(CHAPTER 5)

TRADE
BARRIERS
Group 9
Jinky Torreliza
Rona Joy Rendon
Jhon Jhon Cortuna
 CHAPTER 5

Topics:
✓ Man made Trade Tarriers
✓ Ethical Barriers
✓ Cultural Barriers
✓ Technological Barriers
The theory of free trade is based on the
theory of comparative advantage of the
classical economists of England. A country
should produce and sell the goods in which it
has the greatest advantage, and that it
should buy the goods in which it has the
greatest disadvantage. In other words, a
country should not produce the goods if it is
cheaper to buy them from other countries.
In theory, this develops specialization
and efficiency. Consequently, this
improves the standard of living of the
peoples of the countries that participate
in international trade. In reality, however,
free trade is applicable among nations
with the same stage of economic
growth. That is free trade among the
industrial countries or among the
agricultural countries.
In theory, international trade promotes specialization
and efficiency, elevating living standards. However,
in practice, free trade tends to work best among
nations with similar economic growth stages. When
agricultural and industrial countries engage in free
trade, the latter benefits more, perpetuating
economic disparities.
This imbalance restricts agricultural economies from
industrializing, as raw material prices stay low, while
industrial goods remain expensive. The theory of
comparative advantage often falters, leading nations
to erect trade barriers, as seen in the historical
development of countries like the United States,
Germany, and Canada. While these nations thrived,
others faced challenges due to colonization,
exploitation, and limited opportunities for economic
development.
MAN MADE TRADE BARRIERS
Trade barriers are government-
induced restrictions on
international trade. Man-made
trade barriers come in several
forms, including:
 Non-tariff Local
barriers to
trade
content
requiremen Subsidies
ts

TARIFFS Voluntary
Export Import
Restraints quotas

Import /
export
licenses
Embargo
 Efforts to Manipulate Trade Flows
As we have seen, there are many good arguments for
allowing free trade among states. Trade helps
economics grow and facilities the most efficient
production of goods and services across the globe.
One might think that governments would want to
encourage this efficiency and would agree to let trade
occur unregulated.
In practice, however, governments often try to
manipulate trade in a variety of ways. They do
this to achieve a wide array of economic,
political, and diplomatic objectives.
Government regulations - have had a significant
impact on global trade flows, economic
growth,and prosperity. For this reason, it is
useful to consider the main ways that
governments have tended to regulate trade
and, more recently, to deregulate it.
 TRADE BARRIERS
Government's have traditionally tried to
manage trade flows in two basic ways.

By restricting By
import 's encouraging
export 's
 Import Restrictions
Restrictions on imports generally take two forms:
tariffs and quantitative restrictions.
Tariffs, or import taxes,
are usually calculated as a percentage of the value of a given imported
product.
Tariff fees are collected for most governments by what is known as a
"customs" agency.
Tariffs vary widely from country to country and from product to product
within countries. Most countries impose no tariffs at all on some imports, bu
most imports are subject to at least minimal tariffs. Most U.S. tariffs are very
low-less than 3.5 percent, on average (Morici, 1992).
 Quantitative Restrictions
seek to limit access to imports by
making them scarce, which, according
to the laws of supply and demand,
makes them more expensive. Most
countries in the world apply quotas to
the import of certain goods and
services (although applying tariffs is
much more common).
Why would governments want to alter the natural flow of
international trade by imposing tariffs and quotas?
Governments restrict imports for four basic reasons:

For some governments, particularly in the

developing world, tariffs provide a significant
source of government revenues.
 •Every country in the world, including the United States,
maintains high tariffs on at least a handful of products fo
which domestic producers are thought to be vulnerable to
foreign competition. This so-called tariff protection is
typically imposed early in an industry's life or at moments
of weakness or decline, when the threat from more
efficient foreign producers is thought to be particularly
severe. Once imposed, tariff protection is very difficult to
remove, because the enterprises and workers who benefi
from it work hard to keep it in place.
 •Every country in the world, including the United States,
maintains high tariffs on at least a handful of products for
which domestic producers are thought to be vulnerable to
foreign competition. This so-called tariff protection is typically
imposed early in an industry's life or at moments of weakness
or decline, when the threat from more efficient foreign
producers is thought to be particularly severe. Once imposed,
tariff protection is very difficult to remove, because the
enterprises and workers who benefit from it work hard to keep
it in place.
Governments also restrict imports and exports for political
reasons. This kind of Governmental restriction on trade is
called a sanction. Countries wishing to punish or influence
the behavior of another country for human rights violations
or for an act of aggression, for example, will sometimes
restrict imports from "misbehaving" country. In times of
war, adversaries will often prohibit all imports from each
other, a measure known as an embargo.
 Types of Tariff
Import and Export Tariff
• A tax levied on import and export of the countries.

Transit Tariffs
• A tax levied on goods passing through the country.

Specific Duty
• A tariff based on the number of items being imported.

Ad valorem Duty
• A tariff based on percentage of the value of the imported goods.

Compund Duty
•A tariff consisting of both a specific and ad valorem duty.
 NON - TARIFF TRADE BARRIER

Import Quota
•A legal limit on the imported quantity of a good that is produced abroad
and can be sold in domestics markets.

Export Subsidies
•Government payment made to domestic firms to encourage exports.

Embargo
• A complete ban against importing or exporting a product is an embargo.
Often embargoes are set up for defense purposes.
 Ethical Barriers

Despite intemational trading laws and

declarations, countries continue to face
challenges around ethical trading and business
practices.
 International trade is the exchange of goods and services across
national borders. In most countries, it represents a significant part of
gross domestic product (GDP). The rise of industrialization,
globalization, and technological innovation has increased the
importance of international trade, as well as its economic, social, and
political effects on the countries involved. Internationally recognized
ethical practices such as the UN Global Compact have been instituted
to facilitate mutual cooperation and benefit between governments,
businesses, and public institutions. Nevertheless, countries continue to
face challenges around ethical trading and business practices,
especially regarding economic inequalities and human rights violations.
 Arguments against international Trade
Capital markets involve the raising and investing money in various enterprises.
Although some argue that the increasing integration of these financial markets
between countries leads. to more consistent and seamless trading practices,
others point out that capital flows tend to favor the capital owners more than
any other group. Likewise, owners and workers in specific sectors in capital-
exporting countries bear much of the burden of adjusting to increased
movement of capital. The economic strains and eventual hardships that result
from these conditions lead to political divisions about whether or not to
encourage or increase integration of international trade markets. Moreover,
critics argue that income disparities between the rich and poor are exacerbated,
and industrialized nations grow in power at the expense of under-capitalized
countries.
 Anti-Globalization Movements
The anti-globalization movement is a worldwide activist movement that is critical of the
globalization of capitalism. Anti-globalization activists are particularly critical of the
undemocratic nature of capitalist globalization and the promotion of neoliberalism by
intemational institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World
Bank. Other common targets of anti- corporate and anti-globalization movements
include the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the
WTO, and free trade treaties like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI),
and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Meetings of such bodies are
often met with strong protests, as demonstrators attempt to bring
attention to the often-devastating effects of global capital on local conditions.
 Cultural Barriers
It is typically more difficult to do business in a foreign country than in one's homecountry
due to cultural barriers.

Culture And Global Business

It is typically more difficult to do business in a foreign country than in one's home country,
especially in the early stages when a firm is considering either physical investment in or
product expansion to another country. Expansion planning requires an in-depth
knowledge of existing market channels and suppliers, of consumer preferences and
current purchase behavior, and of domestic and foreign rules and regulations. Language
and cultural barriers present considerable challenges, as well as institutional differences
among countries.
 With the process of globalization and
increasing global trade, it is unavoidable that
different cultures will meet, conflict, and
blend together. People from different cultures
find it hard to communicate not only due to
language barriers but also because of
cultural differences.
 Tools for Understanding Cultural Deviations in Business

Recognizing that different geographic regions and/or

nationalities represent vastly different business operating
characteristics, often due to differences in cultural
predisposition, is a critical building block for successful
global business leaders. As a result, various researchers in
global business have generated business models to
illustrate key cultural considerations between different
countries. The most recognized and utilized in the field is
Geert Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory, which
encompasses six cultural deviations highly relevant to
business managers.
The figure below provides an example of this model:
 To briefly explain each dimension:
PDI rating represents a stronger acceptance of authority in a given culture

IDV (individualism) rating indicates the degree to which individuals are focused upon as opposed to the broader group

UAI represents the degree to which risk-taking is commonplace (a higher rating meaning a lower propensity for risk)

MAS represents the scale between competitiveness, materialism and aggressiveness (high rating) compared to
focusing on relationships and quality of life

LTO indicates the tendency to plan for longer-term agenda items as opposed to pursuing short-term goals

IVR is simply the frugal (or spendthrift) habits of the average individual in a culture (purchasing bevond necessitv)
 Technological Barriers
Standards-related trade measures, known in WTO parlance as technical
barriers to trade play a critical role in shaping global trade.

U.S. companies, farmers, ranchers, and manufacturers increasingly

encounter non- tariff trade barriers in the form of product standards,
testing requirements, and other technical requirements as they seek to
sell products and services around the world..
As tariff barriers to industrial and agricultural trade
have fallen, standards-related measures of this kind
have emerged as a key concern. Governments, market
participants, and other entities can use standards-
related measures as an effective and efficient means of
achieving legitimate commercial and policy objectives.
Significant foreign trade barriers in the form of
product standards, technical regulations and testing,
certification, and other procedures are involved in
determining whether or not products conform to
standards and technical regulations.
 These standards-related trade measures, known in World Trade
Organization (WTO) parlance as "technical barriers to trade," play
a critical role in shaping the flow of global trade. Standards-
related measures serve an important function in facilitating
global trade, including by enabling greater access to
international markets by SMEs. Standards- related measures
also enable governments to pursue legitimate objectives, such as
protecting human health and the environment and preventing
deceptive practices. But standards-related measures that are
non-transparent, discriminatory, or otherwise unwarranted can
act as significant barriers to US. trade. These kinds of measures
can pose a particular problem for SMEs, which often do not have
the resources to address these problems on their own,
JINKY TORRELIZA

EXPLANATIONS
 TRADE BARRIERS
Rules & Regulations na isinasagawa or ibibigay ng gobyerno upang mas
mapadali or mapaigi ang paglabas or import/export ng mga products.
And also to help local business na maging maayos ang services to enter
the market or doon sa specific place na pwede silang mag usap para
bumili at magbenta, pwedeng palengke, online platform or iba pa.

1&2 SLIDE
- The theory of free trade suggest that countries should stick to
producing and selling goods they're skilled at making, while purchasing
items they're not as profecient in from other nations. Hm means
bumibili Sila ng products sa iBang Bansa na alam nilang hindi Sila
gaanong magaling na gawin ang products na yon, and then ibebenta nila
ito sa sariling bansa then yong products na binebenta nila is ine-enhance
pa nila to sell better based don sa quality and effort ng Isa products.
 3&4 SLIDE
- In simple term po international trade po is inaasahang makatulong sa
Bansa to become more efficient, which should make life better for everyone.
But in a reality po, mas magiging maayos po ito kapag same yong wealth
level po ng isang Bansa, kapag par ho sila na nagtutulungan ang
agricultural countries and the industrial countries trade. Mas malaki ang
napapakinabang ng industrial na mas mapabagal sa pag unlad ng mga
mahihirapa na Bansa sa sarili nilang industria. Ibigsabihin, stay pa din sila
sa pagbebenta ng mga raw materials kaysa sa paggawa ng mga important
products. Minsan kase hindi na din nagging effective ang idea na dapat mag
focus ang mga Bansa kung saan sila magaling kayat naglalagay sila ng
trade barriers. Tulad sa bandang ESTADOS UNIDOS, ALEMANYA, AND
CANADA. WHILE YUMAYAMAN ANG BANSANG ITO, MAY IBA
NAMANG NAHIHIRAPAN UMUNLAD DAHIL SA PANSASAMANTALA
OR DIDN'T HAVE MANY CHANCES TO DEVELOP ECONOMICALLY.
 MAN-MADE TRADE BARRIERS
- refers to restrictions on international trade that are created by
government like.....(8)

And other regulations imposed by authorities to control the flow of good and
services across boarders or the countries.
Tarriff Barriers

U Tariff barriers are taxes imposed by governments on imported goods.

These taxes make imported products more expensive compared to
domestically produced ones, encouraging people to buy local products
instead.

Ito naman is yong mga taxes na ibinibigay ng mga gobyerno para sa mga
imported goods/ products. Like mas main courage Ang tao na mas bumili ng
local products instead sa imported products dahil mas mapapamura or
makakatipid Tayo.
 NON-TARRIFF TO TRADE

-Ito yong mga restrictions o paghihigpit na kailangan ipatupad sa international

trade but hindi Kasama Ang mga taxes or any obligations. But ofcourse ito yong
mga limitations o regulations implemented by countries hm to control the entry
of goods from other countries, or in short pag import ng mga products.

*VOLUNTARY EXPORT RESTRAINTS

- kapag pumapayag ang isang bansa na limitahan kung gaano karaming

products ang ipapadala o ie-export sa Ibang Bansa.
-Ginagawa ito upang maiwasan ang issues sa kalakalan/tindahan, upang pigilan
ang ibang bansa na maglagay ng mas mahigpit na limitations sa mga import o
pagkuha ng products Mula sa isang Bansa. Ito ay parang voluntary agreement
upang i-control kung gaano karaming stuff ang ipinadala between countries
 IMPORT/EXPORT LICENCES

-"Import/export licenses" are government permits required for the entry or exit of goods into or out of a country. It is
a document certifying that an individual or company is authorized to engage in trade with foreign entities or other
countries.

* LOCAL CONTENT REQUIREMENTS

-"Local content requirement" is a policy where a country mandates that a portion of the materials, products, or
services used in the production of a specific product or service come from within the country. It's a way to support
local industries and strengthen the country's IMPORT/EXPORT LICENCES

-"Import/export licenses" are government permits required for the entry or exit of goods into or out of a country. It is
a document certifying that an individual or company is authorized to engage in trade with foreign entities or other
countries.

* LOCAL CONTENT REQUIREMENTS

-"Local content requirement" is a policy where a country mandates that a portion of the materials, products, or
services used in the production of a specific product or service come from within the country. It's a way to support
local industries and strengthen the country's economy.economy.
 IMPORT QUOTAS

-Limitation sa Dami ng mga products na pwedeng ipasok sa Isang Bansa Mula sa

ibang places. Also sa pagkakaroon ng QUOTA, they asure especially the
governments na dapat may control Sila sa Dami ng mga imported products na
pumapasok sa sariling Bansa, hm to protect the local industries, maintain jobs for
citizens and also to maintain the prices of local products. Then also kapag mayroong
QUOTA may possible na mag increase yong prices, kaya mas gusto ng tao na bumili
ng mga products sa sariling Bansa or local products kesa sa iBang Bansa.

*EMBARGO

-An "embargo" is a government order that restricts or prohibits trade with another
country. It's like a ban on buying or selling goods to or from that country. Embargoes
are often used as a political or economic tool to express disapproval or to pressure a
country into changing its behavior.
 SUBSIDIES

-Finanncial na tulong from government na magsisilbing tulong o suporta sa mga businesses lalo sa
sa business na naghihirao or nalulugi. Nagagamit din ito para magkaroon ng pag-unlad, pagbabago,
at mapamura Ang mga products na ating bibilhin. And also para magkaroon ng maraming
products na pwedeng magpa angat sa ating negosyo at sa pagbebenta in any countries tulong ng
financial na ibinigay ng gobyerno.

*REGULATORY BARRIER'S

-This is also rules and regulations that implemented by government to the imported products na
kailangan na mameet yong standards na hinahanap ng Isang costumers. May rules din Sila na
kailangan I followed, to become safe, good quality, para maging maayos ang pag import ng mga
imported products.

*EFFORTS TO MANIPULATE TRADE FLOWS

-Efforts to manipulate trade flows are when governments try to control how goods and services
move between countries. Even though letting trade happen freely is usually good for the economy,
governments sometimes interfere for different reasons like boosting their own industries or gaining
advantages in negotiations with other countries.
 These interventions can include things like taxes on imports (tariffs), limits on how
much can be imported (quotas), giving money to domestic industries (subsidies), or
other rules that make it harder or easier to trade with other countries. Over time,
there's been a mix of more rules and fewer rules about trade. Some rules aim to
manage trade, while others aim to make trade easier. Both approaches have big
effects on how much stuff gets traded globally, how economies grow, and how well off
people are.

-Ang mga paghihigpit na ito ay maaaring magkabilang mga taripa sa mga inaangkat
(tariffs), limitasyon sa dami ng mga inaangkat (quotas), pagbibigay ng tulong-
pinansyal sa lokal na industriya (subsidies), o iba pang mga patakaran na gumagawa
ng kalakalan sa ibang bansa na mas mahirap o mas madali. Sa paglipas ng panahon,
mayroong iba't ibang patakaran at pag-alis ng patakaran hinggil sa kalakalan. May
mga patakaran na naglalayon na pamahalaan ang kalakalan, habang may iba
namang layunin na gawing mas madali ang kalakalan. Pareho ang malaking epekto
nito sa dami ng mga produkto na ipinagpapalit sa buong mundo, sa pag-unlad ng
ekonomiya, at sa ayan ng mga tao.
 *TRADE BARRIERS

Import restrictions are rules set by governments that control how much and
how expensive it is to bring goods into a country from other places. There are
two main types: tariffs and quotas.

1. Tariffs: These are taxes imposed on imported products, usually based on a

percentage of the product's value. They are collected by customs agencies.
Tariff rates vary between countries and products, with some items having
low or no tariffs, while others have higher rates. In the United States, tariffs
are generally low, averaging less than 3.5 percent.

2. Quotas: These restrictions limit the amount of certain goods or services

that can be imported into a country. By making imports scarce, quotas drive
up their prices. While tariffs are more common, many countries also use
quotas to control imports.
Jhon Jhon Cortuna

EXPLANATION
 Mga Uri ng Taripa:

1. **Import at Export Tariff** - Ito ay isang buwis na ipinapataw sa mga

inaangkat at ini-eexport na kalakal ng bansa.

2. **Transit Tariffs** - Ito ay isang buwis na ipinapataw sa mga kalakal na

dumaan o nagdaan lamang sa bansa patungo sa ibang destinasyon.

3. **Specific Duty** - Ito ay isang uri ng taripa na batay sa bilang ng mga

kalakal na inaangkat. Halimbawa, maaaring itakda ang isang tiyak na halaga
para sa bawat piraso o kilo ng inaangkat na kalakal.

4. **Ad valorem Duty** - Ito ay isang uri ng taripa na batay sa porsyento ng

halaga ng inaangkat na kalakal. Halimbawa, kung ang ad valorem duty ay
10%, magbabayad ang importador ng 10% ng halaga ng kalakal bilang buwis.

5. **Compound Duty** - Ito ay isang kombinasyon ng specific at ad valorem

duty. Ibig sabihin, may tiyak na halaga at porsyento ng halaga ng kalakal na
babayaran bilang buwis.
 ADVANTAGE**

1. **Mas maraming trabaho:** Kapag pinipili ng mga mamimili ang lokal na

produkto, mas maraming trabaho ang nabubuo sa ating bansa. Halimbawa,
sa pagbili ng gulay mula sa mga lokal na magsasaka, mas maraming
magsasaka ang makakahanap ng trabaho.

2. **Kakayahan sa internasyonal na sektor:** Dahil mas nagiging malakas

ang ating lokal na industriya, mas kakayanin natin makipagsabayan sa
ibang bansa pagdating sa paggawa ng produkto.

3. **Balanse sa kalakalan:** Sa pag-limita sa importasyon, napapanatili natin

ang isang balanse sa kalakalan. Hindi tayo umaasa nang sobra sa ibang
bansa para sa ating mga pangangail
angan.
 DISADVANTAGE**

1. **Karagdagang kita ng gobyerno:** Hindi nakakakolekta ang

gobyerno ng karagdagang kita mula sa pagtataas ng buwis sa
imported na produkto.

2. **Kakulangan ng mga sangkap:** Dahil sa limitadong

importasyon, minsan nagkakaroon tayo ng kakulangan sa mga
pangunahing sangkap na hindi natin kayang gawin dito sa bansa.

3. **Panganib sa digmaan sa kalakalan:** Ang labis na pagprotekta

sa ating domestic market ay maaaring magdulot ng tensyon sa
ibang bansa, na maaaring magbunga ng hindi magandang
sitwasyon sa kalakalan.
RONA JOY RENDON

EXPLANATION
 Culture and Global

Mas mahirap mag-negosyo sa ibang bansa kaysa sa sariling bansa, lalo na sa

umpisa kapag iniisip ang pag-invest sa ibang bansa o pagbukas ng bagong
negosyo doon. Kailangan ng malalim na kaalaman sa mga market, mamimili,
at patakaran ng bansa. Mahirap din dahil sa wika at kultura, pati na rin sa
pagkakaiba ng mga institusyon.

With

Dahil sa globalisasyon at mas maraming pandaigdigang kalakalan,

magkakaroon ng pagkikita at paghahalo ng iba't ibang kultura. Mahirap
para sa mga taong magkaiba ang kultura na magkaunawaan hindi lang
dahil sa wika kundi pati na rin sa mga pagkakaiba-iba sa kultura.
 Tools

Sinasabi Dito na mahalaga para sa ma business

leaders na maunawaan Ang different places and
countries na ito is may magkaibarig way ng
pagbubusiness dahil sa kanilang culture for global
business leaders to succeed. Researchers created a
models to show the cultural differences between
countries Ito is yong GEERT HOFSTEDE'S CULTURAL
THEORY, WHICH LOOKS AT SIX IMPORTANT
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES WHICH IS (6)
 1. Power Distance Index (PDI): It shows how much people accept authority in a culture.
1. Power Distance Index (PDI): Ito ay nagpapakita kung gaano kalakas ang pagtanggap ng mga tao sa awtoridad sa isang kultura.

2. Individualism (IDV): It tells us if people focus more on themselves or on the larger group.

-Individualism (IDV): Ito ay nagsasabi kung mas tututok ang mga tao sa kanilang sarili o sa mas malaking grupo.

3: Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI): It indicates if people in a culture are okay with taking risks or prefer to avoid them.
3. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI): Ito ay nagpapahiwatig kung okay lang ba sa mga tao sa isang kultura ang magrisk o mas gusto
nilang iwasan ito.

4. Masculinity (MAS): It shows the balance between competitiveness, materialism, and aggressiveness compared to relationships and
quality of life.
4. Masculinity (MAS): Ito ay nagpapakita ng kung gaano karaming kompetisyon, materyalismo, at agresibidad (mas mataas na rating)
kumpara sa pagsusunod sa relasyon at kalidad ng buhay.

5. Long-Term Orientation (LTO). It reveals if people in a culture plan for the future or focus on immediate goals.

5. Long-Term Orientation (LTO): Ito ay nagpapahayag kung ang mga tao sa isang kultura ay nagplaplano para sa hinaharap. o mas
nagfofocus sa mga layunin sa kasalukuyan

6. Indulgence vs. Restraint (IVR): Itmeasures if people in a culture tend to spend money freely or if they are more thrifty and cautious in
their spending habits. if people in a culture tend to spend money freely or if they are more thrifty and cautious in their spending habits.
6. Indulgence vs. Restraint (IVR): Ito ay nagmamarka /measureskung ang mga tao sa isang kultura ay madaling gumastos o mas
mapanuri at maingat sa kanilang paggastos
 Technological
Ang mga teknolohikal na hadlang, tulad ng mga teknikal na
hadlang sa kalakalan (TBT), ay mga patakaran ng gobyerno
para sa kaligtasan at kalidad ng produkto. Mahalaga ang mga
ito sa pandaigdigang kalakalan pero nakakaranas ng hamon
ang mga kumpanya, magsasaka, at mga gumagawa sa
Amerika. Kadalasang nahaharap sila sa mga hindi-taripang
hadlang sa kalakalan tulad ng pagtugma sa mga pamantayan
ng produkto at pagsusuri. Ito ay maaaring magdagdag ng
gastos at pahirap sa pagpasok sa merkado. Kaya mahalaga
na tugunan ito ng mga interesadong panig upang mapanatili
ang kumpetisyon sa pandaigdigang merkado.
 Ang mga patakaran tungkol sa pamantayan sa kalakalan, na
kilala sa World Trade Organization (WTO) bilang "teknikal na
hadlang sa kalakalan," ay napakahalaga sa pagbabago ng
pandaigdigang kalakalan. Ito ay nagpapadali ng pag-access sa
internasyonal na merkado para sa mga maliliit na negosyo (SMEs)
at nagbibigay-daan sa pamahalaan na tuparin ang mga layunin
tulad ng proteksyon sa kalusugan at kapaligiran. Ngunit ang hindi
transparente, diskriminatibo, o hindi nararapat na mga
patakaran ay maaaring maging malaking hadlang sa kalakalan
ng Estados Unidos. Ito ay lalo na nakakalito para sa mga maliliit
na negosyo na madalas ay hindi may sapat na kakayahan upang
solusyunan ito.
 Presented By Group 9

Thank you !