MBBS 2nd YEAR HAQ

[2nd EDITION]

2023

PATHOLOGY QUESTIONS
DISCLAIMER : All the questions in this HAQ (Haji Ali Questions) are
purely based on daily tasks provided in the respective telegram
group.

Group Link : https://t.me/+5k43x-kuHNUwMDFl

INSTA Link : https://instagram.com/mbbs_haqs?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==

~by Haji Ali

 PAPER 1
Cellular Responses To Stress & Injury
LAQs
1. What are the types of Cellular Adaptations? Add a note on...... With
examples (5+5+5+5)
A) HYPERPLASIA B) HYPERTROPHY
C) ATROPHY D) METAPLASIA

2. Define and Classify NECROSIS. Discuss the etiopathogenesis alterations in

various types of Necrosis (3+4+8)

3. a) Define APOPTOSIS.
b) Enumerate in detail about the causes and mechanisms of Apoptosis.
c) How do you diagnose Apoptosis?

SAQs
1. Write short note on causes(etiology) of Cell injury. (5marks)
2. Mechanism of Cell injury.
3. Reversible vs Irreversible Cell injury **.
4. Add a note on Pathological Calcification. (Dystrophic and Metastatic).(5M)

VSAQs
1. Autophagy(3M)
2. Different stains for Fat(3M)
3. Lipofuscion(3M).
4. Free radicals
 ACUTE INFLAMMATION
LAQs

1.a)Define Inflammation.(3)
b),cardinal signs of inflammation*** (3)
c)Write in detail about vascular and cellular events of Acute
inflammation***(8)
d)Outcomes of Acute inflammation. (3)
e)Morphological patterns of Acute inflammation***.(5)

SAQs
1. Write in detail about phagocytosis***.(5)
2. Differences between Exudate and Transudate****
3. Write in detail about chemical mediators of inflammation ****(Cell derived
mediators, Arachidonic acid metabolites, Complements are vvimp)
4. Define Chronic Inflammation. Enumerate Its causes and Cells involved in it.
5.a) Define Granulomatous Inflammation.
b) Structure of granuloma
c) Causes of Granuloma
d) Giant cell
6. Short note on Systemic Effects of Inflammation.
7. Write in detail about Steps in Healing by First intention (Surgical Clean Cut
incision)***
8. Describe in detail about Steps in Healing by Second intention.
9. Factors affecting Wound healing***.
10.Complications of Wound healing.
11. Enumerate various growth factors involved in Wound healing.
12.Add a note on Chemotaxis.
13.Fracture Healing.
14. Acute phase reaction.(3)
15. Virchow triad.

Hemodynamic Disroders,
Thromboembolism And Shock
LAQ / SAQ / VSAQ

1. Write Short Note on CVC/ Nutmeg LIVER***.(Causes & Morphology***)

2. a) Define Edema. (1+5+3+3+3+3+3)
b) Describe the ethiopathogenesis of generalized edema.
c) pathophysiological categories of edema.
d) Discuss the pathogenesis of
(i) cardiac Edema (ii) renal Edema
(iii) pulmonary Edema (iv) edema in cirrhosis.

3. a) THROMBOSIS under the following headings :

(i) Definition (ii) Etiopathogenesis (iii) Fate of thrombus
b) Add a Note on DVT/ PHLEBOTHROMBOSIS****.
c) Add a note on Antemortem and Postmortem clot. (10+5+5)
4. a)Define EMBOLISM. What are the different types of embolism?
b) Add a note on pulmonary embolism.
c) Describe FAT EMBOLISM ****.
d) Write short note on AIR EMBOLISM***. (Also have a glance at other
embolisms too).

5. a) Define SHOCK.
b) Enumerate the the types of shock.
c) Stages of SHOCK.
d) Describe the pathogenesis of SEPTIC SHOCK .

SAQs
1.Add a note Functions of ENDOTHELIUM***.
2.Define infarct. Differences between Red and white infarct***.

IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
LAQs
1.a) Define AMYLOIDOSIS. **********
b) Physical & chemical nature amyloid.
c) Pathogenesis of AMYLOIDOSIS.
d) Classification of AMYLOIDOSIS.
e) special Stains used in it.
f) Add a Note on Sago spleen & lardacious spleen.
g) Diagnosis of AMYLOIDOSIS.
 SAQs
1. Add a note on
a)Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction
b)Type 2 Hypersensitivity reaction
c) Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction
d) Type 4 Hypersensitivity reaction
2. Write six examples of Autoimmune diseases
3. Write a short note on SLE.(etiopathogenesis ,types of Antibodies)***
4. Write a short note on Graft vs host disease.
5. Write about the Etiopathogenesis and Diagnosis of AIDS and also list out the
CNS manifestations of AIDS.
6. ANA – Anti Nuclear Antibody.(3)
7. Antiphospholipid Syndrome. (3)

NEOPLASIA
LAQs
1. ESSAY ON HALL MARKS OF CANCER.

SAQs
1. Define Neoplasia.Mention the salient features of neoplasia.(what are six P's)

2. Differences between benign and malignant tumor ****.

3. Write short note on teratoma & Hamartoma****.

4. Describe the characteristic of Malignant tumours.

5. Write short note on Dysplasia****.

6.Write Short note on METASTATIS**** & modes of metastasis with examples.

7. Mechanism of invasion of Malignant tumor***.

8. Write short on tumour suppressor genes*** and cancers produced by there

Mutation.

9. Add a Note on Retinoblastoma(RB) gene***.

10. Write Short Note on TP53 gene***.

11. Types of Chemical carcinogens*** present & Describe in detail chemical

carcinogenesis.

12. Add a note MICROBIAL CARCINOGENESIS. (oncogenic viruses***)

13. Write Short Note on Lab Diagnosis of Cancer***.

14. Write Short Note on tumour markers****.

15. Describe briefly PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME****.

16. Grading and staging of cancer***.

VSAQs
1.Mention four characteristics of benign neoplasm***. (3marks)
2. Add a note on viral Carcinogenesis.
3. Knudson’s two hit theory.***
4. Precancerous Condition.
 GENETICS
SAQs
1. Add a Note on types Chromosomal rearrangements.
2. Write about Chromosomal abnormality(Karyotypes) , pathophysiology and
clinical features following conditions :
a) Down syndrome
b) Klinefelter
c) Turners
3. Add a Note on BARR-BODY.
4. Write few examples of following related diseases :
a) Autosomal dominant
b) Autosomal recessive
c) X-linked dominant
d) X-linked recessive.

NUTRITION
1. VIT-A*** Deficiency manifestations
2. VIT-C Deficiency manifestations
3. VIT-D*** deficiency manifestations.(Ricket’s skeletal changes)
4. Short Note on Obesity***.
5. Kwashiorkor and marasmus.
6. Alcoholism.
 Basic Diagnostic Cytology
1. Short Note on EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY****.
2. Short Note on FNAC*** (Fine needle aspiration cytology).
3. Indication of Bone marrow aspiration.

HAEMATOLOGY
RBC DISORDERS
LAQs
1. a) Define & Classify Anaemia (IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA ****)
b) Etiopathogenesis and clinical features. (3+4+8)
c) Describe the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow findings.

2. MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA:
a) Etiopathogenesis and clinical features.
b) Describe the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow findings.

3. β - Thalassemia Major***:
a) Etiopathogenesis*** and clinical features.
b) Describe the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow findings
c) Laboratory Findings.

4. SICKLE CELL DISEASE***:

a) Classification ***
b) Etiopathogenesis*** and clinical features of sickle cell anemia
c) Describe the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow findings
d) Laboratory Findings
 SAQs
1. Add a Note on pernicious Anemia****.
2. Add a Note on Hereditary spherocytosis****.(investigations)
3. Write short note on Aplastic anemia.
4. Write Short notes on COOMBS TEST.***
5. Write Short notes on SICKLING TEST.***

VSAQs

1. Schilling test****(3marks)
2.Target cell
3.Exogenous Pigments
4.Hyaline degeneration examples
5.Hemolytic Anaemia- Define and classify.

WBC DISORDERS
LAQs

1. a) Define and Classify Leukemia. (FAB classification ****) ACUTE

LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA / LYMPHOMA(ALL)
b)Pathogenesis & Clinical features
c) Blood and peripheral smear findings.
d) Discuss the prognosis.
 2. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA**** :
a) Etiopathogenesis
b) blood,bone marrow and clinical findings.***
c) prognosis and cytogenetics of the AML. ***

3. CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA:

a)Etiopathogenesis. (Philadelphia chromosome ***)
b) blood smear & bone marrow findings****
c) BIOCHEMICAL Findings***

4.HODGKIN LYMPHOMA:
a) classification of lymphomas**( Subtypes of HODGKIN lymphomas)
b) etiopathogenesis***
c) Morphology of HODGKIN lymphoma (Reed steinberg cell) ****

5. MULTIPLE MYELOMA :
a) Etiology
b) Laboratory diagnosis ****
c) Diagnostic criteria
d) Clinical Manifestations***.

SAQs

1. Add a Note on Leukemoid reaction ****.

2. Describe blood and bone marrow findings in CML. (Chronic Myeloid
leukemia).
3. Add a note on Chronic lymphocytic leukemia***. (genetic, C/F, Laboratory
findings).
4. Write short note on plasma cell dyscrasia.
5. Add a Note on Hairy cell leukemia.
6. Write short note on BURKITT LYMPHOMA ****
7.Myelodysplatic Syndrome.***
8.Myeloblast Vs Lymphoblast
9.Tests for BJ protein, and its importance.

PLATELETS
SAQs

1. Describe the etiology pathogenesis and laboratory findings of ITP

(immune thrombocytopenic purpura)
2. Describe the etiology pathogenesis and lab findings of haemophilia
3. Write a short note on von Willebrand disease, its clinical features and
lab investigations
4. Describe the etiology pathogenesis clinical features, and Lab findings of
DIC(disseminated intravascular coagulation)
5. Vit-K deficiency
6. Transfusion reactions****
7. Investigation Of Blood transfusion.***
 VSAQs
1. Reticulocyte Count***
2. Buffy Coat
3. ESR
4. Osmotic Fragility test***
5. Anticoagulants****
6. Mode of action of Anticoagulant.
7.Four tumor markers with associated tumors.
8. Four childhood malignant tumours.***

DISEASES
SAQs
1)Syphilis

2)Tb

3)Leprosy (tuberculoid leprosy vs lepromatous leprosy****)

4)Actinomycosis****

5)Mycetoma**.

6) Rhinosporidiosis

7. Miliary TB

8. Primary complex and its fate

9. Late manifestations of congenital syphilis

10. Morphology of lepromatous leprosy

 PAPER 2
BLOOD VESSELS PATHOLOGY
LAQs

1. ATHEROSCLEROSIS****:
a) Define atherosclerosis
b) Risk Factors & Etiopathogenesis(atheroma***)
c) Sites of Atherosclerosis
d) Clinical significance and complications
e) Morphology****

SAQs

1.Define and Classify ANEURYSMS****

2.Write Short note on atherosclerotic aneurysm****

3.Add a Note on Aortic Dissection ***

4.Add a Note on Berry Aneurysm****

 CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY
LAQs
1.MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION ****:
a) Etiopathogenesis and Risk Factors
b) Classification
c) Clinical symptoms and complications
d) MORPHOLOGY****(sequential changes)
e) Laboratory Findings****

2. INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS :
a) Etiopathogenesis
b) Clinical features and Complications
c) Morphology *** (vegetations)
d) Diagnostic criterias***

3.RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

a) Define Rheumatic Fever
b) Etiopathogenesis
c) Clinical features and Complications
d) Morphology of Acute rheumatic fever (Aschoffs bodies)
e) Morphology of heart in CRHD
f) Laboratory Findings.
 SAQs
1. Add a note Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
2. Tetrology of Fallot***.

RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY
LAQs
1. EMPHYSEMA:
a) Definition b) Types***
c) Etiopathogenesis *** d) Clinical Manifestations. e)
Morphology ****

2. CLASSIFY PNEUMONIA.
a) LOBAR PNEUMONIA: b) Etiopathogenesis
c) Morphology *** d) Complications.

3. TUBERCULOSIS:
a) Define b) Pathogenesis c) Stages
d) Morphology**** (Ghon lesion, Ghon complex, Granuloma) - 1° and 2°
infection
e) Complications f) Diagnosis

4. LUNG CARCINOMA.:
a) Classify lung tumours
b) EtioPathogenesis.
c)Morphology of Small cell Carcinoma
d)Morphology of other lung tumours e) Metastases f) Complications g)
Paraneoplastic syndrome of squamous cell carcinoma

SAQs
1. Write a short note on Chronic Bronchitis.
2. Add a note on the pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma****.
3. Write a short note on the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis ***.
4. Write a short note on Lung abscess**.
5. Add a note on Sarcoidosis.
6. Define and Classify pneumoconiosis.
7. Pathology and complications of Asbestosis.
8. Write a short Note on Mesothelioma***.
9.Write a short Note on Pancoast tumours**.
10. ARDS- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
11.Reids index (3)

GIT PATHOLOGY
LAQs
1. PEPTIC ULCER:
a)Definition b) Pathogenesis
c) Complications d) Morphology.

2. GASTRIC CARCINOMA:
a) Classification b) Etiopathogenesis
c) MORPHOLOGY d) Clinical features.
 SAQs
1. Write a short note on Pleomorphic adenoma***.

2. Amoebic Ulcer of the Intestine

3. Write a short note on Carcinoid tumour***.

4. Etiopathogenesis of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE ***.

5. CROHNS DISEASE - Morphology and Clinical Features ****.

6. Write a short note on the Morphology of Ulcerative colitis ***.

7. Etiopathogenesis and Morphology of Carcinoma colon(Polyposis colon). **

VSAQs

1. Meckel’s diverticulum
2. Warthin’s Tumour
3. Barrets Esophagus
4. Leucoplakia of Oral cavity

5.Name four Precancerous lesion of Large Intestine

 HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
LAQs

1.ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE ***:

a) classification of cirrhosis
b) etiopathogenesis
c) clinical features
d)MORPHOLOGY***
e)CONSEQUENCES.

2. CHOLELITHIASIS***:
a) classification
b) risk factors
c) pathogenesis
d)morphology
e) clinical features and complications

SAQs
1. Etiology, morphology and consequences of chronic active hepatitis***.
2. Write short note on PORTAL hypertension (or) ascites**.
3. Write short note on hemochromatosis (or) bronze diabetes ***.
4.Add a note on post necrotic cirrhosis liver.**
5. Add a note on liver abscess.
6. Write short note on etiopatogenesis and morphology of hepatocellular
carcinoma***.
7. add a note on etiology, pathogenesis and complications of acute
pancreatitis.***
8.Chronic Panceratitis.
9.Primary Biliary Cholangitis.(3)

RENAL PATHOLOGY
LAQs
1.PSGN***:
a) Etiopathogenesis
b) Morphology
c) Electron microscopy & Immunofluorescence findings.
d)Urinary findings in acute nephritis.

2.NEPHROTIC SYNDROME****
a)Define
b)Causes
c)Pathogenesis
d) Add a Note on its Morphology***

3. RENAL STONES:
a) Types
b) Etiopathogenesis
c) Morphology (staghorn calculus)***
d) Complications and Clinical features.
 SAQs
1.Add a note on RPGN
2.Morphology of MPGN
3.Add a note on Chronic glomerulonephritis
4.Write short note on Pyelonephritis***
5.Add a Note on RENAL CELL CARCINOMA ****
6. Add a note on Diabetic Nephropathy***
7. Add a note on Chronic Pyelonephritis.***
8.Write briefly about Polycystic kidney disease ***
9.Add a Note on WILMS TUMOUR***

VSAQs
1. Kidney Changes in Malignant HTN
2. Crescentic Glomerulonephritis and its morphology.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE PATHOLOGY

SAQs
1. Etiopathogenesis and Morphology of BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA ****
2. Classify Germ cell tumtumours Testis ****
3.Add a Note SEMINOMA TESTIS****

VSAQs
1. Premalignant Lesions of Penis
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PATHOLOGY
LAQs
1.CERVICAL CANCER :
a) Classification
b) Etiopathogenesis ***
c) MORPHOLOGY ****
d) Screening tests performed for it***
e) Preventive measures

SAQs
1.Add a note on ENDOMETRIOSIS ***.
2.Write short note on Endometrial Hyperplasia **.
3. Etiopathogenesis of Endometrial Cancer.
4.Define and write short note on cervical intra epithelial neoplasia (CIN) ****.
5.Add a note on morphology of carcinoma insitu***.
6.write short note on endometriosis / chocolate cyst of ovary ****
7.Add a note on Adenomyosis of uterus.
8.Add a note on Morphology of LEIOMYOMA***.
9.Classify OVARIAN TUMORS ****
10.Write short note on teratoma of ovary***.
11.Add a note on DERMOID CYST****or benign cystic teratoma of ovary
12.Write short note on morphology of DYSGERMINOMA***.
13.Add a note on condyloma accuminata***.(3marks).
14.Describe briefly about HYDATIFORM MOLE****.
15. Krukenberg tumor
16. PCOD- Polycystic Ovary Disease
 BREAST PATHOLOGY
LAQs
1.CARCINOMA OF BREAST:
a. Classification of breast tumours***.
b. Etiopathogenesis
c. Morphology of Ductal Carcinoma insitu. ***
d. Investigations Done.
e. Prognostic Factors

SAQs

1. Write short note on Medullary Carcinoma of Breast ***.

2.Write short note on pagets disease of nipple***.
3.Add a note on fibroadenoma of breast ***.
4.Write short note phyllodes tumor***.
5. Inflammatory Carcinomma of Breast.

ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

1. Write the pathogenesis of HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS****and morphological

changes seen in that.

2. Add a note on thyrotoxicosis/thyroid storm.

3.Add a note on pathogenesis and morphology of Graves disease***.

4. write short note on Goiter***

5. Write short note on follicular adenoma of thyroid.****

6. Write short note on papillary carcinoma of thyroid. ****

7.Write short note on medullary carcinoma of thyroid****.

8.Clinical features seen in hyperparathyroidism.Write about primary and

secondary hyperparathyroidism.

9.PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA- age ,incidence, site of origin morphology****

10. Add a note on renal and pancreatic lesions in diabetes mellitus.

11.Short note on pathogenesis of complications in diabetes mellitus.***

12. Cushings Syndrome.(3)

13. Name four Malignant Thyroid Tumours.

Bone, Joints & Soft Tissue Tumors

LAQs
1.a) Classify Bone Tumor. (4)****
b) Etiopathogenesis of Tumor (3)
c) Detail of each type. (3)
d) Clinical feature, microscopy and radiological findings of osteosarcoma.***
 SAQs
1.Write short note on PYOGENIC OSTEOMYELITIS ****.

2.Add a note on sequestrum and involucrum***

3. Morphology of OSTEOSARCOMA***.

4.Add a note on GIANT CELL TUMOR/Osteoclastoma*'*'*'*

5.Write short note on EWING sarcoma. ****

6.GOUT.**

7. Osteochondroma

8. Paget’s disease of bone.

9. Microscopy of Osteoclastoma(3)

10. Microscopy of Osteochondroma (3)

SKIN DISORDERS
SAQs /VSAQs

1. Write short note on malignant Melanoma ****.

2. Variants of nevo cellular Navi. (3marks)
3. Add a note on premagic malignant conditions of skin***
4. Short note on RODENT ULCER (or) basal cell carcinoma****.
 CNS
LAQs
1.a) Classify CNS Tumors. (5)
b) Discuss Meningioma.(10)****

SAQs /VSAQs

1.CSF changes in pyogenic meningitis****.

2. CSF changes in tuberculous meningitis. ***

3.Brain abscess(5 marks)

4. write short note on ASTROCYTOMA****.

5.Add a note on glioblastoma.***

6. write short note on MENINGIOMA****.

7.Schwannoma

8. Verocay bodies

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