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Grammar Book

Grammar book and exercise

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108 views24 pages

Grammar Book

Grammar book and exercise

Uploaded by

lanelleh17
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Grammar Pitt: cull Peo ou uci? The Clause eo Pye Using Verbs Correctly Peanuts) Fee eke aiaaed 5) G0 To: gonnweom kevwono: F0Lan0 Nerd Tee ices Breit, ‘and Commas 42 Punctuation: Ser PRE Cesc Se RS Perper eee er nad Ere ua ccd Peano rare ua cua Brackets, and Ellipsis Points Spelling Ceres Recueil ‘Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics 47 Parts of Speech Overview ‘The Work That Words Do Diagnostic Preview Identifying Parts of Speech ‘Wit the pat of speech (noun, pronoun, adjective verb, adverb preposition, conjunction, or interjection) ofthe italicized words in the paragraph below. N | ee Some items in | ‘the Diagnostic Preview | have more than one al- died word These words work together a single EXAMPLE Pioneers [1] /earned how to recognize danger. part of speech. 1. verb “The [1] first pioneers on the Great Plains (2] encountered many kinds 3} of dangerous animals. Grizaly bears and [4] huge herds of bison were menaces to [5] early settlers. One of the [6] most ferocious beasts ofthe plains (7} wasa [8] griely protecting her cubs. However, [9] neither the bison nor the grizzly was the most feared animal (10] on the frontier, Not even the deadly [11] rattlemnake—nor [12] any of the “other prairie creatures—was dreaded as much as the skunk. You may think, (13] “Oh, that is (14) ridiculous.” However, itis true. Skunks ‘were not feared because [15] they smelled bad (16] but, instead, because they [17] s0 often carried (18] rabies. Since there was no vaccine for rabies in 19] those days, the bite of a rabid skunk spelled certain [20] doom for the unlucky victim. eee reer Shen Motown, afi foges 1 is i ici, ray okra, Great yan oops, menpgoround peace, truth artistry, excellence, beauty Common and Proper Nouns : A proper noun names particular person, place, thing, or idea and is Uelerence Mote of more information Palize. A commen noun names any one ofa group of persons, ieee pies thi or ideas and is generally not capitalized — = page 294, 4 G=p Classifying Nouns Identify each of the followin, "oun, Ifthe noun is proper, 8 NOUNS asa common noun oa proper name a corresponding common notin, EXAMPLE 1. Zora Neale Hurston 1. proper noun—waiter 1. man 8, self-esteem, 1S. Amelia Bathart 2. month 9. Virginia 16, mercy 3. Vietnam 19, ocean 17. cousin 4, singer 11. Mount Hood 18. automobile 5. Athena 12, Australia 19. blues 6. city 13, Detroit 20. Christopher Columbus 7. gumbo 14, street Concrete and Abstract Nouns cote new names apron pas, thing tht canbe pec Zanker mort hess ah hang ke ae eed ‘An aber noun names an ena ecng qui ec Joi poison ey, thunder, sik your Sarah ‘teedom, walkbeing, beauty, kindness: Buddhism (GEEEED leentitying and ctassitying Nouns Shou agen ae os ceo shar ey ee era oes Cama eee 2 Ravn cacy mis mecha pa pa erred 2 ioinec cea mre eine eng Ri [cia cetacean ome teen eee cee eee! Compound Nouns A compound noun consists of two or more words used together asa single noun. The parts ofa compound noun may be written as one ‘word, as separate words, or asa hyphenated word. 50 AD xh overiew i. Sem ay Fede wae tony att eg ie ltonary sn ev lie in Coune Bog Puppy. give Crack times for sunrises and snsets, Pay hide-and-cekin theold an the war chief who maserminded the Sioux, atle of the Little Bighorn {he bowling alley ner the post offce, Hn Penis mot as popula asthe alps @ playwright, actor, and director - Meet me at >. The foun 0. Luis Valder is Collective Nouns GED 'eentitying nouns 1y-five nouns in the sentences below. EXAMPLE 1. Toenter the wildlife park, we walked through the mouth of a huge fake alligator 1. park, mouth, alligator ses sometimes use gigantic objects to advertise their J 1 that sells fruit might look like an enormous orange complete with doors and windows. 3. A restaurant in Austin, Texas, has a delivery van shaped like a dinosaur. 4. Huge dogs, windmills, and figures of Paul Bunyan are formed with cement or fiberglass to help sell chain saws, trucks, and 5. An old hotel in New Jersey was even built to look like an. clephant! The Pronoun 4b. A pronoun is a word that is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns. EXAMPLES Stan bought a suit and an overcoat. He will wear them ‘tomorrow. [The pronoun He stands for the noun Stan. The pronoun them stands for the nouns suit and overcoat.) Several of the horses have gone into the stable because ‘they are hungry. [The pronoun Several refers to the noun horses, The pronoun they stands for the pronoun Severat.| ‘The word that a pronoun stands for or refers to is called the antecedent of the pronoun. In the following examples, the arrows point from the pronouns to their antecedents. Doonan ene eee LUMAR Th tour ent oh Sani ey eae Se jon pte. Why did Oscar give his camera to the film school? —— Identify and use Darius scored a field goal. It was his first of the season. pronouns. (page 53): identify and se personal pronouns. Notice that a pronoun may appear in the same sentence as its ante- cedent or in a nearby sentence. 52 Parts of Speech Overview 3 ersonal Pronouns = personal pronoun refers tothe one speaking (first person) the one spoken to (second person), oF the one spoken about (third person) Reference Not For information on choosing pronouns that agreo with thelr antecedents, see poge 181 For information on lear pronoun refer: fence, see page 239. Een [EXAMPLES — hope that they can find your apartment by folowing our directions Please hand me the scl- EXAMPLE Inabout A, 1150, a historian wrote down a strange tale sors. | azo need some strapping tape. Tey are English vilagers ha tl [1 him a o in the top drawer on the 1 ie ikon left. [Does They refer to the sissors ort both the ' ‘She sid that we could call them at home. | He asked us to help him dear away the fallen branches | ‘rom his backyard. | ‘Their dog obeyed them immediately and went tits bed | | asa | Inthis book, the words my, your, his, he, tsand theirarecalled | Reader/Writer | pronouns Some authorities prefer tocallthese words adjectives Follow om a | See sein Gata hee orks 0 keep your readers frm | your teacher's instructions on labeling these word rer rks, poe | pronouns near ther fntecedents—generally Identifying Antecedents i St ae antecedent for cach italicized pronoun in the followin t ‘Give the antecedent for each italicized pronoun in the following | conrusiea | paragraph. ‘ince numerous people told the same story, the historian believed i [11 iz Supposedly a young boy an gi wit bright green skin had ecru teueee re round wandering inthe flds. [2] They spoke foreign language eq made of an unkown material. At firs, the 0 pean se Deane but afer [3] theylearned 0 est | Sore, They ace in the op Saas Ta iain gradually lost (3]sgreennes. fering || dower on te ies English the gil said (6 sheand [7] her brother had come fom Nand | nedsome saping eet Gent Martin. The story sounds like scence fition, doesnt (8) tae. [on hess Perhaps the vilagets invented [9] to amuse [20] her fiends and fale) 4 ees historians, and wore clot children would eat only green ‘TrePronoun 53. nde on rams & rmices) | Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns oe Toto pronan | A reflexive pronoun cles to the subj of sentence ad anton at cent ov an obj of prepostion An intend pronoun Aoutof thesentence. | pyphaszes ts anteedent and has no grammatical function, stout the pono, (SE. ret esses Sroeate — SRER e ee istrefi teisahies Rom lke at hist in the mior o br sroneun tle) Demonstrative Pronouns ena treated herslf oasnack flea) rt hese ergonize the fund aie. [intersive) inci bemnynantes iting theproncun's | A demonstrative pronown's used to point out a specific person, imu plac thing, orien / Sani 3h est ama ft Ae? | exaunuss mati son eave retort non Fann, The 3cos!mado taste better than those. | Interrogative Pronouns Aoforence Note Formoreinformationon | relative pronouns, see page 147: For information on subordinate lauses, seepage M5, EXAMPLES Which of the songs is your favorite? hat is your parkeet'sname? Relative Pronouns “A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause. | ago Te fie pronouns ntipand reve || ronours. (age 5: tently and vse inefintepronours Isabel is my fiend whois training for the Boston marathon. 54 ep Parts of Speech Overview indefinite Pronouns ‘An indefinite pronoun refers to one or more persons, or things that may or may not be specifically named. wy laces, ideas, eLp— pl piene Many of the , Pronouns you have studied foal? each, Vest j 50 far may also be used as Snitch | adjectives. “Shelters 2 derail | EXAMPLES BEY $M en this sveet snees. eeigboay Whose puny fobné” something Caen SEeObTG sigh . EXAMPLES Angelo has everything he will need to go rock climbin, Reference Note 9. bene ahian For more about using g | pronouns, see ‘Most of the birds had already flown south for the winter. Chapter 7 (GEEELD teentitying pronouns all the pronouns in the sentences below. EXAMPLE [1] My fiend Hideko invited me toa Japanese tea ceremony at her house. 1. My, me, her : [1] The tea ceremony at Hideko's house was more like some I have seen in movies than the traditional one shown, in this picture. (2] “What happens during the tea ceremony, Hideko?” I asked as we entered the house. [3] According to Hideko, the purpose ofthe tea ceremony a custom that dates back hundreds of years is to create a peaceful mood. [4] In the ceremony, everyone sits quietly and watches the tea being made. [5] Before entering the room for the ceremony, I reminded myself o take off my shoes. [6] During the cere- ‘mony, each of us knecled on a straw mat. (7] Hideko's mother was our tea hostess, the person who conducts the ceremony and prepares all of the tea. [8] She prepared the tea and served it in bowls that had been in the family for genera- tions. [9] Then she served us sweet cakes called kashi (KAH- shee), [10] Afterward, Hideko herself gave me a box of tea leaves to take home with me. The Pronoun 55 nts The Adjective ‘Je. An adjective is a word that is used to modify a noun or pronoun. THE Ql TRICKS] Tomodifya word means to describe the word or to make is meaning the phrase these five inter. | tore definite. An adjective modifies a noun ota pronoun by telling esting books can help you. what kin which one, oF how many. remember the questions ‘an adjective can answer: Which books? These books How many books? Five books What kind of books? ‘ Interesting books Reference Note | Demonstrative Adjectives oa Lied ister || This, that, these, and those can be used both as adjectives and as sbautdemonsrtve, zonouns When they modify nouns or pronouns they ae called : demonstrative adjectives. When they take the place of nouns or pronouns, they ae called demonstrative pronouns. Pronoun or Adjective? ETTEIED some words maybe used as either pronouns or adjectives. When used EE TEETIE] _ Pronoun tee worstake the pce of nouns or other pronouns Meyers] | When used as adjectives, they mos nouns oF pronouns sett tne identfyparsofspecch | 56 cp Parts of Speech Overview Either will do, Whichis yours? Which one s yours? Whose i it? ‘WHroealhacd it” Inthis book, demonstrative, interrogative, and indefinite terms, GRAMMAR Wetr— sudhastoie nba nthe preaing dat aecaledponous, Sorcerer «when they function as pronouns, and adjectives when they function as ‘of nouns are also some- adjectives. tines refered to as acc ‘The word my, your his her, our and their are called posesive | et Flo your teachers pronouns throughout this book. Some authortes,however, prefer to —_«wuatlons regarding callthese words adjectives. Follow your teachers instructions on lab: ing these words Noun or Adjective? | ‘Many words that can stand alone as nouns can also be used as | adjectives modifying nouns or pronouns. | @@Srep | [ipsa Reference Note jeteemee tote For information about capitalizing proper adjectives, see page 294. See page 50 for more on compound nouns. | Sometimes «prope ade frequently that they become a compound == ae own Bi nut Pes bread, Christmas troe, Swiss cheese. Identifying Nouns and Adjectives sed in the paragraph below is used as Indicate whether each italicized wo a noun or an adjective. EXAMPLE Jee my new [1] basebt card? Do you want tos 1. baseball—adjective i Usave the [2] money lo with [1] basebal mr hen tg tothe (31 card] re rm Mattingly (7) card todsy: my new card with IF rahe wall in my FOO". Hove anything that has t0 1 make mowing the golf course, ‘The [3] store owner sokd me ater {6] Do (6) plastic case. Vl display | Ttcame in its own t other favorites ina special 19] glass (10) se 0 Articles ‘The most frequently used adjectives are % 4” ‘and the. These words aFe usually called articles: fi cea member of a general group. Ais used before words beginning _ Zonsonant sound. A” er sed before words beginning wi! sound. exampies Agitwen. ; ‘They are having 2 lay sale. [Ever noua jis a vowel, the term ned begins with 2 conse ‘anelephant escaped: wi sis is an honor. unk nn sheet Fonor begins wih? 1 soune suse it refers someone OF = = f djectives in Sentences adjective usually comes before the noun or pronoun it modifies. — — fXAMPLES Ms. Forcll tel all students that ood workers willbe given special piileges —{—_, Asweating, exhausted runner crossed the line, = In some cases, adjectives follow the word they modify ——— EXAMPLE Adog,oldland overweight, snore in the sun eeu SS. Other words may separate an adjective from the n mun oF pronoun si, it modifies. — EXAMPLES Beverly was worried, she felt nervous about the play ‘hoe bythe cow the bd payed an encore. An adjective that isin the predicate and that modifies the subject Reference Note ‘of a clause or sentence is called a predicate adjective. For more information about predicate adjec- tives, se page 27 (GEEED revising sentences by Using Appropriate Adjectives ‘Add adjectives to make two entirely different sentences from each of the sentences below, EXAMPLE 1. The walter showed the woman to a table in the comer. 1. The kindly waiter showed the shy woman toa pleasant table in the sunny commer, The haughty waiter showed the elegant woman toa private able inthe shadowy emer : 1. Theblossoms on the trees filled the ar witha sent. comuren 2. Asthe lous herein they the apainspoketwthecew. | Ying aster pre 3, Atthe end ofthe all were stairs that ed toa 200m, | thesaurcan help you 4. Thecarhasa stereo and an ar condtioner Ahoose approptte ec \ 5: Thevngsandcomedan gee ptcemancfothenence, iw a eta 6 Thebirds flew to the birdhouse near the bam. See | ‘Theres'interestin science ogan when she atended the das. ric ot tye vord 8. Thehouse in the valley vas constructed by builders, i in adiionary 9. The curtains on the windows added to the look of the room. 10. As the waves washed onto the shore, the children ran avay. TmeAgectve 59 Reference Note For more about objects ‘and their uses in sen- tences, se page 105. emp 60 Parts of Speech Overview GEZD ltontitying nouns, pronouns, and Adjectives Indicate whether each of the italicized words in the following parageaph is used asa n um, a pronoun, or an adjective "EXAMPLE [1] Most high school students read atleast one play by William Shakespeare 1. students—noun; one—adjective [1] Thisarticl tells about Shakespeare's if (2] Shakespeare, perhaps the most famous playwright ofall time, was born in Stratford-on-Avon * in 1564, [3] He was baptized in the small church at Stratford shorly after hisbirth, [4] In 1616, he was buried inthe same church. [5] Ifyou visit his grave, you can find an inscripion placing a curse on anyone who ‘moves his bones. [6] Out of respect for his wish or because of fear of his ‘curse, nobody has disturbed the grave 7] Asa result his remains have never been moved to Westminster Abbey, where many other Famous English writers are buried. [8] Visitors to Stratford can also see the house in which Shakespeare was born. (9] At one time tourist could vst the Jarge house that Shakespeare bought fr hinselfand his family (10] This ‘was where they lived when he retired from the London theater. _ The Verb ‘1d. A verb is a word that is used to express action or a state | of being. | In this book verbs are classified in two ways—(1) as transitive oF intransitive verbs and (2) as action, linking, or helping verbs. Transitive and Intran: re Verbs A transitive verb isa verb that expresses an action directed toward a | person, place, or thing, The action expressed by a transitive verb passes from the doer—the subject—to the receiver ofthe action. Words that | receive the action ofa transitive verb are called objects. EXAMPLES When will Neil ring the bell (The action ofthe verb vill, 1 ‘ings directed toward the object bell Juanita mailed the package. [The action ofthe verb mailed i isdirected toward the object package ] Tell the truth [The action of the verb Tells directed toward the object truth] An intransitive verb expresses action (or tells somethin ject) without the action passing (0a receiver, or object, XAMPLES ig about the last! ‘Saturday we stayed inside, [The verb stayed does not ass the action to an object Aer the ng wal the chien ate quiche verb ate ie does not pass the action to an object) t When she told her st 1; my, how we laughed The verb laughed doesnot pas ss the action to an object) ‘Averb may be transitive in one sentence and intransitive in KXANPLES Marc studied her notes. vaste] Marc studied very ate intransitive) another. The poet wrote asonnt. transitive) The poet wrote careful, nant] EEEED sing transitive and intransitive verbs Choos aver fom the following ist foreach lank inthe parigraph ‘below. Then, deny each verb as ranstveor intransitive AMPLE Conyoutt] an acy forthe weekend? 1. sggesttasive Ant Pad {t]__ someting eal tet el] — nines covariation tp 151 croup ih tcp ben pn es 24 tsebou ets Th oye) Imocniene ntl ped n \ dows elon itiarog emer) Senne ne | WienseBl npn pecaaaeaeh | ex Action Verbs adn ‘An acon verbexpeses ier physaler met atan. Acton wets || ‘nb ene or inten, sygrore reas | tage wit maERE NT; 490 ear URR INS a ibe" SFR “understand EXAMPLES, camp Write twenty a ! the lead actors. transitive] lintransitive) Writing Action Verbs Include and und F + $ ‘The noun, pronoun, or adjective that is connected to the subject linking verb completes the meaning of the verb and refers to the b's subject. panies Thearsuere “vee” [he verb ins rower and ‘The answer Is correct. [The verb i links answer and correct] ‘The winners are they. [The verb links winners and they.) The winners are happy. The verb links winners and happy.) une ‘Many linking verbs can be used as action verbs as wel. EXAMPLES The wet dog smelled horrible [The linking verb smelled links dog and horrible} ‘The dog smelted the baked bread, [action verb] ‘The motor sounded harsh The linking verb sounded! inks ‘motor and harsh] ‘The engineer sounded the horn. [action verb] ‘The chef tasted the casero. [action verb) i ‘The casserole tasted strange. [The verb tasted inks casserole and strange] Even beis not always a linking verb. Sometimes be expresses astate | peference Note ‘of being and is followed only by an adverb. | Tora ascusion of EXAMPLE Iwas there. [There tells where. t does not identify or adverbs, see page 67. describe the subject] Tobea linking verb, the verb must be followed by a subject Reference Note

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