Queen’s College

College of Business and Economics

Department of Accounting and Finance
Emerging Technology
Group- Assignment
No Name ID/No

1. Berihun Bekele………………….…….0022/15

2. Buli Tekle……………………….…….0041/15

3. Etaferaw Beyene……………….……...0028/15

4. Getachew Bekele………………..……..0018/15

5. Haymanot Astatke…………………..0008/14

6. Meseret Kasahun…………….………...0046/15

7. Niguse Delbato…………………….…..0047/15

8. Yesuf Said………………….…………..0027/15

Submit to Mr; Eneyew Mengie

Submission date; Jan 25, 2024

 Emerging TECHNOLOGy

Contents
1. The Importance of Ethics in Emerging Technologies..............................................................1
2. General Ethical Rules...............................................................................................................2
3. Professional Responsibility related to Ethical Rules................................................................3
4. Digital Privacy and its importance..........................................................................................3
5. Principles Digital Privacy.........................................................................................................4
6. Accountability need in using Emerging Technologies.............................................................5
7. Trust necessary to use an Emerging Technology platform......................................................6
8. The Challenges of using AI, Robots, and IoT..........................................................................7
9. The risks we face in Augmented Reality, IoT and AI..............................................................8
10. Big data dealing with demands high ethical regulations, accountability, and responsibility of
the person as well as the company
..................................................................................................................................................
9
11. Nanotechnology and applications of Nanotechnology...........................................................10
12. Biotechnology and its importance in agriculture, medicine, and environment......................12
13. Block Chain Technology………………………………………………………………...…..14
14. Cloud and Quantum Computing.............................................................................................15
15. Autonomic Computing and some of its characteristics..........................................................17
16. Computer Version and some real world applications.............................................................18
17. Embed systems and its components.......................................................................................19
18. Cybersecurity, some Cybersecurity Threats and Advantages of Cybersecurity
20
19. Additive Manufacturing..........................................................................................................21
20. 3D Printing.............................................................................................................................21

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1. What is the importance of ethics in Emerging Technologies?

The importance of ethics in emerging technologies cannot be overstated. As new technologies
rapidly advance and become integrated into various aspects of our lives, ethical considerations
become crucial for several reasons:

Human Well-being and Safety: Emerging technologies often have a direct impact on people's
lives. Ethical considerations help ensure that these technologies are developed and deployed in
ways that prioritize the well-being and safety of individuals.

Privacy Concerns: Many emerging technologies involve the collection and analysis of vast
amounts of personal data. Ethical guidelines are crucial to protect individuals' privacy rights and
prevent unauthorized or unethical use of sensitive information.

Equity and Inclusivity: Ethical considerations help address issues of equity and inclusivity in
technology development and deployment. It is essential to prevent the creation of technologies
that perpetuate or exacerbate existing social inequalities.

Transparency and Accountability: Ethical frameworks promote transparency in the

development and use of technologies. This, in turn, facilitates accountability, making it easier to
trace and address issues that may arise from the use of emerging technologies.

Public Trust: A commitment to ethical practices fosters public trust in the development and
adoption of emerging technologies. Trust is crucial for widespread acceptance and successful
implementation of new technologies.

Environmental Sustainability: Ethical considerations extend to the environmental impact of

emerging technologies. Sustainable practices should be prioritized to minimize the ecological
footprint of technological advancements.

Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Ethical guidelines often align with legal and regulatory
requirements. Adhering to ethical principles helps organizations and individuals navigate the
legal landscape surrounding emerging technologies.

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2. List down some General Ethical Rules?

While ethical rules in emerging technologies can vary based on the specific context and
technology involved, there are several general ethical rules that are commonly emphasized to
guide responsible development and deployment. Here are some key ethical rules in the context of
emerging technologies:

Transparency: Strive for openness and clarity in the design, operation, and impact of
technologies. Provide clear information about how systems function, what data is collected, and
how decisions are made.

Fairness: Ensure that emerging technologies do not discriminate or perpetuate existing biases.
Strive for equitable access, benefits, and opportunities for all individuals, regardless of
demographic factors.

Privacy: Respect individuals' right to privacy and implement robust measures to protect personal
data. Obtain informed consent for data collection and processing activities.

Security: Prioritize the security of systems and data to prevent unauthorized access, data
breaches, and potential harm. Regularly update and maintain security measures to address
evolving threats.

Accountability: Establish clear lines of responsibility for the development, deployment, and
maintenance of technologies. Hold individuals and organizations accountable for the ethical
implications of their technologies.

Human-Centric Design: Prioritize the well-being and safety of users in the design and
implementation of technologies. Consider the social and psychological impact of technologies on
individuals and communities.

Inclusivity: Design technologies that are accessible and inclusive, considering a diverse range of
users. Avoid creating technologies that reinforce or exacerbate social inequalities.

Cultural Sensitivity: Recognize and respect cultural differences when designing and
implementing technologies. Avoid imposing values or norms that may conflict with local
cultures and perspectives.

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3. List down some Professional Responsibility related to Ethical Rules?

Professional responsibility in various fields involves adhering to ethical rules and standards to
ensure the well-being of individuals, organizations, and society at large. Here are some
professional responsibilities related to ethical rules:

a. Strive to achieve high quality in both the processes and products of professional work.

b. Maintain high standards of professional competence, conduct, and ethical practice.

c. Know and respect existing rules pertaining to professional work.

d. Accept and provide appropriate professional review.

e. Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer systems and their impacts,
including analysis of possible risks.

f. Perform work only in areas of competence.

g. Foster public awareness and understanding of computing, related technologies, and their
consequences.

h. Access computing and communication resources only when authorized or when compelled
by the public good.

i. Design and implement systems that are robustly and usably secure

4. What is Digital Privacy? What is its importance?

Digital Privacy is the protection of personally identifiable or business identifiable information
that is collected from respondents through information collection activities or from other
sources. It is a collective definition that encompasses three sub-related categories; information
privacy, communication privacy, and individual privacy.

Digital privacy refers to the protection of personal information and the right to control one's own
data in the context of digital technologies. It encompasses the various ways individuals can
control the collection, use, and sharing of their personal information in the online environment.

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Importance of Digital Privacy: Some of the Importance of Digital Privacy are:

Personal Security: Protecting digital privacy is essential for personal security. Sensitive
information such as financial details, medical records, and contact information can be misused if
it falls into the wrong hands. Maintaining privacy safeguards individuals from identity theft,
fraud, and other forms of cybercrime.

Autonomy and Control: Digital privacy empowers individuals to have control over their
personal information. It allows people to make informed choices about what data they share,
with whom, and for what purposes. This autonomy is fundamental to respecting individuals'
rights and preferences.

Trust in Online Transactions: Trust is a cornerstone of online interactions, including e-

commerce, social networking, and communication platforms. Ensuring digital privacy fosters
trust between users and online services, encouraging more people to participate in digital
activities without fear of unauthorized data access or misuse.

Protection from Surveillance: As technology advances, there is an increased risk of pervasive

surveillance. Digital privacy safeguards individuals from unwarranted monitoring and
surveillance by governments, corporations, or other entities, preserving personal freedoms and
civil liberties.

Freedom of Expression: Privacy is closely linked to freedom of expression. People are more
likely to express their thoughts, opinions, and ideas freely when they feel their digital
communications are private and not subject to unwarranted scrutiny.

5. Briefly explain Digital Privacy Principles?

Digital privacy principles outline the fundamental guidelines and concepts that govern the
protection of personal information in the digital realm. These principles help shape policies,
regulations, and best practices to ensure individuals' privacy rights are respected. Here are some
key digital privacy principles:

 Data Minimization: Collect only the minimum amount of personal data necessary for a
specific purpose. Avoid unnecessary or excessive collection of information.

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 Transparency: Notice covering the purpose of the collection and use of identifiable
information will be provided in a clear manner. Information collected will not be used for
any other purpose unless authorized or mandated by law.

 Accuracy: Information collected will be maintained in a sufficiently accurate, timely,

and complete manner to ensure that the interests of the individuals and businesses are
protected.

 Security: Adequate physical and IT security measures will be implemented to ensure that
the collection, use, and maintenance of identifiable information are properly safeguarded
and the information is promptly destroyed in accordance with approved records control
schedules.
 User Control: Empower individuals to control their own data. Offer mechanisms for
users to access, correct, or delete their personal information and manage privacy settings.
 Data Portability: Allow individuals to easily transfer their personal data between
services or platforms. Avoid creating barriers that prevent users from exercising their
rights to data portability.

6. Why we need Accountability in using Emerging Technologies?

Accountability in using emerging technologies is essential for various reasons:

a. Ethical Considerations: Emerging technologies often introduce new ethical challenges and
dilemmas. Accountability ensures that individuals and organizations are held responsible for
making ethical decisions and avoiding actions that could lead to harm.
b. Consumer Trust: Accountability builds trust between technology developers, providers,
and consumers. Knowing that there are mechanisms in place to address issues, resolve
disputes, and rectify mistakes fosters confidence in the use of emerging technologies.
c. Human Rights Protection: Some emerging technologies have the potential to impact
human rights, such as privacy, freedom of expression, and the right to non-discrimination.
Accountability mechanisms help prevent abuses and protect individuals from rights
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violations.

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d. Preventing Bias and Discrimination: Many emerging technologies, like artificial

intelligence and machine learning, may inadvertently perpetuate bias and discrimination.
Accountability involves addressing and mitigating biases, ensuring fairness, and promoting
inclusivity.
e. Legal Compliance: Emerging technologies are subject to a complex and evolving legal
landscape. Accountability ensures that individuals and organizations comply with relevant
laws and regulations, avoiding legal consequences.
f. Transparency: Accountability involves being transparent about the design, functionality,
and intentions behind emerging technologies.
g. Security: Accountability in technology use includes maintaining robust security measures
to protect against cyber threats, data breaches, and unauthorized access. This is crucial for
safeguarding individuals' personal information and maintaining the integrity of systems.

7. Is the trust necessary to use an Emerging Technology Platform? Why?

Yes, trust is crucial for the successful adoption and sustained use of an emerging technology
platform. Several reasons highlight the importance of trust in the context of technology adoption:

User Confidence: Trust instills confidence in users. When individuals trust a technology
platform, they are more likely to engage with it, explore its features, and incorporate it into their
daily lives.

User Acceptance: Trust plays a significant role in the acceptance of new technologies. Users are
more willing to adopt and integrate emerging technologies into their routines when they trust that
the technology is reliable, secure, and meets their needs.

Data Privacy: Emerging technologies often involve the collection and processing of personal
data. Users must trust that their information will be handled responsibly, with adequate privacy
protections in place, to feel comfortable using the platform.

Reliability: Users need to trust that the technology platform will function reliably. This includes
expectations that the platform will perform consistently, without unexpected glitches, crashes, or
downtime.
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Security: Trust is closely linked to the security of a technology platform. Users must trust that
their data is secure from unauthorized access, breaches, or cyberattacks. A strong security
posture contributes to building and maintaining trust.

Transparency: Open and transparent communication about how the technology works, its
intentions, and any potential risks fosters trust. Users are more likely to trust a platform when
they have a clear understanding of its operations.

Quality of Service: Trust is built through consistently delivering a high-quality service. A

positive user experience, reliable performance, and effective customer support contribute to the
perception of a trustworthy platform.

8. Briefly explain the challenges of using AI, Robots, and IoT?

Using Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robots, and the Internet of Things (IoT) presents various
challenges across technological, ethical, and societal dimensions. Here's a brief overview of the
challenges associated with each:

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Bias and Fairness: AI systems can inherit and perpetuate biases present in training data,
leading to discriminatory outcomes.
 Transparency: Understanding how AI algorithms make decisions can be challenging,
creating concerns about transparency and accountability.
 Ethical Dilemmas: AI systems may face ethical dilemmas, and determining how they
should act in morally ambiguous situations poses challenges.
 Security Risks: AI systems can be vulnerable to adversarial attacks, where malicious
actors manipulate input data to deceive the system.
 Job Displacement: The automation of tasks by AI can lead to job displacement, raising
concerns about unemployment and societal implications.

Robots

 Ethical Use: Ensuring robots are used ethically, especially in critical applications like
healthcare and defense, is a significant challenge.
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 Human-Robot Interaction: Designing robots that can interact seamlessly and safely
with humans poses challenges in terms of communication, safety, and trust.
 Privacy Concerns: In scenarios where robots are equipped with cameras and sensors,
privacy concerns arise, requiring careful consideration and regulation.
 Autonomy and Decision-Making: Determining the appropriate level of autonomy for
robots and defining rules for their decision-making processes are ongoing challenges.
 Legal and Liability Issues: Clarifying legal responsibilities and liability in cases of
accidents or harm caused by robots is an evolving legal challenge.

Internet of Things (IoT)

 Security and Privacy: The interconnected nature of IoT devices creates security
vulnerabilities, and the vast amount of data generated raises privacy concerns.

 Interoperability: Ensuring compatibility and interoperability among diverse IoT devices

from different manufacturers is a significant challenge.
 Data Management: Handling the massive volumes of data generated by IoT devices and
ensuring its proper management, storage, and analysis pose challenges.
 Scalability: As the number of IoT devices grows, ensuring scalable and reliable network
infrastructure becomes crucial.
 Regulatory Compliance: IoT devices often operate in regulatory gray areas, and
ensuring compliance with privacy and security regulations is challenging.

9. Briefly explain the risks we face in Augmented Reality, IoT and AI?
The risks associated with Augmented Reality (AR), Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial
Intelligence (AI):

Augmented Reality (AR)

 Privacy Concerns: AR devices often collect and process personal data, raising privacy
concerns. Users may be uncomfortable with the potential for surveillance or unauthorized
data capture.

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 Security Risks: AR devices, especially those connected to the internet, are susceptible to
security threats, including unauthorized access, data breaches, and malicious
manipulation of augmented content.
 User Distraction: AR can divert users' attention from their surroundings, leading to
safety issues, particularly in contexts like driving or walking in busy areas.

Internet of Things (IoT)

 Security Vulnerabilities: The vast number of interconnected IoT devices creates a larger
attack surface, making the ecosystem susceptible to cyberattacks, data breaches, and
unauthorized access.
 Privacy Issues: IoT devices often collect sensitive data, and the improper handling of
this data can lead to privacy violations, identity theft, or unauthorized surveillance.
 Lack of Standardization: Inconsistent standards for communication and security
protocols among IoT devices make it challenging to ensure interoperability and a uniform
level of security.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Bias and Fairness: AI systems may exhibit biases present in training data, potentially
leading to discriminatory outcomes, reinforcing existing inequalities, and undermining
fairness.
 Explainability and Transparency: Many AI models, particularly complex ones like
deep neural networks, lack transparency, making it difficult to explain their decision-
making processes. This lack of transparency raises concerns about accountability and
trust.
 Security Risks: AI systems are susceptible to adversarial attacks, where intentional
manipulation of input data can mislead the system and result in incorrect predictions or
decisions.
 Unintended Consequences: The deployment of AI systems may have unintended
consequences, such as job displacement, economic inequality, or social disruption.

10. Do you think that dealing with Big data demands high

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ethical regulations, accountability, and responsibility of

the person as well as the company? Why?

Yes, dealing with big data indeed demands high ethical regulations, accountability, and
responsibility, both on the part of individuals and the companies involved. Here's why:

Privacy Concerns: Big data often involves the collection, processing, and analysis of vast
amounts of personal information. High ethical standards are essential to protect individuals'
privacy rights and prevent unauthorized or inappropriate use of sensitive data.

Data Security: Big data repositories are attractive targets for cyberattacks due to the valuable
information they hold. Ethical regulations and responsible practices are crucial to safeguard data
against breaches and unauthorized access, ensuring the security and integrity of the information.

Bias and Fairness: Big data analytics can inadvertently perpetuate or amplify biases present in
the data. Ethical regulations help ensure fairness in data-driven decision-making processes,
reducing the risk of discriminatory outcomes.

Informed Consent: Individuals should have the right to know how their data is being used and
provide informed consent for its collection and processing. Ethical regulations mandate
transparent communication and consent mechanisms to empower individuals to make informed
decisions.

Data Ownership and Control: Ethical considerations include acknowledging individuals'

ownership of their data and granting them control over how it is used. Responsible handling of
data involves respecting users' rights and preferences regarding their personal information.

Societal Impact: Big data analytics can have far-reaching implications on society. Ethical
regulations guide companies to consider the broader societal impact of their data-related
activities, promoting responsible behavior that benefits the public interest.

Consumer Trust: Ethical practices and accountability contribute to building and maintaining
trust between companies and their users. Trust is crucial for user adoption and acceptance of
data-driven technologies and services.

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11.What is Nanotechnology? Write down some Applications of

Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves manipulating and controlling materials
at the nanoscale, typically at dimensions less than 100 nanometers. At this scale, the properties of
materials can differ significantly from their macroscale counterparts, leading to unique and often
enhanced functionalities.

Applications of Nanotechnology:

 Medicine

Drug Delivery: Nanoparticles can be designed to carry drugs to specific cells or tissues,
enhancing targeted drug delivery and reducing side effects.

Medical Imaging: Nanotechnology contributes to the development of contrast agents for

improved imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed
tomography (CT).

 Electronics

Nano electronics: The fabrication of electronic components at the nanoscale allows for the
creation of smaller, faster, and more energy-efficient electronic devices.

Quantum Dots: Nanoscale semiconductor particles known as quantum dots find applications in
displays, solar cells, and sensors.

 Materials Science

Nanostructured Materials: Nanotechnology enables the design and fabrication of materials

with enhanced mechanical, thermal, or optical properties, suitable for various applications,
including lightweight composites and advanced coatings.

Self-Healing Materials: Nanomaterials can be incorporated into polymers to create self-healing

materials with the ability to repair damage.

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 Energy

Nanomaterials for Batteries: Nanotechnology is used to improve the performance of batteries,

leading to increased energy storage capacity and faster charging times.

Solar Cells: Nanomaterials, such as quantum dots and nanowires, enhance the efficiency of solar
cells by improving light absorption and charge transport.

 Environmental Remediation

Nanoparticle Filters: Nanoparticles can be used in water and air filtration systems to remove
pollutants and contaminants.

Nanostructured Catalysts: Nano-catalysts are employed in environmental remediation

processes, converting pollutants into less harmful substances.

 Textiles

Nanofibers: Nanotechnology is applied in the production of nanofibers for use in textiles,

providing enhanced properties such as water resistance, improved strength, and antibacterial
effects.

Smart Fabrics: Nanomaterials are integrated into textiles to create smart fabrics with properties
like moisture management and temperature regulation.

 Food and Agriculture

Food Packaging: Nanotechnology is used in the development of food packaging materials with
enhanced barrier properties, extending shelf life and reducing food waste.

Precision Agriculture: Nanosensors and nanomaterials contribute to precision agriculture,

allowing for improved monitoring of soil conditions and crop health.

 Cosmetics

Nanocosmetics: Nanotechnology is employed in the development of cosmetic products with

improved delivery of active ingredients, better skin penetration, and enhanced product stability.

 Space Exploration

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Lightweight Materials: Nanomaterials are utilized to create lightweight and strong materials for
space exploration, reducing the weight of spacecraft and improving fuel efficiency.

12.Briefly explain Biotechnology and its importance in agriculture,

medicine, and environment?
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the use of biological systems, organisms,
or derivatives to develop or create new products or processes for various applications. It
encompasses a wide range of techniques and technologies that leverage living organisms or their
components to address challenges and provide innovative solutions.

Importance of Biotechnology:

 Agriculture

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Biotechnology plays a crucial role in agriculture by

enabling the development of genetically modified crops with enhanced traits such as resistance
to pests, diseases, and harsh environmental conditions.

Crop Improvement: Techniques like genetic engineering and marker-assisted breeding

contribute to the development of crops with improved yield, nutritional content, and resilience.

 Medicine

Biopharmaceuticals: Biotechnology is instrumental in the production of biopharmaceuticals,

including therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and antibodies, using living cells or organisms.

Gene Therapy: Advances in biotechnology have paved the way for gene therapy, offering
potential treatments for genetic disorders by introducing, removing, or altering genetic material
in a patient's cells.

 Environment

Bioremediation: Biotechnology is applied in environmental cleanup through processes like

bioremediation, where microorganisms are used to degrade or remove pollutants from soil,
water, or air.

Biofuels: Biotechnological approaches are utilized in the production of biofuels, such as

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bioethanol and biodiesel, using renewable resources like plant biomass or microorganisms.

 Industrial Applications

Enzyme Production: Biotechnology is employed in industrial processes to produce enzymes,

which act as catalysts in various chemical reactions, leading to more sustainable and efficient
manufacturing processes.

Bioprocessing: Biotechnological methods are used in the production of a wide range of

industrial products, including bio-based materials, bio-based chemicals, and bio-based polymers.

 Food Production

Fermentation: Biotechnological processes like fermentation are used in the production of various
food and beverage products, including bread, yogurt, beer, and cheese.

Nutraceuticals: Biotechnology contributes to the development of functional foods and

nutraceuticals with enhanced nutritional and health-promoting properties.

 Research and Diagnostics

Molecular Diagnostics: Biotechnology techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and
DNA sequencing, play a vital role in medical diagnostics and research.

Biological Research Tools: Biotechnological tools, including genetically engineered organisms

and advanced imaging techniques, enable researchers to study and manipulate biological systems.

 Forestry and Conservation

Tree Biotechnology: Biotechnology is applied in the improvement of tree species for sustainable
forestry practices, including disease resistance and improved wood properties.

Conservation Genetics: Biotechnological methods contribute to genetic studies and conservation

efforts, aiding in the preservation of endangered species.

 Waste Management

Biological Waste Treatment: Biotechnology is used in the biological treatment of various types
of waste, including wastewater treatment and the decomposition of organic waste in landfills.

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13.What is Block Chain Technology? Briefly explain how it works?

Block chain technology is a decentralized and distributed ledger system that enables secure and
transparent record-keeping of transactions across a network of computers. It is the underlying
technology behind cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, but its applications extend beyond digital
currencies to various industries, including finance, supply chain, healthcare, and more.

How it works

Block chain works by creating a decentralized and secure digital ledger of transactions. Here's a
brief overview of how it operates:

a. Transaction Initiation: Participants initiate a transaction, such as transferring digital

assets or recording information.
b. Verification: The transaction is broadcasted to a network of nodes (computers) for
verification.
c. Validation: Nodes validate the transaction's authenticity using algorithms and consensus
mechanisms.
d. Block Creation: Valid transactions are grouped into a block with a timestamp and
cryptographic reference to the previous block.
e. Consensus Mechanism: Nodes in the network agree on the validity of the block through a
consensus mechanism (e.g., Proof of Work or Proof of Stake).
f. Block Addition: Once a consensus is reached, the new block is added to the existing chain
of blocks.
g. Decentralization: The updated block chain is distributed to all nodes in the network,
ensuring every participant has a copy of the same ledger.
h. Immutability: Cryptographic principles secure each block, making it extremely difficult to
alter past transactions.
i. Continuous Process: The process repeats with new transactions, and each block added
further secures the integrity of the entire chain.

14. Briefly explain Cloud and Quantum computing?

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Cloud Computing: is a technology paradigm that involves delivering a variety of computing

services, including storage, processing power, databases, networking, analytics, and more, over
the internet. Instead of relying on local servers or personal devices to handle computing tasks,
users access and use these services through the internet.

Cloud computing is a means of networking remote servers that are hosted on the Internet. Rather
than storing and processing data on a local server, or a PC's hard drive.

Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing

On-Demand Self-Service: Users can provision computing resources as needed without requiring
human intervention.

Broad Network Access: Cloud services are accessible over the internet from various devices.

Resource Pooling: Computing resources are shared and dynamically allocated based on demand.

Rapid Elasticity: Resources can be scaled up or down quickly to accommodate changing

workloads.

Measured Service: Usage is monitored, and users are billed based on their consumption of
resources.

Quantum Computing

Quantum Computing: is an emerging field in computing that leverages the principles of

quantum mechanics to perform computations. Unlike classical computers that use bits to
represent 0s and 1s, quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits, which can exist in a
superposition of both 0 and 1 states simultaneously.

Quantum computers truly do represent the next generation of computing. Unlike classic
computers, they derive their computing power by harnessing the power of quantum physics.

Key principles of quantum computing include

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Superposition: Unlike classical bits, which can be in a state of either 0 or 1, qubits can exist in a
superposition of states. This means a qubit can represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously, enabling
parallel processing of information.

Entanglement: Qubits can be entangled, meaning the state of one qubit is directly related to the
state of another, regardless of the physical distance between them. Changes to one qubit will
instantaneously affect its entangled partner, enabling faster information transfer.

Quantum Gates: Quantum operations are performed using quantum gates, analogous to
classical logic gates. However, quantum gates manipulate qubits in ways that leverage the
principles of superposition and entanglement, enabling quantum computers to process
information in ways that classical computers cannot.

Quantum Parallelism: Because of superposition, quantum computers can perform many

calculations simultaneously, providing a significant speed advantage for certain types of
problems.

15.What is Autonomic Computing? Write down some of its

characteristics?

Autonomic Computing refers to the design and development of self-managing computing

systems that can operate with minimal human intervention. The concept draws inspiration from
the autonomic nervous system in biological organisms, which regulates and controls various
bodily functions without conscious effort. Autonomic computing aims to create systems that can
adapt, optimize, and heal themselves in response to changing conditions and requirements.

Characteristics of Autonomic Computing:

a. Self-Configuration: Autonomic systems can automatically configure

themselves based on changes in the environment or system requirements. This
involves adjusting settings, parameters, or resources to optimize performance.
b. Self-Optimization: Autonomic systems continuously strive to optimize their
performance by adjusting various parameters, such as resource allocation,
load balancing, and task prioritization, without human intervention.
c. Self-Healing: Autonomic systems have the ability to detect and respond to
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faults, errors, or disruptions in their operation. They can take corrective

actions to recover from failures and maintain overall system integrity.
d. Self-Protection: Autonomic systems incorporate security measures to
identify and protect against potential threats. This includes monitoring for
unusual behavior, identifying vulnerabilities, and implementing security
mechanisms.
e. Self-Monitoring: Autonomic systems continuously monitor their own health
and performance metrics. This involves collecting and analyzing data related
to resource utilization, system behavior, and other relevant parameters.
f. Adaptability: Autonomic systems can adapt to changes in their environment
or workload. This includes adjusting to variations in user demands, network
conditions, or hardware capabilities to maintain optimal functionality.

g. Policy-Based Management: Autonomic computing relies on policies that

define desired behaviors and objectives. These policies guide the system's
decision-making process, allowing it to align its actions with predefined
goals.
Reduced Human Intervention: The goal of autonomic computing is to

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h. minimize the need for manual intervention in system management. By

automating routine tasks and decision- making processes, human operators
can focus on higher-level tasks and strategic planning.
i. Awareness of Context: Autonomic systems are designed to be context-
aware, understanding the broader context in which they operate. This
awareness enables more intelligent decision-making and adaptability to
dynamic situations.

16.What is Computer Version? List down some real world applications?

Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables machines to interpret and
understand visual information from the world. It involves the development of algorithms and
models that allow computers to process, analyze, and make decisions based on visual data, such
as images and videos.

Real-World Applications of Computer Vision:

 Machine Inspection: rapid parts inspection for quality assurance using stereo
vision with specialized illumination to measure tolerance on aircraft wings or auto
body parts or looking for defects in steel casting using X-ray vision.
 Optical character recognition (OCR): reading handwritten postal codes on
letters and automatic number plate recognition (ANPR);
 Retail: object recognition for automated checkout lanes
 Automotive safety: detecting unexpected obstacles such as pedestrians on the
street, under conditions where active vision techniques such as radar or lidar do not
work well
 Medical Imaging: registering pre-operative and intra-operative imagery or
performing long term studies of people’s brain morphology as they age.
 Surveillance: monitoring for intruders, analyzing highway traffic and monitoring
pools for drowning victims
 Fingerprint recognition and biometrics: for automatic access authentication as
well as forensic applications.
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17.Briefly explain Embed Systems and its components?

An embedded system is a specialized computing system that is designed to perform dedicated

functions or tasks within a larger mechanical or electrical system. Unlike general-purpose
computers, embedded systems are dedicated to specific functions and are often optimized for
performance, reliability, and power efficiency. They are embedded as part of a larger device or
system, working behind the scenes to control, monitor, or manage various aspects of the overall
functionality.

Embedded systems can be found in a wide range of applications, from simple devices like
microwave ovens and washing machines to complex systems like automotive control units,
medical devices, and industrial automation systems. The design of embedded systems requires
careful consideration of the specific requirements and constraints of the application they serve.

Embedded systems can be found in a wide range of applications, from simple devices like
microwave ovens and washing machines to complex systems like automotive control units,
medical devices, and industrial automation systems. The design of embedded systems requires
careful consideration of the specific requirements and constraints of the application they serve.

Components of Embedded Systems:

 Sensor - It measures the physical quantity and converts it to an electrical signal which
can be read by an observer or by any electronic instrument like an A2D converter. A
sensor stores the measured quantity to the memory.
 A-D Converter - An analog-to-digital converter converts the analog signal sent by the
sensor into a digital signal.
 Processor & ASICs - Processors process the data to measure the output and store it to
the memory.
 D-A Converter - A digital-to-analog converter converts the digital data fed by the
processor to analog data.

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18.What is Cybersecurity? List some Cybersecurity Threats? Write

down the advantages of Cybersecurity?

Cybersecurity refers to the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from
unauthorized access, attacks, damage, or theft. It involves implementing measures and
technologies to safeguard information technology resources and ensure the confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of data.

It is the protection of computer systems from the theft of or damage to their hardware, software,
or electronic data, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.

Cybersecurity threats

 Ransomware: - It is a type of malicious software. It is designed to extort money by

blocking access to files or the computer system until the ransom is paid. Paying the
ransom does not guarantee that the files will be recovered or the system restored.
 Malware:- itis a type of software designed to gain unauthorized access or to cause
damage to a computer
 Social engineering: - it is a tactic that adversaries use to trick you into revealing
sensitive information. They can solicit a monetary payment or gain access to your
confidential data.
 Phishing: - it is the practice of sending fraudulent emails that resemble emails from
reputable sources. The aim is to steal sensitive data like credit card numbers and login
information. It’s the most common type of cyber-attack.

Advantages of Cybersecurity

 Business protection against malware, ransomware, phishing, and social engineering.

 Protection for data and networks.
 Prevention of unauthorized users.
 Improves recovery time after a breach.
 Protection for end-users.
 Improved confidence in the product for both developers and customers.

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19. Briefly explain Additive Manufacturing?

Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is a revolutionary manufacturing

process that involves creating objects layer by layer from digital models. Unlike traditional
subtractive manufacturing processes that involve cutting or shaping material to achieve the final
product, additive manufacturing builds up material layer by layer, offering design freedom and
flexibility.

Additive manufacturing (AM) describes types of advanced manufacturing that are used to create
three-dimensional structures out of plastics, metals, polymers and other materials that can be
sprayed through a nozzle or aggregated in a vat. These constructs are added layer by layer in real
time based on digital design. The simplicity and low cost of AM machines, combined with the
scope of their potential creations, could profoundly alter global and local economies and affect
international security.

Additive manufacturing has transformative implications for product development, customization,

and supply chain efficiency, offering new possibilities for innovation in manufacturing.

20. Briefly explain 3D Printing

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a revolutionary manufacturing process

that involves creating three-dimensional objects layer by layer from digital models. This
technology allows for the fabrication of complex and intricate shapes that might be challenging
or impossible to produce using traditional manufacturing methods. Here is a brief overview of
the key concepts and processes involved in 3D printing:

Key Concepts of 3D Printing

Digital Design: The process begins with a digital 3D model created using computer-aided design
(CAD) software. This digital file serves as the blueprint for the physical object.
Layer-by-Layer Printing: 3D printing builds objects layer by layer, adding material incrementally
based on the digital model. Each layer corresponds to a cross-section of the final object.

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Materials: A variety of materials can be used in 3D printing, including plastics, metals, ceramics,
resins, and composites. The choice of material depends on the application and desired properties of
the finished object.

Additive Process: Unlike traditional subtractive manufacturing methods, which involve cutting or
shaping material from a larger block, 3D printing is an additive process. Material is added only
where needed, reducing waste.

Printing Technologies: Various 3D printing technologies exist, each with its own set of principles
and processes. Common technologies include Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereo
lithography (SLA), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and more.

Rapid Prototyping: 3D printing is widely used in rapid prototyping, allowing designers and
engineers to quickly iterate and test designs before committing to mass production.

Complex Geometries: One of the major advantages of 3D printing is its ability to produce objects
with complex and intricate geometries. This is particularly valuable in industries such as aerospace,
healthcare, and automotive.

Customization: 3D printing enables mass customization, allowing for the production of unique
and personalized products without the need for expensive and time-consuming tooling changes.

Applications of 3D Printing

Prototyping: Rapid iteration and testing of prototypes in product development.

Custom Products: Production of custom and personalized items, including medical implants
and orthopedic devices.

Aerospace: Manufacturing lightweight and complex components for aircraft and spacecraft.

Healthcare: Producing patient-specific medical models, prosthetics, and dental devices.

Automotive: Rapid prototyping, tooling, and manufacturing of custom components.

Education: Enhancing learning experiences by creating physical models for educational purposes.

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THE END !

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