MICROBIOLOGY
LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT 1
INSTRUMENTS Set to maintain the appropriate temperature that is
favorable for the growth of the bacteria.
1. TEST TUBE 35-37C for cultivating bacterial growth for human
Used to hold liquid or solution pathogens to grow.
2. SCREW-CAPPED TUBES 2. HOT PLATE
Used to hold liquids/ bacterial culture for a long period for heating solutions and materials.
of time, may microorganisms.
EXPERIMENT 2
3. PETRI DISH
For culture of bacteria, fungi, viruses PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE
NUCLEUS Absent (nucleoid) Present (true
4. GLASS SLIDE W/ COVER SLIP nucleus)
For protecting specimen in glass slide NUCLEAR absent present
Mount specimen to be able to view it under MEMBRANE
microscope CELL DIVISION Binary fission mitosis
ORGANELLES absent Present-
5. BEAKER Mitochondria,
Hold and measure liquids lysosome, etc.
CYTOPLASMIC Doesn’t occur Occurs in plants
6. ERLENMAYER FLASK STREAMING
Used for reagent preparation and culture media PEPTIDOGLYCAN present
preparation. CHROMOSOME 1 More than 1
RIBOSOMES smaller larger
7. INOCULATING LOOP
Made up of nichrome/platinum.
Used to aceptically transfer microbially from one
container to another.
8. FORCEPS
Handle sterile material like culture media plates
9. STIRRING ROD
Used for mixing liquids
10. DURHAM TUBE
Tube inside the test tube
To trap gas from a gas producing bacteria
11. STAINING RACK
Hold stained slides
WATER BATH
Used for observation of different biochemical
processes; performed by bacteria.
PRIMARY EQUIPMENT
1. INCUBATOR
Closed chamber that has appropriate atmosphere and
moisture level.
1
long, thin appendages found on some bacteria
that gives them the rotating movement.
1. FLAGELLA
hair like structure that functions for the bacteria’s
locomotion
4. BACTERIAL CAPSULE
an outer covering of bacteria that serves as a
protection from dehydration and helps bacteria
to evade the hosts immune system.
2. PILI
hair-like structure that is found around the bacterial
cell and is used for adherence and transfer genetic
material to another cell.
5. BACTERIAL SPORES
spherical structures that are resistant to chemical
agents, desiccation, high temperatures, and radiation.
EXPERIMENT 3
3. AXIAL FILAMENTS STERILIZATION
2
removal or destruction of all forms of life including
bacterial spores.
Bacillus and clostridium
Dessication- earliest method of sterilization;
2 METHODS OF STERILIZATION
Physical Sterilization
Chemical Sterilization
PHYSICAL METHODS OF STERILIZATION
1. Application of Heat
Heat is the most commonly used method for
removal of microorganism
Coagulates protein
A. MOIST HEAT
It destroys microorganism through coagulation of
enzymes and structural proteins and degradation of
nucleic acids.
1. BOILING
Destroys vegetative bacteria
The temperature and time of exposure used are 100C
for 10 to 15 minutes.
Klebsiella Pneumoniae – hospital acquired
pneumonia
2. AUTOCLAVING
The fastest and simplest method of sterilization
through which all organisms; including those that
contain spores, are killed within 15 minutes.
Used to sterilize heat-stable objects.
Principle: hot team under pressure
121C psi for 15 minutes for media, liquids, utensils,
glass, pipettes, and instrument arrays.
Biological indicator: Bacillus stearothermophilus-
manual quality control- monthly.
B. DRY HEAT
A sterilization method does not require water.
Kills microorganisms by denaturing proteins.
Utilized for sterilization of glassware, oil and powder.
1. OVEN HEATING
Used for glassware oil or powder.
Temperature and time of exposure: 160C to
170C for 15 to 2 hours.
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