow gas which becomes brown NO3-
on adding paper pellet or copper chips
(DO NOT
Smell of Vinegar CH3COO-
BOIL!!)
No Observation Above ions absent

c) Test for Independent Radicals

O.S. + BaCl2 White Precipitate (ppt SO4-2

insouluble in conc. HCl)
O.S. + conc. HNO3 + Ammonium Yellow precipitate PO4-3
Molybdate (Heat)

GROUP TEST FOR CATIONS

GROUP CATIONS Group Reagent Resulting precipitate

GROUP 1 Pb2+ Dil HCl PbCl2

GROUP 2 Pb2+, Cu2+ H2S gas in acidic medium CuS or PbS

GROUP 3 Fe+3, Al+3 NH4Cl + NH4OH Al(OH)3 or Fe(OH)3

GROUP 4 Co+2, Ni+2, Mn+2, Zn+2 H2S gas in alkaline medium CoS,NiS,MnS,ZnS

GROUP 5 Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2 (NH4)2CO3 in presence of BaCO3,SrCO3,

NH4Cl + NH4OH CaCO3

3
GROUP 0 Salt + NaOH Gas evolves with smell of NH4+ Present
NH3
GROUP 1 OS+ dil. HCl White ppt (PbCl2) Pb2+ indicated
No ppt Group1 absent
GROUP 2 O.S+dil. HCl+ H2S gas Black ppt may be Pb2+ or Cu2+
No ppt Group 2 absent
GROUP 3 OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH Gelatinous white ppt) Al3+ present
1 : 2 : 4 Brown ppt Fe3+ present
No ppt Group 3 absent
GROUP 4 OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH+ White ppt Zn2+ present
H2S gas Buff colour ppt Mn2+ present
1 : 2 : 3 Black ppt Co2+ / Ni2+ indicated
No ppt Group 4 absent
GROUP 5 OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH+ White ppt Group 5 present Ca2+
(NH4)2CO3 (excess) / Ba2+ / Sr2+ indicated
No ppt Group 5 absent
GROUP 6 OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH+ White ppt Group 6 present Mg2+
Ammonium phosphate present

TEST FOR CARBONATE ION

S. No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt + dil. H2SO4 Colourless gas evolve Dilute H2SO4 group
with brisk effervescence present may be
CO3 2--
2. Pass the gas through Gas turns the lime water CO3 2- confirmed.
lime water. milky.
3. O.S. + MgSO4 White ppt. soluble in acid CO3 2 – confirmed.
4. O.S. + BaCl2 White ppt. soluble in acid CO3 2 – confirmed.

REACTIONS:-

MCO3 + dil. H2SO4 →M SO4 + H2O + CO2

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O

milky
MCO3 + MgSO4 → MgCO3 + MSO4
White ppt

MCO3 + BaCl 2 → MCl2 + BaCO3

White ppt
4
 TEST FOR SULFIDE IONS

S. No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt + dil. H2SO4 Colourless gas with rotten Dilute H2SO4
egg smell. group present
may be S2-

2. O.S. + lead acetate Black ppt. S 2- confirmed.

3. O.S. + sodium nitroprusside Purple colour. S 2- confirmed.

solution

Na2S + H2SO4 → Na 2SO4 + H2S

(CH3COOH)2Pb + H2S → PbS (black) + 2CH3COOH

Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] → Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS] Violet colour

TEST FOR SULFITE IONS

S. Experiment Observation Inference

No.
1. Salt + dil. H2SO4 Gas evolves with a Dil. H2SO4 group
smell of burning present.
sulphur. May be SO3 2-
2. Divide this solution in two
parts.

1st part + K2Cr2O7(aq) Green Colour SO3 2- confirmed

2nd part + KMnO4(aq) Purple colour gets SO32- is confirmed

discharged.
REACTION:-

Na2SO3 +H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2SO4 + H2O + SO2

2KMnO4 + 5SO2 + H2O → K2SO4 + 2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 (Colourless)

K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2 → K2SO4 + H2O + Cr2 (SO4)3 (Green)

5
 TEST FOR NITRITE IONS

S. Experiment Observation Inference

No.
1. Salt + dil. H2SO4 Brown gas evolved. Dil. H2SO4 group
present may be
NO2-

2. Divide the solution in two parts:

IST part + FeSO4 solution. Dark brown or NO2 – confirmed
black ppt
2nd part + KI solution + starch Blue colour. NO2 – confirmed
solution.
3. Salt solution + Diphenylamine. Deep blue colour. NO2 – confirmed
4. Salt solution + acetic acid boil the Blood red colour NO2 – confirmed
solution and add a pinch of thio
urea and 2-3 drops of FeCl3
solution

NaNO2 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2HNO2

3HNO2 → HNO3 + 2NO + H2O

2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2 (brown gas)

2 KI + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2 HI

2HNO2 + 2HI→ 2H2O + I2 + 2NO

I2 + Starch → I2 + Starch(complex)

NaNO2 + CH3COOH → HNO2 + CH3COONa

H2N CS NH2 + HNO2 → N2 + HCNS +2H2O

FeCl3 + HCNS → [Fe(SCN)]2+ +HCl + 2Cl-

blood red colour

6
 Test for Acetate ions

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

Dilute H2SO4 grp .
1 Salt+ dilute H2SO4 No reaction absent

2 Salt+ conc.H2SO4 Vinegar type smell Conc. H2SO4 grp. .

present.
May be CH3COO¯

3 Add C2H5 OH and Fruity smell CH3COO¯ confirmed

heat it

4 OS + neutral FeCl3 Blood red colour CH3COO¯ confirmed

1. CH3COO- + H2SO4 → CH3COOH + HSO4-

2. CH3COOH + C2H5OH + H2SO4 → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

3. 3CH3COO- + FeCl3 → (CH3COO)3Fe (blood red colour) + 3Cl-

Test for Nitrate ions

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Salt + Dilute H2SO4 No reaction Dil. H2SO4 group
absent
2. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + Cu fillings Brown Gas evolved Conc. H2So4 Group
present maybe NO3-
3. Original solution + Diphenylamine Blue Solution NO3- confirmed

4 Ring Test: Salt solution + freshly Brown ring is formed at NO3- confirmed
prepared FeSO4 solution add Conc the juncture of two
H2SO4 along the wall of test tube liquids

1. NO3 - + H2SO4 → NO2 + SO4 2- + H2O

(brown fumes)
2. NO3- + H2SO4 → HNO3 + HSO4-
3. Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
4. C + 4HNO3 → CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O
5.Ring Test: NO3- + 4H+ + 3Fe2+ → 3Fe3+ + NO + 2 H2O
Fe2+ + 5H2O + NO → [Fe(H2O)5NO]2+ brown ring
7
 Test for Oxalate ions

S. experiment observation Inference

no.

1 Salt +dil.H2SO4 No reaction Dil.H2SO4 group

absent

2 Salt +conc.H2SO4 Colourless gas evolve with Conc. H2So4 Group

brisk effervescence present maybe C2O42-

3 Add 2-3 drops of KMnO4 Purple colour of KMnO4 C2O42- confirmed

solution in to the above decolourised
solution

4 Salt + aq. CaCl2 Curdy white ppt C2O42- confirmed

C2O42- + H2SO4 → SO42- + H2O + CO2 + CO

5C2O42- + 3 H2SO4 + 2 KMnO4 →K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5 CO2 + 5 CO +5O2

C2O42- + CaCl2 → CaCO3 + CO + 2Cl-

curdy white ppt

8
 Test for Chloride ions

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt + dil. H2SO4 No reaction Dil. H2SO4 group

absent

2 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Colourless gas evolved Conc. H2SO4 group

with pungent smell present may be Cl-
Bring a rod dipped in
3 NH4OH over mouth of test White fumes evolved Cl ¯confirmed
tube

4 Salt Solution + AgNO3 (aq) White ppt. Soluble in Cl ¯confirmed

NH4OH
Chromyl Chloride Test –
5
Solid Salt + K2Cr2O7 (1:3 Orange red gas evolved
ratio) + conc. H2SO4 &
heat Cl ¯confirmed
Red vapours are passed
through NaOH solution + yellow ppt.
add Pb(CH3COO)2

MCl +H2SO4 → MHSO4 + HCl

HCl + NH3 → NH4Cl (white fumes)

MCl +AgNO3 (aq) → AgCl + MNO3

(white ppt.)

AgCl+ 2NH4OH → Ag(NH3)2Cl+ 2 H2O

soluble

Chromyl Chloride Test –

4 NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 5 H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 4 NaHSO4 + 2CrO2 Cl2 + 3H2O

orange red vapours

2CrO2 Cl2 + 4 NaOH → Na2CrO4 + 2 NaCl + 2H2O

Na2CrO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 → PbCrO4 (yellow ppt) + 2CH3COONa

9
 Test for Bromide ions

Sr. experiment observation Inference

no.

1 Salt +dil.H2SO4 No reaction Dil.H2SO4 group absent

2 Salt +conc.H2SO4 Formation of orange red Conc. H2SO4 group

layer present may be Br-

3 Salt solution + AgNO3 Pale yellow precipitate Br- confirmed

solution partially soluble in NH4OH

4 Layer test:

salt solution +CCl4 +

chlorine water or acidic
KMnO4 solution and shake Formation of orange red Br- confirmed
vigrously layer

MBr +H2SO4 ______> MSO4 +HBr

2HBr + H2SO4 ______> Br2 +2 H2O + SO2

(Brown gas)

MBr (aq) +AgNO3 (aq) ______>AgBr + MNO3

(Light Yellow ppt.)

AgBr + 2NH4OH ___________> [ Ag(NH3)2 ] Br+ 2 H2O

partially soluble
2M Br + Cl2 → 2MCl + Br2
In chloroform Br2 forms orange layer

10
 Test for Iodide ions

Sr. experiment observation Inference

no.

1 Salt +dil.H2SO4 No reaction Dil.H2SO4 group absent

2 Salt +conc.H2SO4 Dark violet gas evolved Conc. H2SO4 group

present may be I-

3 Salt solution + AgNO3 yellow precipitate I- confirmed

solution insoluble in NH4OH

4 Layer test:

salt solution +CCl4 +

chlorine water or acidic
KMnO4 solution and Formation of violet layer I- confirmed
shake vigrously

MI +H2SO4 ______> MSO4 +HI

2HI + H2SO4 ______> I2 + 2H2O + SO2

(violet gas)

MI +AgNO3 _______>AgI + MNO3

(Yellow ppt.)

AgI + 2NH4OH ___________> Insoluble

2M I + Cl2 → 2MCl + I2
In chloroform I2 forms violet layer

11
 Test for Phosphate ions

Sr. experiment observation Inference

no.

1 Salt +dil.H2SO4 No reaction Dil.H2SO4 group absent

2 Salt +conc.H2SO4 No reaction Conc. H2SO4 group absent

3 Aq. Solution of Salt + conc. Canary Yellow PO43- confirmed

HNO3 + ammonium molybdate ppt
solution

4 Aq. Solution of Salt +Cobalt Violet ppt PO43- confirmed

nitrate solution

5 Add acetic acid Violet ppt gets PO43- confirmed

dissolved

PO43- + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H+→(NH4)3PO4 .12 MoO3 + 21NH4NO3 + 12H2O

Canary yellow ppt

2PO43- + 3 Co(NO3)2 → Co(PO4)2 (violet ppt) + 6 NO3-

Co(PO4)2 + 6 CH3 COOH → (CH3 COO)2Co + H3PO4

Test for Sulfate ions

Sr. no. experiment observation Inference

1. Salt +dil.H2SO4 No reaction Dil.H2SO4 group absent

2. Salt +conc.H2SO4 No reaction Conc. H2SO4 group

absent
3. Aq. Solution of Salt + white ppt. which is
insoluble in conc HNO3 SO42-- confirmed
dil. HCl + BaCl2

MSO4 + BaCl2 _________> BaSO4 + MCl2

(Curdy white ppt.)

12
 TEST FOR AMMONIUM ION (NH4+)

S.No Test Observation Inference

1. Salt + NaOH solution & heat Ammonical smell Zero group (NH4+)
may present
2. Confirmatory test
1. A glass rod dipped in dil.HCl is White fumes NH4+ confirmed
brought near the mouth of the
test tube containing above
solution.
2. Gas evolved in first step is Brown ppt
passed through Nessler’s appeared NH4+ confirmed
reagent

Equations

1. 2NH4+ + 2NaOH → 2Na+ + 2NH3 + 2H2O

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl (White fumes)
2. 2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH → HgO.Hg(NH2)I + 7KI + 2H2O
Nesseler’s Reagent (Brown precipitate)

TEST FOR LEAD ION (Pb2+)

S.No Test Observation Inference

1. Salt + NaOH solution & heat No Ammoniacal smell Zero group
absent
2. O.S + dil. HCl White ppt Ist group
present
Pb2+ may
3. Confirmatory test :
1. O.S + Potassium Iodide (KI) Yellow ppt Pb2+ is
confirmed
2. O.S. + Potassium Chromate. A yellow ppt obtained
which is soluble in Pb2+
NaOH and insoluble in confirmed
ammonium acetate

Equations:

1. Pb2+ + HCl → PbCl2 + 2H+

Lead Chloride (White ppt)
2. Pb2+ + 2KI → PbI2 + 2K+
Lead Iodide(Yellow precipitate)
3. Pb2+ + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 + 2K+
Lead chromate(Yellow precipitate)
13
 TEST FOR COPPER ION (Cu2+)

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt + NaOH solution & heat No ammonical Zero group absent
smell
2. O.S + dil. HCl No white ppt I group absent
3. O.S + dil. HCl + H2S gas Black ppt II group present
4. Confirmatory Test:
1. O.S + NH4OH in excess. Deep blue Cu2+ is confirmed
coloured sol n

2. O.S + Potassium ferrocyanide Chocolate brown Cu2+ is confirmed

soln ppt
Equations

1. 2Cu2++ 2SO42- +2NH3+2H2O → Cu(OH)2. CuSO4+ 2NH4+

2. Cu(OH)2.CuSO4 + 8NH3 → 2 [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 + 2OH– + 2SO42-
Tetraamminecopper(II)sulphate (Deep blue)
3. 2CuSO4 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Cu2[Fe(CN)6] + 2K2SO4
Copperhexacyanoferrate(II)
(Chocolate brown precipitate)

TEST FOR ARSENIC ION ( As3+)

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt + NaOH solution & heat No ammonical Zero group absent
smell
2. O.S + dil. HCl No white ppt I group absent
3. O.S + dil. HCl + H2S gas Yellow ppt II group present
,may be As3+
4. Confirmatory Test:
Dissolve the ppt in conc HNO3 and
divide it into two parts-
I Part+ Ammonium molybdate Yellow Ppt As3+ confirmed
solution and heat
II Part –add NH4OH and magnesia White Ppt As3+ confirmed
mixture
Equations 1.As2S3 + 10 HNO3 → 2H3AsO4 + 10 NO2 + 3S +2H2O
soluble

2.H3AsO4 + 12(NH4)2Mo4 + 21HNO3 →(NH4)3 AsO4.12 MoO3 + 21NH4NO3 + 12H2O

Yellow ppt

H3AsO4 + MgSO4 + 3NH4OH → Mg(NH4)2 AsO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + 3H2O

White ppt

14
 TEST FOR ALUMINIUM ION (Al3+)

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt+ NaOH sol.and heat No ammoniacal Zero group
smell absent
2 O.S.+ dil. HCl No White ppt I group absent
3 Pass H2S gas in the above sol. No ppt II group absent
4 O.S. + conc. HNO3 & Heat then White gelatinous III group present
cool + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH ppt may be Al3+
(excess)
5 Confirmatory Test : 1.Lake Test: Blue ppt floating in Al3+ confirmed
dissolved the white ppt in dil HCl the colorless
add two drops of blue litmus to it solution
then drop wise NH4OH is added to it.

Equations

1. Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3 H2O

(White ppt.)
2. AlCl3 + 3 NH4OH + 3HCl → Al(OH)3 + 3 NH4Cl
(Blue colour adsorbed on ppt.)

TEST FOR FERRIC ION (Fe3+)

S.No Test Observation Inference

1. Salt + NaOH solution & heat No ammoniacal Zero group absent
smell
2. O.S + dil. HCl No white ppt I group absent
3. O.S + dil. HCl + H2S gas No black ppt II group absent
4. O.S. + conc. HNO3 & Heat then cool Reddish brown III group Fe3+may
+ solid NH4Cl + NH4OH (excess) ppt be present
5. Confirmatory Test :
1. O.S + Potassium Prussian blue Fe3+ confirmed
ferrocyanide solution colouration
2. O.S. + Potassium Blood red Fe3+ confirmed
sulphocyanide solution colouration
Equations:1.Fe + 3NH4OH
3+ → Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4+
Reddish brown ppt
2. 4 Fe3+ + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] → Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 12K+
Potassium ferrocyanide Prussian blue precipitate
3.Fe3+ + SCN– → [Fe(SCN)]2+
Blood red colour
15
 TEST FOR MANGANESE ION (Mn2+)

S.No Test Observation Inference

1. Salt + NaOH solution & heat No ammonical Zero group absent
smell
2. O.S + dil. HCl No white ppt I group absent
3. O.S + dil. HCl + H2S gas No black ppt II group absent
4. O.S. + conc. HNO3 & Heat then No ppt III group absent
cool + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH
(excess)
5. O.S. + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH +H2S Buff coloured ppt IV group Mn2+
may be present
6. Confirmatory Test :
1)O.S + NaOH soln + Br2 water White ppt turned Mn2+ confirmed
black
2)Black ppt + Conc HNO3 + Lead Buff coloured Mn2+ confirmed
peroxide then boil and cool soln
Equations: 1. Mn2+ + 2H2S ⎯→ MnS + 2H+
2. Mn2+ + 2NaOH ⎯→ Mn(OH)2 + 2Na+
(White precipitate)
3. Mn(OH)2 + [O] → MnO(OH)2 (Brown colour)

TEST FOR ZINC ION (Zn2+)

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt + NaOH solution & heat No ammoniacal Zero group absent
smell
2 O.S.+ dil. HCl No ppt I group absent
3 Pass H2S gas in the above sol. No ppt II group absent
4 O.S. + conc. HNO3 & Heat then No ppt III group absent
cool + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH (excess)
5 O.S. + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH +H2S White ppt IV group Zn2+may
be present
6 Confirmatory test for Zn2+:-
Dissolve the ppt in Dil. HCl and boil White ppt soluble
& divide the solution in two parts- in excess of
(a) I part + NaOH dropwise NaOH Zn2+ confirmed

(b) II part + potassium ferrocyanide Bluish white ppt Zn2+ confirmed

sol.
Equations 1.ZnS + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2S 
2.ZnCl2 + 2 NaOH → Zn(OH)2 + 2 NaCl
White ppt
3. Zn(OH)2 + 2 NaOH → Na2[Zn(OH)4]
White ppt soluble complex
4. 2 ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4KCl
white ppt bluish white ppt
16
 TEST FOR COBALT ION (Co2+)

S.No Test Observation Inference

1. Salt + NaOH solution & heat No ammonical Zero group absent
smell
2. O.S + dil. HCl No white ppt I group absent
3. O.S + dil. HCl + H2S gas No black ppt II group absent
4. O.S. + conc. HNO3. Heat & then No ppt III group absent
cool + solid NH4Cl +
NH4OH(excess)
5. O.S. + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH +H2S Black ppt IV group present
Co2+ may be
present
6. Confirmatory Test :
1. O.S + NH4OH Soln +CH3COOH Yellow ppt. Co2+ confirmed
+Solid KNO3 & warm
2. O.S + ether + Solid Ammonium Blue coloured Co2+ confirmed
thiocyanate soln
3.Borax Bead Test Blue Bead Co2+ confirmed
Equations:

1.Co2+ + 2H2S ⎯→ CoS + 2H+

2.Co2+ + 7KNO2 + 2CH3COOH ⎯→ K3 [Co(NO2)6] + 2K+ + 2CH3COOK + NO + H2O

Potassium hexanitritocobaltate(III)
(Yellow precipitate)
3.CoCl2 + 4NH4SCN → (NH4)2[Co(SCN)4] + 2NH4Cl

17
 TEST FOR NICKEL ION (Ni2+)

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt + NaOH solution & heat No ammonical Zero group absent
smell
2 O.S.+ dil. HCl No ppt I group absent
3 Pass H2S gas in the above sol. No ppt II group absent
4 O.S. + conc. HNO3 & Heat then No ppt III group absent
cool + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH (excess)
5 O.S. + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH +H2S Black ppt IV group (Co2+/Ni2+)
may be present
6 Confirmatory test for Ni2+:-
Dissolve the black ppt in aqua regia
& divide the solution in two parts- Rose red ppt Ni2+ confirmed
(a) I part + NH4OH + DMG
(b) II part + excess NaOH + Br2, boil Black ppt Ni2+ confirmed

Equations

1. NiCl2 + 2 NH4OH + 2 →

DMG

2. NiCl2 + 2 NaOH → Ni(OH)2 + 2 NaCl

green ppt
3. Br2 + H2O → 2HBr + [ O ]
2 Ni(OH)2 + H2O + [O] → 2 Ni(OH)3
black ppt

18
 TEST FOR BARIUM ION (Ba2+)

S.No Test Observation Inference

1. Salt + NaOH solution & heat No ammonical Zero group absent
smell
2. O.S + dil. HCl No white ppt I group absent
3. O.S + dil. HCl + H2S gas No black ppt II group absent
4. O.S. + conc. HNO3 & Heat then No ppt III group absent
cool + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH
(excess)
5. O.S. + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH +H2S No ppt IV group absent
6. O.S. + solid NH4Cl +NH4OH + White ppt V group may
(NH4)2CO3 present
7. Confirmatory Test : Dissolve the
precipitate by boiling with dilute
acetic acid and divide the
solution into three parts
1. I Part + Potassium Chromate soln
Yellow ppt Ba2+ confirmed
2. Flame Test Apple Green
Flame Ba2+ confirmed
Equations: 1. Ba2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3 + 2NH4+
White ppt
2+
2. Ba + K2CrO4 → BaCrO4 + 2K+
Potassium Chromate Barium Chromate (Yellow precipitate)

TEST FOR STRONTIUM ION (Sr2+)

S.No Test Observation Inference

1. Salt + NaOH solution & heat No ammonical Zero group absent
smell
2. O.S + dil. HCl No white ppt I group absent
3. O.S + dil. HCl + H2S gas No black ppt II group absent
4. O.S. + conc. HNO3. Heat & then No ppt III group absent
cool + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH
(excess)
5. O.S. + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH +H2S No ppt IV group absent
6. O.S. + solid NH4Cl +NH4OH + White ppt V group may
(NH4)2CO3 present
7. Confirmatory Test : Dissolve the
precipitate by boiling with dilute
acetic acid and divide the
solution into three parts
1.I Part + Potassium Chromate soln No yellow ppt Ba2+ absent
n
2.O.S + Ammonium Sulphate sol & white ppt Sr2+ confirmed
warmed
3. Flame Test Crimson red Flame Sr2+ confirmed
Equations: 1. Sr + (NH4)2CO3 → SrCO3 + NH4+
2+

White ppt
2. Sr2+ + (NH4)2SO4 → SrSO4 + 2NH4+
White precipitate
19
 TEST FOR CALCIUM ION (Ca2+)

S.No Test Observation Inference

1. Salt + NaOH solution & heat No ammonical Zero group absent
smell
2. O.S + dil. HCl No white ppt I group absent
3. O.S + dil. HCl + H2S gas No black ppt II group absent
4. O.S. + conc. HNO3 & Heat then No ppt III group absent
cool + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH
(excess)
5. O.S. + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH +H2S No ppt IV group absent
6. O.S. + solid NH4Cl +NH4OH + White ppt V group may
(NH4)2CO3 present
7. Confirmatory Test : Dissolve the
precipitate by boiling with dilute
acetic acid and divide the
solution into three parts
1.I Part + Potassium Chromate soln No yellow ppt Ba2+ absent
2.O.S + Ammonium Sulphate soln & No White ppt Sr2+ absent
warmed
3.O.S + Ammonium oxalate solution White ppt Ca2+ confirmed

4. Flame Test Brick Red Flame Ca2+ confirmed

Equations: 1. Ca2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → CaCO3 + NH4+
2. Ca2+ + (NH4)2C2O4 → CaC2O4 + 2NH4+
Ammonium oxalate Calcium oxalate (White precipitate)

TEST FOR MAGNESIUM ION (Mg2+)

S.No Test Observation Inference

1. Salt + NaOH solution & heat No ammonical Zero group absent
smell
2. O.S + dil. HCl No white ppt I group absent
3. O.S + dil. HCl + H2S gas No black ppt II group absent
4. O.S. + conc. HNO3. Heat & then No ppt III group absent
cool + solid NH4Cl +
NH4OH(excess)
5. O.S. + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH +H2S No ppt IV group absent
6. O.S. + solid NH4Cl +NH4OH + No white ppt V group absent
(NH4)2CO3
7. O.S. + solid NH4Cl +NH4OH +
Disodium hydrogen phosphate or White ppt Mg2+ confirmed
Diammonium hydrogen phosphate
solution. Heat and scratch the
sides of the test tube
Equations: . Mg2+ + Na2HPO4⎯→ Mg (NH4)PO4 + NH4OH + 2Na+ + H2O
Magnesium ammonium phosphate
(White precipitate)
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