A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if, initially at rest, it remains at rest when subjected to a system of forces and couples. To be in equilibrium all the forces snd couples must balance each other by applying the three common static equation of equilibrium. A) For a plane structure lying in xy plane and subjected to a coplanar system of forces and couples. @ ZF,=0 @ Zry=0 @ IM, ‘These three equations are known as the equations of equilibrium of plane structures. B) Forspace (three-dimensional) structures. ® TF, =0 @ IM,=0 @ EFy=0 ® IMy=0 @ 2F,=0 @ IM,=0 These six equations are known as the equations of equilibrium of space structures. All the equilibrium equations must: be satisfied simultaneously for the structure to be in equilibrium. Scanned with CamScannerBGoncurrent Force Systems) Forces are considered concurrent if the lines of action of all the forces intersect at a single point, the moment equilibrium equations are automatically satisfied and only the force equilibrium equations need to be considered. A) Fora space structure subjected to a concurrent three dimensional force system: @ IF,=0 @ XFy=0 @ =F,=0 B) Fora plane structure subjccted to a concurrent coplanar force system: @ IF, =0 @ ZF,=0 Code Ra RLLg Structures Analysis, of structures subjected to this ‘ype of forces have the following characteristics. 1) Ina two-force member which is in ‘equilibrium, the forces must be equal, opposite and collinear. 2) Ina three-force member which is in equilibrium, the forces must be either concurrent or parallel. . Two-force member Scanned with CamScannerOne unknown, the reaction is a force that acts in the direction of link or cable. 2) Smooth pin or hinged: Ray ‘Two unknowns, consisis of vertical and horizontal components. Ry Ra One unknown, the reaction is always perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. » Rollers 9 Slider Two unknowns, an axial force and a moment. Scanned with CamScanner5) Fixed connectedcollar. mM F Two unknowns, an axial force and a moment. 6) Fixed support . , Mu {* j F, ‘Thrée unknowns, horizontal and vertical reactions plus a moment. 7) Smooth pin-connected collar ; ( (One unknown, the reaction is acting perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. - 8) Smooth contact surface R One unknown, the reaction is acting perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. : Scanned with CamScanner‘GE A structure is considered internally stable or rigid if it maintains its shape and remains in rigid body when detached from the supports. A stricture is considered internally unstable or non rigid if it cannot maintain its shape and may undergo large displacements under small disturbances when not ‘supported externally A structure that offers significant resistance to its change of shape. A siructure that offers negligible resistance to its change of shape when detached from the supports and would often’ collapse under its own weight when not supported externally letras An internally stable structure can be considered to be statically determinate externally if all its support reactions can be determined by solving the three stati¢ equations of equilibrium Scanned with CamScannereT aca If a structure is supported by more than three reactions, then all reactions cannot be determined from the three static equations, such structures are termed as siatically indeterminate externally. id Beeturas: This is the number of external redundants. For example, the structure has r reactions, then r - 3n is the degree of indeterminacy. Eto ACaeceoue © Ifr<3n The beamis unstable @ Ifr=3n The beamis statically determinate @ Ifr>3n Thebcam is statically indeterminate where: r= no. of reaction elements n=n0. of free body diagrams There are beams where the number of reaction elements is greater than the total number of independent equations of statics available. The excess number of unknown elements indicates the degree of indeterminacy. Lene © ir<3n The beam is un: © The 3 reactions will meet at a common point, the beam is unstable. © Ifthe Sreactions are Paralie! to each other, the beam is unstable. Scanned with CamScannerae Classify each of the structures as statically determinate, statically indeterminate, stable or unstable. If indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy. The supports or connections are assumed to be as stated. A 2] = (A) Feed “oller Roller . © ® Solution: ® © 1=8 (reactions) 3n = 3(2) =6 equations r>3n ® 3 Indeterminate = 8-6 Indeterminate = 2"4 degree (B) Solution: 1=4 (reactions) . 3n= HI) =3 @ © r>3n 4-3=1" (statically indeterminate) () Solution: The reactions are parallel, the beam is unstable Scanned with CamScanner(MES 7 Classify each of the structures as statically determinate statically indeterminate, stable oF unstable. Ifindeterminate, specify degree of indeterminacy. Solution: r=6 3n = 3(2) =6 Statically determinate (C) Solution: T=6 3n 31) =3 r>3n Indeterminate 6-3 = 3° Scanned with CamScannerClassify each of the structures as statically determinate, statically indeterminate, stable or unstable. If indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy. (A) Solution: aD=3 t=3n (determinate) ©) Solution: r=6 3n = 32) =6 r=2n (determinate) Scanned with CamScannertl Problem Caassify each of the structures as statically determinate, siatically indeterminate, stable or unstable. Ifindeterminate, specify the degree of inceterminacy. @ perro Kj Pap © (A) J iS Solution: 9 o =10 5n = 33) =9 © r>3n En 10-9=1" indeterminate . ® @) Solution: 7 3n =3(2)=6 r>3n_ indeterminate 7-6-1" (c) Solution; r=6 3n = H(1)=3 1>3n_ indeterminate 6-3=3° ) Scanned with CamScannerCaz Classify each of the structures as statically determinate, statically indeterminate, stable or unstable. Ifindeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy. (A) Solution: Forces are parallel (unstable) VAIN SiN. oa “oop JIN, ayy, LAS 3) , Soy” Solution: The reactions are concurrent (unstable) > © j 5 Io Solution: ® ® r=6 © 3n = 3(2)=6 r=3n (determinate) Scanned with CamScannerClassify each of the structures as statically determinate, statically indeterminate, stable or unstable. If indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy. @ (A) © Solution: r= ® an=3(2)=6 : s r>3n indeterminate 11-6=5° @ (B) Solution: r=31 3n = 33) -9 T>3n indeterminate 31-9=22° Scanned with CamScannerr>3n (determinate) 15-6=9° Naam) eae NEO © ber=2j (determinate) @ ber>2j (indeterminate) Degree of determinacy = (b +r)-2j @ btr<2j (unstable) where: b =no. of members of the truss 1 =n0. of reactions j=no, of joints Scanned with CamScannerEll Problem Gi Classify each of the following trusses as: a) stable 3 (A). unstable statically determinate d) statically indeterminate Solution: t=3 (reactions) j=6 (no. of joints) b=9 . (no. of members) b+r=2j (determinate) 9 +3 =2(6)(determinate) (B) Solution: r=3 (reactions) b+r 3 j=14 joints) 29+3>2(14) b=29 (members) 32>28 Indeterminate to 32-28 = 4° i] Solution: t=5 (reactions) i=4 (joints) b=6 (members) b+r>2) 6+5>2(4) u>8 Indeterminate to 13-8 = 3° Scanned with CamScannerClassify each of the following trusses as: a) stable b) unstable ©) statically determinate d) statically indeterminate (A) Solution: b=18 (no. of members) (no. of reactions) 1 (no. of joints) J b+r=3 18 +4 =2(11) statically determinate () Solution: *. . - b=13 (no. of members) r=3. (no. of reactions) j=8 (no. of joints) bt+r=3j 7 13 +3 =2(8) (statically determinate) (C) Solution: b=9 (rio. of members) r=4 (no. of reactions) j=6 (no. of joints) btr>zj 9+4>2(6) 13>12 statically indeterminate to 13-12 = 1° Scanned with CamScannerClassify each of the following trusses as: a) stable b) unstable ©) statically determinate d) statically indeterminate 9 (no. of members) ra4 (no. of reactions) j=6 (no. ofjoints) 3 9+4>206) . : 13>12 statically indeterminate to 13-12=1 ) Solution: b=10 (no, of members) r=3 _ (no-ofreactions) j=6 — (no.ofjoints) bar>Zj 10+3 >26) 13>12 indeterminate to the 13-13 = 1°) © Solution: b=12 (no. of members) j=8 — (no-ofjoints) r=3 (no. of reactions) brr<3j 12+3.<2(8) 15<16 (unstable) Scanned with CamScannerER "ANALYSIS. Of STATICALLY, ‘DETERMINATE STRUCTURES ‘The beam shown is subjected to a uniform load of 8 KN/m and an inclined load of 40 KN acting at 30° with the vertical. The support at B is assumed to be a roller. a ® @ Ss 40KN ‘Compute the reaction at B. Compute the vertical component of the reaction at A. ‘Compute the horizontal component of the reaction at A. Solution: Reaction at B. 40 Cos 30" ‘ ANN & Ry ha Re IM, (8) Ry = 40 Cos 30° (8) + 8(4)(2) Rg = 42.64 KN Vertical component of the reaction at A. Ra, + Ry = 8(4) + 40 Cos 30° Ry, = 24kN . Honzontal component of the reaction at A. Ry. = 40 Sin 30" Rar 20 kN Scanned with CamScannerFrom the figure A is a roller and B is a pin. 0.5 kNém SiN SKN Determine the vertical reaction at A. Determine the max. shear of the beam. . Determine the max. moment of the beam. e50ee Solution: © Vertical reaction at A. stwim SEN. SRN Rys12.76KN Res TAkN IM, =0 21 Ry = 8(7) + 8(14) + 0.5(8)(25) Ry = 12.76 kN “@ Max. shear of the beam. : RaxI2.76KN Ra=TAKN 8 Max. shear = 7.24 kN | | (see shear and moment diagram) . 4 ill & Max. moment of the beam. 1A Max. M= 3 + 8.76(7) + 0.76(7) sos 45.32. Max. M ~ 50.64 kKN.m 1 may“! ADs. Scanned with CamScannerEa Pro} From the beam shown, it carries a trapezoidal load which varies from 2 kN/m at A to amax. of 3kN/m at C, then decreases to 2 KN/m at the right support B. A clockwisy moment of 600 KN.m is applied at point C. @ Determine the reaction at B. . @ Determine the vertical component of the reaction at A. @ Determine the horizontal component of the reaction at A.° Solution: © Reaction at B. P- ox (122) P=5(12) P=60KkN mM, =0 R, Cos 60° (24) = 60412) 1 600 R, = 110kN @ Vertical component of the reaction at A. 110 Cos 60° + A, = 60 A,~ SKN Horizontal component of the reaction at A A, = 110 Sin 60° A, =95.26 KN Scanned with CamScanner