In stable topology only the root sends BPDU and relayed by others. In stable topology all bridges generate BPDU every Hello (2 sec) : lused as “keepalives” mechanism. There are 5 Port states in STP [There are 3 Port states in RSTP. Port states are : Disable, Blocking, Listering, Learning and Port roles: Root (Forwarding) [Designated (Forwarding) Non-Designated (Blocking) Port states ate : Discarding (replaces disabled, blocking and Forward s see ques feratan Port Roles: Root (Forwarding) Designated (Forwarding) Alternate(Discarding)Backup (Discarding) |Additional configuration to make an end node port a port fast (in case a BPDU is received). Jan edge port (end node port) is an integrated Link type which Jdepends on the duplex: Point-to-point for full duplex & shared for half duplex). [Topology changes and convergence: Use timers for lconvergence (advertised by the root): Hello(2 sec) Max Age(20 sec = 10 missed hellos) Forward delay timer (15 sec) [Topology changes and convergence: Introduce proposal and jagreement process for synchronization (< 1 sec).- Hello, Max Age and Forward delay timer used only for backward compatibility with standard STP and Only RSTP port receiving STP (802.1d) messages will behaves as standard STP. =>Forwarding Faster transition on point-to-point and edge ports only:Less states — INo learning state, doesn’t wait to be informed by others, instead, actively looks for possible failure by RLQ (Request Link Query) a |feedback mechanism. lUse only 2 bits from the flag octetsBit 7 : Topology Change Acknowledgment.Bit 0 : Topology Change [Use other 6 bits of the flag octet (BPDU type 2/version 2): Bit 1: ProposalBit 2, 3 : Port roleBit 4 : LearningBit 5 : ForwardingBit :AgreementBit 0, 7: TCA & TCN for backward compatibility [The bridge that discover a change in the network inform {the root, that in turns informs all-others by sending BPDU with TCA bit set and instruct them to clear their DB lentries after "short timer” (~Forward delay) expire. ITC is flooded through the network, every bridge generate TC (Topology change) and inform its neighbors when it is aware of a ltopology change and immediately delete old DB entries. If a non-root bridge doesn’t receive Hello for 10*Hello (advertised from the root), start claiming the root role by [generating its own Hello. Wait for 3*Hello on a root port (advertised from the root) before [deciding to act. Wait until TC reach the root + short timer (~Forward [delay) expires, then flash all root DB entries Delete immediately local DB except MAC of the port receiving the |topology changes (proposal)