Digital Logic Design

Semester Project
Sound Intensity Meter

SUBMITTED BY:
Laiba Omer (2022-MC-25)
Arooba Ijaz (2022-MC-29)
Hafiza Eman Ijaz (2022-MC-33)
Alishba Ramzan (2022-MC-35)

SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Muhammad Ahsan Naeem

_____________________________________
Mechatronics and Control Engineering Department
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore.
Contents:
 Introduction…………………………………………………. 03
 Literature review…………………………………………..03
 Components………………………………………………….03-
07
 PCB
Layout…………………………………………………….08
 Methodology…………………………………………………
 Results…………………………………………………………..
 References…………………………………………………….
Introduction
A sound intensity meter, also known as a sound power meter or acoustic intensity
meter, is a device used to measure the intensity of sound waves in a given space.
Sound intensity is the amount of energy carried by sound waves per unit of time and
unit of area. It is measured in watts per square meter (W/m²).
The sound intensity meter typically consists of a microphone, signal processing
circuitry, and a display unit. The microphone is a crucial component that converts
acoustic signals (sound waves) into electrical signals. The signal processing circuitry
then analyses and processes the electrical signals to determine the sound intensity
The measurement process involves capturing the sound pressure levels at two
closely spaced points in space and calculating the intensity based on the pressure
difference and the distance between the points. The formula for sound intensity (I) is
given by:

I=ρ⋅cP2
Where:

 I is the sound intensity.

 P is the sound pressure,
 ρ is the density of air, and
 c is the speed of sound in air.

The resulting measurement is usually expressed in decibels (dB), a logarithmic scale

that represents the relative intensity of sound.

Literature Review
Examine literature on the technical aspects of sound intensity meters, including the
design of the instruments and the calibration procedures. Explore how advancements
in sensor technology and calibration techniques have improved the accuracy and
reliability of sound intensity measurements.

Components
Following components are used:

LEDs
  5mm yellow LED x8
Yellow LEDs are a type of light-emitting diode that emits yellow light when an
electric current passes through it.

 5mm Red LED x2

Yellow LEDs are a type of light-emitting diode that emits yellow light when an
electric current passes through it.

LM3915 ICx2
The LM3915 is an integrated circuit (IC) designed to function as a linear analogy
display driver. It is commonly used to drive a series of LEDs or other display elements
to visually represent the level of an input signal. Here's a basic overview of how the
LM3915 works:

1. Input Signal: The LM3915 is typically used to monitor an analogy voltage

input. The input voltage range is divided into multiple segments, and the IC
can drive LEDs or display elements to indicate the level of the input signal.
2. Voltage Divider Network: The LM3915 has an internal voltage divider
network that divides the input voltage into multiple segments. The number of
segments corresponds to the number of LEDs in the display.
3. Reference Voltage: The IC uses a reference voltage to determine the
threshold for each LED. The reference voltage can be set externally using the
REF pin.
4. Dot or Bar Mode: The LM3915 can operate in either dot mode or bar mode.
In dot mode, only one LED is active at a time, indicating the current level of
the input signal. In bar mode, multiple LEDs light up, forming a bar graph
representation of the input signal level.
 5. Internal Voltage Comparator: The LM3915 contains internal voltage
comparators that compare the input signal with the reference voltage. Each
comparator corresponds to an LED. When the input voltage exceeds a certain
threshold, the associated LED is activated.
6. Output Control: The LM3915 provides an analog output on the Vout pin that
can be used to drive external circuitry, such as additional amplifiers or
displays.
7. Cascade Connection: Multiple LM3915 ICs can be cascaded to extend the
display range or increase the number of LEDs in the bar graph.
Here's a simple connection example:
 Connect the LM3915's pin 5 (V+ or positive supply) and pin 4 (GND or
ground) to your power supply.
 Connect the input signal to pin 6 (IN).
 Connect pin 7 (V- or negative supply) to set the display mode.
 Connect the LEDs and current-limiting resistors to the outputs (pins 1-3, 8-10,
etc.)

1K Resisitorsx2
A 1k ohm resistor can used as a current-limiting resistor in series with LEDs or other
diodes to prevent excessive current flow. This is important to protect the LED from
burning out due to too much current.

10K Potentiometer
A 10k ohm potentiometer, also known as a pot, is a variable resistor with a resistance
of 10,000 ohms. One of the most common uses of a 10k potentiometer is as a
volume control in audio circuits. It allows you to adjust the volume of an amplifier or
audio device.

Core Wire
The term "core wire" typically refers to the central wire or conductor within a cable or
wire assembly. The core wire is surrounded by insulation and, in some cases,
additional layers of shielding or insulation. The choice of core wire and its
characteristics depend on the specific application and requirements of the electrical
or electronic system.

PCB Board

Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are essential components in electronic devices,

providing a platform for the assembly and connection of electronic components. The
type of PCB used depends on the specific requirements of the electronic circuit and
the application.
Connectors
Connectors play a crucial role in electronic and electrical systems, facilitating the
interconnection of various components and devices.

PCB Layout
Here is the PCB layout;
Methodology
 Project Selection:
Choose a project and define its specifications and requirements.
 Proteus Simulation:
Simulate the project using Proteus or a similar software to verify its
functionality and troubleshoot potential issues before
implementation.
 PCB Layout Design:
Create the PCB layout design using a software tool. Place
components and route traces to ensure proper connections.
 Print on Butter Paper:
 Print the PCB layout on a transparency or butter paper. This will be
used as a template for transferring the design onto the PCB.
 Transfer Design to PCB Board:
Use the printed template to transfer the design onto the PCB
board. This may involve methods like toner transfer or photoresist
methods.
 Drilling:
Drill holes in the PCB board at locations where components will be
mounted.
 Component Assembly:
Gather all the necessary components for the project and assemble
them on the PCB board according to the design.
 Check for Short Circuits:
Use a voltmeter to check for any short circuits on the PCB. Identify
and rectify any unintended connections.
 Soldering:
Solder all the connections between components and onto the PCB.
Ensure secure and clean solder joints.
 Check for Short Circuits Again:
After soldering, recheck for short circuits using a voltmeter to
confirm that soldering has not inadvertently created unwanted
connections.
 Power Supply Connection:
Connect the power supply to the circuit. Ensure correct polarity
and voltage levels.
 Testing:
Test the circuit to ensure that it functions as intended. Check for
any unexpected behaviour or issues .

Results
The project was aimed to create a sound intensity meter. The meter is designed
in such a way that the greater the sound intensity greater will be the number of
lights turned on.
References
https://youtu.be/CB4Sl9Xwb_I?si=sXkOjrYHJW4PN077