ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY – I
Assist. Prof. Dr. Başak Aru
Yeditepe University Medical Faculty
Immunology Department
OVERVIEW of the LECTURE
Description of adaptive immunity
Interaction between APCs and T cells
Communication between innate and adaptive immunity
Types of adaptive immunity
WHAT IS ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE?
Adaptive immunity is the body’s ability to recognize and defend itself
against distinct invaders and their products
Five attributes of adaptive immunity
Specificity
Inducibility
Clonality
Unresponsiveness to self
Memory
LYMPHOCYTE MATURATION
INDUCTION of ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY by INNATE
IMMUNITY…
Microbes enter through an epithelial barrier and are
captured by antigen-presenting cells resident in the tissue
or microbes enter lymphatic vessels or blood vessels.
The microbes and their antigens are transported to
peripheral lymphoid organs, the lymph nodes and the
spleen.
In the secondary lymphoid organs, peptide fragments of
protein antigens are displayed by APCs (via MHC) for
recognition by T lymphocytes.
…FROM DENDRITIC CELLS’ POINT of VIEW
Immature dendritic cells in epithelial barrier tissues
capture microbial antigens, are activated, and leave the
epithelium.
They migrate to draining lymph nodes via chemokines
produced in the lymphatic vessels and nodes.
In response to signals induced, DCs mature and
acquire the ability to present antigens to naive T
lymphocytes in the lymph nodes. Mature dendritic cells
express high levels of MHC molecules and co-
stimulators, which function to stimulate T cells.
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS
ROLE of MHC-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN
PRESENTATION in RECONGITION of
MICROBIAL ANTIGENS by T CELLS
Protein antigens of microbes that live in
the cytoplasm of infected cells enter the
class I MHC pathway of antigen processing.
As a result, these proteins are recognized
by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, whose
function is to kill infected cells.
Protein antigens of microbes that are
endocytosed from the extracellular
environment by macrophages and B
lymphocytes enter the class II MHC
pathway of antigen processing. As a result,
these proteins are recognized by CD4+
helper T lymphocytes. These cells activate
macrophages to destroy phagocytosed
microbes and activate B cells to produce
antibodies against extracellular microbes
and toxins.
INTRACELLULAR PROCESSING of PROTEIN ANTIGENS
INDUCTION of T CELL RESPONSES
Naive CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells recognize peptides that
are derived from protein antigens and presented by APCs in
peripheral lymphoid organs.
The T lymphocytes are stimulated to proliferate and differentiate
into effector cells and enter the circulation.
Some of the activated CD4+ T cells remain in the lymph
node, migrate into follicles, and help B cells to produce
antibodies.
Effector T cells and other leukocytes migrate through blood
vessels in peripheral tissues by binding to endothelial cells that
have been activated by cytokines produced in response to
infection in these tissues.
T cell effector functions: CD4+ T cells recruit and activate
phagocytes to destroy microbes, and CD8+ cytotoxic T
lymphocytes kill infected cells.
T CELL ACTIVATION from LYMPH NODE
ROLE of CO-STIMULATION
Resting APCs, which have not been exposed to microbes
or adjuvants, may present peptide antigens, but they do not
express co-stimulators and are unable to activate naive T
cells.
T cells that recognize antigen without co-stimulation may
die or become unresponsive (tolerant) to subsequent
exposure to antigen.
Microbes, as well as cytokines produced during innate
immune responses to microbes, induce the expression of
co-stimulators, such as B7 molecules, on the APCs.
The co-stimulators are recognized by the CD28 receptor on
naive T cells, providing signal 2.
In conjunction with antigen recognition (signal 1), this
recognition initiates T cell responses.
Activated APCs also produce cytokines that stimulate the
differentiation of naive T cells into effector cells.
PROTEINS EXPRESSED by T CELLS UPON
ACTIVATION
Antigen recognition by T cells results in the synthesis
and expression of a variety of proteins.
c-Fos: A transcription factor.
IL-2: Promotes T cell survival and proliferation.
CD69: A marker of T cell activation involved in cell
migration.
IL-2R: Receives signals from the cytokine IL-2.
CD40L: An effector molecule of T cells.
CTLA-4: An inhibitor of immune responses.
CELLS of ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
TIMELINE of ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE for B
CELLS
PRIMARY vs. SECONDARY RESPONSE
NATURAL KILLER vs. CYTOTOXIC T CELLS – WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE?
TYPES of ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Specific immunity acquired during life
Two types
Naturally acquired
Response against antigens encountered in daily life
Artificially acquired
Response to antigens introduced via vaccines
Distinguished as either active or passive
Active
Passive
IMMUNITY
SUMMARY
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