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Updated: June 17, 2023
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JavaScript was popular for browser-side validations and
interactive web developments. An open-source, platform-
independent JavaScript runtime environment, namely [Link]
was introduced to allow JavaScript code to run outside the
browser, especially on the server.
[Link] is a single-threaded non-blocking asynchronous
runtime environment that offers an advantage over requests by eliminating waits and handling the
next request. [Link] is suitable for building RESTful API for backend databases like NoSQL and
MongoDB and network and data-intensive applications, like data streaming, real-time data exchange
like chat applications.
Table of Contents: [Show]
What Is [Link]
[Link] is an open-source JavaScript runtime environment that executes JavaScript code out of the
browser with the help of V8 engine. This feature of [Link] allows developers to use JavaScript in
designing command-line tools, run server-side scripts that create dynamic content for the web page
before reaching the user’s web browser.
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Event-driven architecture makes [Link] allow asynchronous input/output processing for other
processing such as arithmetic calculations, compiling the code, etc. to continue before completion of
the transmission.
Developers can share source code, publish, install, update or uninstall packages of [Link], using npm
a package manager. Netflix, PayPal, SAP, Microsoft, Walmart, Yahoo!, and Amazon Web Services are
some of the companies that use [Link] in the development of various back-end API services and
traditional websites and applications.
Suggested Reading =>> [Link] Tutorial
Most Frequently Asked Node JS Interview Questions
Q #1) What is [Link]?
Answer: It is an open-source, platform-independent runtime JavaScript environment build on V8
Chrome JavaScript engine that runs JavaScript code on Server.
It is a lightweight web framework to develop real-time applications like Voice Over Internet Protocol
(VoIP), video-conferencing, online gaming, and data-intensive applications like streaming and e-
commerce payment gateways, making [Link] part of web development stacks namely MERN, MEVN,
and MEAN stack.
MERN stands for MongoDB, Express, React, Node
MEVN stands for MongoDB, Express. js, VueJS, Node
MEAN stands for MongoDB, ExpressJS, AngularJS and Node
Q #2) List the uses of [Link].
Answer: [Link] is used in applications that involve responses instantaneously in real-time.
These include:
Real-time chat, messaging, or online games.
Single-page applications like Gmail, Twitter that run on JavaScript with [Link] as backend.
IoT (Internet of Things) applications like delivery tracking, predictive maintenance, and security
software.
Location-based applications such as Global positioning system, Wi-Fi, GeoCouponsAlert mobile
applications.
Microservices architecture development which fits event-driven I/O model like PayPal -payment
gateway application and Netflix – video streaming application.
Q #3) Compare other popularly used frameworks with [Link].
Answer: [Link] uses asynchronous I/O and single-thread event-driven programming making it unique
from other server-side frameworks or technologies such as Ruby on Rails, Java, PHP, and .net.
Developers can utilize their JavaScript programming skills in developing server-side applications.
[Link] can improve the performance and scalability of the developed applications, such as REST API
data-intensive real-time tracking applications for user statistics and applications that help analyze
market trends on commodities, currencies, stokes, futures, options, etc. Developers with JavaScript
knowledge can quickly develop [Link] APIs for mobile or web integration with ease and flexibility.
Q #4) List functionalities of some of the [Link] core modules.
Answer: Some of the important [Link] core modules are explained below:
HTTP module contains classes, events, and methods to create [Link] HTTP server.
URL consists of methods for URL parsing and resolution.
fs module has classes, events, and methods that work with file I/O.
path contains methods to deal with file paths.
util is the utility functions useful for programmers that are included in util module.
querystring module consists of methods to deal with the query string.
Q #5) What are modules in [Link]? Explain with few examples.
Answer: Simple or complex functionalities are grouped as Modules in [Link]. They are primarily
divided into the following three types:
Core Modules
Local Modules
Third-Party Modules
Core module is loaded and used in code as below:
var protocol = require('http');
var myserver = [Link](function(request, response) {
//write code here
});
[Link](5000);
Local module is inserted in the code as below:
var log_module = require('./[Link]');
log_module.info('[Link] started');
Q #6) Differentiate between Angular and [Link]
Answer: Angular is used by JavaScript developers to develop client-side interactive web applications,
whereas [Link] is used to develop fast and scalable network and server-side applications.
Following are the list of some of the differences between them:
Angular [Link]
An open source web application based on JavaScript runtime environment build using C,
TypeScript – superset of JavaScript, used in C++, JavaScript, used in developing server side
front end development JavaScript applications
With Angular single page, client side web [Link] is used in designing event driven I/O
applications are designed. models like Real Time, data intensive applications.
Angular utilizes objects and directives [Link] are based on asynchronous, event driven
non blocking I/O applications
It supports mobile browser [Link] is used in designing Android application
with AndroidJS
Q #7) Explain Event-driven programming.
Answer: Programming based on user interactions on the graphical user interface is called Events; like
clicking the submit button, selecting an option from the radio button, typing a text into the text field,
uploading the image file.
Event handler or listener that can also be a callback is a method that is called. It accepts user input as
parameters and performs some tasks on user and browser actions like page load, HTML page popup,
etc.
Q #8) Explain Event Loop in [Link].
Answer: Event Loop is a mechanism that lets [Link] continue performing I/O operations to the system
kernel without any interruption. Event loop is initialized by [Link] that processes input script making
async API calls, call [Link]() or schedule timers followed by event loop processing.
Event loop process timers, pending callbacks, remain idle, prepare for poll for incoming data and
connections, checks for next request, and close callback till next request.
Q #9) List and explain phases of the Event loop in their order of operation.
Answer: Event loop in [Link] follows various phases in the order listed below:
Event
Loop Description
Phases
Timers This is the first phase where scheduled callbacks by functions setTimeOut() and
setInterval() for delayed code execution.
Pending Next phase - pending callbacks allows I/O callbacks execution that are delayed to next
callbacks loop iteration.
Idle, Followed by idle, prepare phase that are internally applied
prepare
Poll New I/O events are retrieved, callbacks related to I/O, scheduled by timers and
setImmediate() function, node gets block at appropriate points,
Check Check invokes setImmediate() callbacks, at end of event loop.
Close Close callbacks like [Link]() runs between each event loop run. [Link] verifies any
callbacks timers or asynchronous I/O presence, and shuts these callbacks if no events phase is
available.
Q #10) Explain the working of [Link].
Answer: [Link] is a runtime environment that has V8 – JavaScript engine, NPM package manager for
[Link], and Libuv libraries.
V8 is a JavaScript engine that converts browser JavaScript and [Link] code into machine code, making
JavaScript run everywhere. NPM is a package manager- a package repository that contains library files
containing features that can be included in [Link].
Real-time applications installed on mobile that displays real-time information on request such as
Market share prices, or availability of flights, movie tickets, etc. need data (current status). This data
can be retrieved from any server using a single thread of [Link] using non-blocking I/O, wherein
waiting for information is avoided, can attend multiple requests simultaneously.
[Link] asynchronous feature is utilized when the response from another server returns with the
required information, wherein callback function is executed. Hence [Link] is applicable for I/O
intensive applications.
Further, to deal with multiple requests, [Link] uses a concept called Libuv – libraries built in C
language. These libraries use a system kernel that uses multiple threads for these requests making
[Link] run fast.
Q #11) What is [Link] Libuv library and its uses?
Answer: Libuv is asynchronous input/output that comes as libraries with [Link] installation.
Various features Libuv has are listed below:
Asynchronous
TCP & UDP sockets
DNS resolution
File and file system
Thread pool
Signal handling,
Backed with the full-featured event loop
Child processes
File System Events
Q #12) Describe NPM and its functionality in [Link]
Answer: Node Package Manager (NPM) is an online repository of JavaScript libraries that has more
than 350,000 packages that can be utilized to build efficient applications and [Link] projects with ease.
It is a command-line utility for accessing an online repository that facilitates inversion and dependency
management and package installation. Various features can be searched from this repository here.
Once found you can install it on your client machine by running the command – npm install
feature_file. You can use the feature by using require(‘./feature_file’) in JavaScript code.
Wanted: [Link]
Developer
We invite to the company, not a project
DataArt Apply Now
Q #13) Explain REPL with context to [Link]
Answer: REPL is an environment of a computer wherein the system responds with an output to the
entered command. Some of the tasks are:
Wanted: [Link]
Developer
We invite to the company, not a project
DataArt Apply Now
Read: As the name indicates, user input is read and converted into JavaScript data structure and
then stored in memory.
Eval: Receives and evaluates data structure.
Print: Final output is printed
Loop: Command is looped until CTRL + C is pressed twice.
Q #14) Explain Error first callback in [Link].
Answer: Error-first Callback is a function in [Link] used to pass errors and data. The callback is
function asynchronous in nature, called after the Ajax request is completed. The error-first Callback
function has the first argument as an error object and the second argument is response data that
returns on successful response without any error.
Below is the syntax of the error-first callback function:
Q #15) Differentiate spawn() and fork() methods in [Link].
Answer: Both spawn() and fork() are commands to create a child process. The difference between
these commands are explained below:
spawn() is the command to create a child process in [Link] and can be used to pass arguments
and execute that command. As a result, Child Process instance is created when the spawn
function is executed. This implements EventEmitter API, register handlers for events directly on
the child object.
fork() in spawn() function variant for node process spawning, when fork() is used as a channel
of communication with child process to exchange messages between forked and parent
processes via EventEmitter module interface.
Q #16) What are differences between [Link]() and setImmediate() function?
Answer: Both functions control the order of code execution in the event loop. Callback handlers are
scheduled in the event queue in both of these functions.
setImmediate(): Scheduled callbacks are executed in Check handlers phase of event loop when
setImmediate() function is applied. Recursive calls to setImmediate() will not block the event
loop, the call is executed on the next event loop iteration.
[Link](): Scheduled callbacks are processed at starting of the event loop and
between each phase of the event loop when [Link]() function is applied. Callbacks to
[Link]() are resolved before continuation of the event loop, blocking event loop if this
function is called recursively.
Q #17) What is the difference between setImmediate() and setTimeout()?
Answer: setImmediate(), setTimeout() and [Link]() are [Link] functions that control order
of executing code in event loop.
setTimeout() is executed after [Link]() i.e. after current code executed and before any
I/O events. setTimeout() arranges script run after minimum threshold of milliseconds has
completed.
setImmediate() is executed after setTimeout(), with callback placed in check queue of next cycle
of event loop. This command is processed on the check handler phase of the event loop.
setImmediate() executes script after current poll phase completes.
Q #18) What are streams in [Link]?
Answer: Streams are methods used to handle reading/writing files, network communication, or end-to-
end information exchange. These methods are used to process large data by reading data piece by
piece, process its content, especially for data files larger than free memory space.
Streams help to read and write data as:
Readable: Data can be read from the stream using [Link]() command.
Writable: Data can be written into the stream using [Link]() command.
Duplex: Readable and writable streams are duplex and use [Link] command.
Transform: Duplex streams converting read and written data as [Link]().
Q #19) How Crypto is used in [Link]?
Answer: Crypto module of [Link] contains OpenSSL’s hash, HMAC, cipher, decipher, sign and verify
functions. An algorithm created by the crypto module is used for data encryption and decryption, for
storing passwords in the database in encrypted form.
Q #20) How DNS module is used in [Link]?
Answer: DNS module is used for functionalities, such as Domain Name System (DNS) lookup and
operating system name resolution. DNS is like a website address. For example, [Link] is
converted into IP Address ([Link]).
Q #21) How assert is used in [Link]?
Answer: [Link] Assert modules are used for function assertion. Assert function works for verifying
invariants, returns nothing in output if the condition is true else assertion error is displayed by console.
Q #22) Describe Timer() module methods in [Link]
Answer: Timer module has various methods like setTimeout(), setImmediate(), setInterval().
These are explained below:
setTimeout() helps schedule code execution after specified interval in milliseconds.
Syntax:
setTimeout(callback, delay_in_ms, args)
setInterval() helps calling a function at specified interval, once after desired period.
Syntax:
setTimeout()
setImmediate() execute code at end of current event loop.
Syntax:
setImmediate(callback, args)
Q #23) What is the difference between [Link]() and [Link]() in [Link]?
Answer: [Link] uses two ways of reading a file and sending them for execution.
[Link]() [Link]()
Using file system module, [Link] loads entire file [Link] reads entire file in
you want to manage into the memory, reads entire chunks of pieces that we specify
file before it is sent to client
[Link]() is useful making advantage for large Sending data file with [Link]()
content and low size disks becomes faster.
[Link]() is memory intensive for high content [Link]() is effective in memory
data files efficient way of handling data intensive
processing of large data files.
Q #24) Use of URL module in [Link]
Answer: Uniform Resource Identifier (URL) is composed of various portions such as protocol, host and
port, filepath, and filename. URL module of [Link] help split web address (URL) into sections that
user can understand.
var myurl = require('url');
var web_addr ='[Link]
var str = [Link](web_addr, true
true);
[Link]([Link]); //returns hostname i.e. 'localhost:8080'
[Link]([Link]); // returns filepath - i.e. 'support/pages/page_one.html'
[Link]([Link]); // returns '?year=2021&month=may'
var datapoint = [Link]; // returns an object => { year : 2021, month : 'may' }
[Link]([Link]); //returns 'may'
Q #25) Explain [Link] file of [Link]
Answer: [Link] is a JSON file present at the root directory of [Link] and contains metadata
about projects like description, version, distribution, license, configuration related to end-user of
project, and npm. This file identifies the project and handles the dependencies, provides information
about project metadata values to npm.
Q #26) Explain EventEmitter in [Link]
Answer: Custom events can be handled using EventEmitter class from the Events module. In the case
of an e-commerce application, when your payment is successful or declined, the user should receive an
email informing the status, so interaction with payment gateway i.e. the result should be sent as an
email so callback is added to the email event.
There are many more operations that can interact with each other when the payment request is carried
out. With event emitter, these events are handled using the following code:
[Link]('SendMail', listener);
Q #27) List some of the [Link] libraries often used?
Answer: These are as follows:
Express: It is a web framework for [Link]
[Link]: It is for event-based real-time communication
Cors: [Link] pack to provide connect/express middleware
Passport: It is used to authenticate requests with strategies extensible plugins
Axios: HTTP client who is Promise based for [Link] and browser
Multer: Handles multipart/form-data and file uploads
Morgan: A [Link] middleware that is an HTTP request logger
HTTP: errors – It helps to generate HTTP errors for Connect, Koa, and Express
Q #28) What is the most suitable database used along with [Link]?
Answer: Cassandra, CouchDB, MySQL, MongoDB, Neo4j, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and ElasticSearch are
some of the databases used along with [Link]. We can install the connection drivers for these
Databases with the command npm install driver_name.
However, MongoDB is more suitable for back-end management with [Link].
Q #29) Explain reactor design pattern of [Link]
Answer: Nonblocking I/O feature is due to reactor pattern, before I/O request is generated, the handler
is submitted to a demultiplexer that handles concurrency, collecting requests as events, and executes
these events in queues, thereby avoids I/O blocking.
Reactor pattern consists of following:
Resources – Multiple applications with I/O operations shares this resource.
Event Notifier (Synchronous) – It pushes new events in the event loop.
Event Loop – New events occur with the event handler with the event loop.
Request Handler – Handlers are used for events registered on resources provided by the
application.
Q #30) Explain Buffer class in [Link]
Answer: Buffer class in [Link] provides a way to manage binary data streams.
Unlike Unicode, JavaScript does not support binary data. To process TCP streams or file systems, it is
important to handle octet streams. Buffer class in [Link] offers instances that store raw data and
allocate raw memory outside V8 heap.
Also Read =>> Advanced JavaScript Interview Questions
Conclusion
Runtime JavaScript environment such as [Link] has been the most popular choice for developing
backend web services using RESTful API to communicate with databases like MongoDB or NoSQL that
runs on the server.
[Link] is also used to develop applications that are designed for storing and manipulating scalable
data-intensive e-commerce and network applications that are event-driven asynchronous in nature.
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