© Module 4 Lesson 1 Assignment Description: The following assignment must be submitted to your instructor for evaluation. Write out your solution using your word processor. Be sure to show all your work and explain the method of arriving at your answer. Method of Evaluation: The maximum grade for this solution is 5 points. The mark will be determined as follows. + 1 mark for determining the correct length for one cycle of the motion. * 1 mark for determining the correct period of motion. + 1 mark for determining the correct frequency of motion. + 1 mark for showing the correct relative length of the velocity vectors + 1 mark for showing the correct directions of the velocity vectors Question(s): The physics of blades in a food blender. The tips of the blades in a food blender can move at a speed of 22.0 m/s. The circle in which they move can have a radius of 0.050 m. 1. What is the length is one cycle of the motion? 2. What is the period of motion? 3. What is the frequency of motion? 4. Draw a diagram showing a circle. Assume that the blade is moving counter clockwise. Draw a velocity vector at the top of the circle and another velocity vector at the bottom of the circle. Be sure to pay attention to both the relative lengths and directions of the vectors.PHYSICS 40S Module 4 Circular MotionLesson 1 any Introduction In this first lesson, we begin our study of circular motion. You may recall from earlier work that an object will move in a straight path if the net force acting on itis in the direction of motion. If the net force acts at some angle to the direction of motion, then the object will follow a curved path. We saw this earlier when we discussed projectile motion. Another important case of an object following a curved path is that of circular motion. There are many fascinating examples of objects moving in circular motion ranging from simple situations such as a ball at the end of a string to a Ferris wheel at the Red River Exhibition to a jet fighter coming out of a dive. In this lesson, the focus will be to understand basic terms, and to concentrate on the ideas of speed and velocity. Outcomes When you have completed this lesson, you will be able to: define the following terms: uniform circular motion, cycle, period, frequency, hertz calculate the length of a cycle, the period of motion, and the frequency of motion for an object moving in a circle calculate the speed of motion of an object in uniform circular motion describe the direction of the velocity vector for an object in uniform circular motionUniform Circular Motion: The Cycle, Period, and * Frequency ‘We can define uniform circular motion as the motion of an object travelling at a constant (uniform) speed on a circular path. Let's begin by examining the case of an object, such as a model airplane, moving counter clockwise at the end of a string in a horizontal circle. To describe this motion, it is important to understand important terms. Accycle can be defined as one complete motion around the circle. So for example, if a model airplane moves around the circle three times, then we would say that three cycles of the motion have been completed. The period (7) of the motion can be defined as the time required to complete one complete cycle of the motion. Since this is a unit of time, the standard unit of time would be the second. The frequency (f) of motion can be defined as the number of complete cycles per second. The unit used to measure frequency is the hertz (Hz), named after the scientist Heinrich Hertz (1857-94). One hertz is one cycle per second. The period of motion and the frequency of motion are inverses of each other. frequency = sees, f= standard unit: hertz (Hz) period = ae T= 4 standard unit: second (s) For the model airplane moving in a circle, assume that the airplane completes 10.0 revolutions around the circle in a time of 5.00 s. In this case, the airplane has completed 10.0 cycles. The period of motion is the total time of 5.00 s divided by 10.0 cycles. This makes the period of motion 0.500 s. In other words, it takes 0.500 s to complete one revolution or cycle. period = G5E= ayhuydes = 0-500 8 The frequency of motion is the number of cycles, 10.0 cycles, divided by the time required to complete the ‘motion, 5.00 s. Thus the frequency of motion is 2.00 Hz. This means that 2.00 cycles are completed every second. frequency = eles Adpapeles = 2.00 Hz Note also in this example that the period of motion and the frequency of motion are inverses of each other. For example, 1 T = 4T = xopnz = 9.500_@ Uniform Circular Motion, Speed, and = Velocity Let's examine again the model airplane moving in a circle. To determine the speed of the airplane, we would need to know the distance travelled and the time taken. The airplane is moving at a constant speed. In this case, we know that the speed can be determined using =/@ u=% The distance the plane moves is the circumference of the circle given by c=2rrrand the time taken is just the period of motion. Therefore, to determine the ‘speed of any object moving in uniform circular motion, we can use = 22 v= — Since the period of motion and the frequency are inverses of each other, another method to determine speed could be v=2rrrf. Now let's look at the direction of the velocity vector. At any time in uniform circular motion, the direction of the velocity is tangent to the circle. Another way of saying this is that the velocity vector is perpendicular to the radius. The diagram below shows four different points on the circle. Note that for the object to be moving counter clockwise, the direction of the velocity is as shown below.c v a b /oo™N / \ a | d v Note that in uniform circular motion, the magnitude of the velocity vector is constant. Although the direction of the velocity vector is always tangent to the circle, the direction of this vector is not constant. For example, in the diagram above, at point "a" the velocity vector is pointing straight up but at point "b" it is pointing to the left.Uniform Circular Motion: An Example Suppose that the model airplane referred to earlier was moving in a circle of radius 10.0 m at 30.0 revolutions per minute (rpm). Determine the speed of the airplane in m/s. To solve this problem, we could begin by determining the period of motion. The number of seconds required for one complete revolution is 60.0 seconds _ 30.0 revolutions — 2-00 8 The length of one cycle of the motion is o=2nrr = 27(10.0m) = 62.8 m The speed can now be determined using 2m 2x(10.0m) _ v= For sn. = 31.4 m/s Another way to determine the speed would be to use v=rf. The frequency must be expressed in units of Hz or revolutions per second. In this case the frequency is f = 20.0nevolutions — 9 509 Hz 60.0 seconds The speed of the airplane is therefore v= 21 (10.0 m)(0.500 Hz) = 31.4 m/s<< Summary In this lesson, we began our study of circular motion. Uniform circular motion is defined as the motion of an object travelling at a constant (uniform) speed on a circular path. Acycle can be defined as one complete motion around the circle. The period (7) of the motion can be defined as the time required to complete one cycle of the motion. The unit of period is the second (s). The frequency (f) of motion can be defined as the number of complete cycles per second. The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz). One hertz is one cycle per second. The period of motion and the frequency of motion are inverses of each other. _ egeles _a 7 frequency = 22% f= 7 standard unit: hertz (Hz) period = Sme T = + standard unt: second (s) To determine the speed of any object moving in uniform circular motion, we can use = 2 v—~T Since the period of motion and the frequency are inverses of each other, another method to determine speed could be v = 27f . At any time in uniform circular motion, the direction of the velocity is tangent to the circle. Another way of saying this is that the velocity vector is perpendicular to the radius. In uniform circular motion, the magnitude of the velocity vector is constant.& Exercise There is one practice question with six parts. An answer key is available for you to check your answers after you have completed the practice question. The physics of a car wheel moving in a circle. The wheel of a car has a radius of 0.28 m and is rotating at a rate of 820 revolutions per minute (rpm) on a tire-balancing machine. 1. What is the period of motion? 2. What is the frequency of motion? 3. What is the length of one cycle of the motion? 4. Determine the speed of motion (in m/s) using the period of motion. 5. Determine the speed of motion (in m/s) using the frequency of motion. 6. Draw a diagram showing a circle. Assume that the wheel is moving clockwise. Draw a velocity vector at the top of the circle and another velocity vector at the bottom of the circle. Be sure to pay attention to both the relative lengths and directions of the vectors.@ Answer Key The physics of a car wheel moving in a circle. The wheel of a car has a radius of 0.28 m and is rotating at a rate of 820 revolutions per minute (rpm) on a tire-balancing machine. What is the period of motion? What is the frequency of motion? What is the length of one cycle of the motion? Determine the speed of motion (in m/s) using the period of motion. Determine the speed of motion (in m/s) using the frequency o f motion. Draw a diagram showing a circle. Assume that the wheel is moving clockwise. Draw a velocity vector at the top of the circle and another velocity vector at the bottom of the circle. Be sure to pay attention to both the relative lengths and directions of the vectors. Srey 1. The period of motion is found using 60.0 seconds_ __ 9 (973 5. 820 revolutions 2. The frequency of motion can be found using 820 revolutions 60.0 seconds 13-7 Hz or 14 Hz. The frequency is the inverse of the period of motion. 3. The length of one cycle of motion is the circumference of the circle. ¢ = 2nr= 2m (0.28m) = 1.76 m 4. To determine the speed using the period of motion, use _ 2ar _ 2n(0.28m) _ = T= "0078s = 24ms 5. To determine the speed using the frequency of motion, use v= 2rr rf = 2m (0.28m)(14Hz) = 24 mis (using 13.7 Hz for frequency) 6. In drawing the velocity vectors, be certain that they are of the same length since the speed is constant. The velocity vectors are tangent to the circle. At the top of the circle the velocity vector is pointing to the right. At the bottom of the circle the velocity vector is pointing to the left.