Fibonacci discovered his famous sequence while looking at how generations Chapter reese paconose ‘Alter te tt monty, the nil pa mates, but have young. ‘Aster te second month, th nal par give bith 0 pai of babes Alter the th reat, he nit par ‘Month ana the rt-boms mite bin to ay young. ‘Aster te fourth month, the til par lve birth to another palr fang thar es-bom par als produces pat ofthe oun, After to tits month, the tal par give bit te another pa, ‘heir fet bom par produces anther pas nd te socona-bom par produce pare her own The process continues, 404,2,3,5,8, 13,21, 36, 65,88, 144,799,377, 610, oe ‘te Fbonacel Sequence Month 0 Month + Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month § 1 Pair 1 Pair 2Pair Pair spar apsir Recurrence Relation 4.1 IntRopucTION ‘A recurrence relation is an equation that recursively defines sequence whose next term is a function ofthe previous terms. In general, 05 = f(y. [Link]-2>--dyom)s 2 m1 is called recurrence relation for sequence (a,},n 2 1 For example, consider the sequence, 1,1,2,3,5,8, “his sequence is known as Fibonacci sequence. Is each term governed by the rela- tion dyg2 ~ yur tay ¥ nN; a ~1, a; ~1. Late in this chapter we will prove that We can observe the immediate advantage of recurrence over explicit formula for a, the former is easy to apply/remember. There are only few types of recurrence relation which can be solved in closed form, ée., any term in the sequence can be evaluated by plugging numbers into an equation (a, = f(n)) instead of having to calculate entire sequence, 4.2 CLASSIFICATION Let us classify the recurrence relation: These relations are classified by the ways in which terms are combined, the nature of coefficients involved, and the number and the nature of previous terms used, Leonardo Fibonacci C1175. 1240-50 Nationality: Italian42 Chapter 4 Let us observe the following table: Linear Or Homogencous Or Coelflceat (Variable Order Nonlinear ___Non-homogeneous _or Constant) Bomple Fit ovder Linear Homogensous Constant tay Fit dee Linear Homogeneont Variable acim 0 Fie onder Lin Non-homogeneous Constant ack Fir oder Linear Now-homogeneous Viable a Fistorder Non-linear = ‘Homogeneout Constant ungton-0 Firs onder Nonlinear _——-‘Non-homgensous Constant Second order Linear Homopensout Constant Second order Linear Nom-homegeneous Contant In general consider the following: Lola + KM In a H+ LM yar = BCH) Where, f(n) and g(n) are some arbitrary known functions of ‘n’ Iff, # 0 and f, # 0, then itis called rth order recurrence relation, If g=0, itis called linear homogeneous recurrence telation, Ifg=0, f,= constant, it is called linear homogeneous recurrence relation with con- stant coefficient, which are specially nice to handle. Example I Classify the following recurrence relations: (@) 4, +34, -24,2 =0 (0) 4, +4a,2 =n! © atvna, @ 444 y)-20 pay = Fr); S(n) #0 (9, a4+30y-1 20a 2 +2Vhie dey =0 (9) 6) 130g 20g 2 +20 (@) Gt 2aydgs Hay =0 (hy 4 ~ 4p 44_2 —Vy-2 I) ay +, 14, @ 4% (@) Linear, homogeneous, with constant coefficient and of order (b) Lincar, non-homogencous, with constant coefficient of order “2 (©) Linear, non-homogeneous, with variable coefficient of order “1 (@) Linear, non-homogeneous, with constant coefliient, order not defined (©) Non-linear, non-homogencous, with variable cocflicient of order “ (Non-linear, homogeneous, with variable coefficient of order (@) Non-linear, homogencous, with constant coefficient of order (b) Non-linear, homogeneous, with constant coeflicient of order 2Recurrence Relation 4.3 (@ Non-linear, non-homogeneous, with constant coefficient of order ‘2 ) Linear, non-homogeneous, with constant coefficient and order not defined 4.3. First ORDER LINEAR RECURRENCE RELATION Let us consider fist order linear and non-homogeneous, 4, = f(Aap+2(n), n22q =a Where f(n) and g(n) are known functions of 'n’ and f(n) # 0. Divide whole equation by py = (0): (2) f(a) and rewrite as Conse, then v,— 20 P [Now plag.n=2, 3, anda all, we ge Example 2 Let a Solution: Compare it with 0 = F(r)aq-1 +807) 2 = r= = fMF2)4A Chaptar 4 => by by 1 = Pais Plugging, n=2,3,4, ..., mand adding all we get ay oof) 3} tet (nr 95) seas) + a(er-v8 93) + 193) op ce agh ef)" sofg) -sees2) eae of can) rt 73 3) 42(3) va 2f2) ct v2n-i6) 7) J Aa} oF e2n-t0(3) 1 yan) ne 3 5=364{3) nt 12-15 2} ”Recurrence Relation 45 Now, BY ge 6+(3) Gn? -12n-15) 1 Be(2) a0 -tan-as sacts(2] sae tarts 4.3.1 First Order Linear Homogeneous 4, = Fay, 22,4 = Fon) F(a) f(m—V~ FQ) ay = [FOF (n-D $QDa Example 3 Let a,=na,_y, 4,=1. Find a,, Solution: Let us rewrite the recurrence as 5 tnt Mind a pt ud Mes n(n —1)(n~2)-°2 =n a, =n! 4.3.2. First Order Linear, Non-homogeneous with Constant Coefficients 4, = 64,1 +e2, 02 2.a =a, (where ey, c, constant and ¢, #1) Let, 4, =D, +2. (2-some constant) Shy thn abe qd ver =>, =4b.1 +(e Dates By taking 2. We get by = Cbg Which is geomet progression with common ratio bedthh = (Ma-aea46 (Chapter 4 =e Sy 4 10, Which isan arithmetic progression, with common difference ¢ 4, =4+(0-Dey Example 4 Let (a,) be a sequence such that a, =4, and sum of first n terms is S, and Sua 35,2040 YneN, find a, Solution: We know that ajay =Syus Sy Ven20 (as Now, S51 Sq =[35, +2044] [35,1 +200) +4] 4,42 Wn 2 lay =4 a, = bth. Py, = 3B, +2042 Make 224+2=0 => 2=-1 bya Buh =S Sh, <8 5-9"! (Ash =ayh 1 =441=5) a, =5-3"9-1 VneN, Bui 1. Find the ni term of the sequence {a,} such that 44> 2, yg = 24,41 (= 1,2, 3, 0) 2. Find the n* term of the sequence {a,} such that Menon a beng 3. Find the n® term of the sequence {a,) such that ay= a2 +4(a,>0, n21) ata thay = +E 91.2.3.) 4. The positive sequence («,) satisfies the following conditions (2), () @ a=) (6) og 4, ~ 10g 42) =10 (4 = 1) Hog (e+ 1), 822 Find Say ind the n™ term of the sequence {a,} such that a= Beda 54 6, Leta, =1, a, = (= Ia, + 1. Find m such that na, 7. Let ay=1,a,=na,., + (1+ 1)! 2" Find a, 8. Leta, =1, (1+ Da,., +ng,=2n—3V n> 1. Find a, =1,.2.3,..).Recurrence Relation 47 9. ind then term ofthe sequence (a,) such that 4 = 1, yyy =a, += 1 (W= 1,2, 3,0) 10. Find the n term ofthe sequence (a,) such that 4, = 12, (= 1) ayy, = (04+ 1g, + Mn 2 2) 11. Find the n* term ofthe sequence (x, such that edn ooo BEA) wat... ) 12. Find the n"* term of the sequence (a,} which is defined by 1y nl o=0 4.=[1-4) tant FE =1, 2,30) 4.4 First ORDER NON-LINEAR 4.4.1 First Order No! aay, Bays +7 By taking reciprocal of both sides, we get year of the Form 4, b meQark a-fy 40 Let, Example 5 Let {a,) be a sequence such that a, =2.3, Find a,. Solutio webee a 1 1 1 1 = A aga (Day m= md . 3, (n= 1), in above equation and adding all we get, Plugging n = aon48 (Chapter 4 4.4.2. First Order Non-linear of the Form iB hore af 22% Bg, ote TATE ([Link] ota) ‘We will transform this to previous form, let ay saxtp Vp H72+8 byte aby taxeB Ppa tyxe8 (a-x/)b.1 +(ax+ P)—x(yx+8) yb, F748 Now choose x such that, axtp (7x+8) Q Solving, 7x? +(8-a)x~ Take any root, say “x; we get y =x, Tharp +8 raed Gah Lat Shen hete Where ©; wate (ony * @-ay) Note: Observe that we can get equation (1) directly from recurrence by replacing 4, ax+ byx, B yet sequence, ‘The value of x satisfying the equation is called fixed point of the Example 6 Let {a,} be a sequence suck that Find ay Ae =Maqyy “DY EN Solution: Let, Take1 > first term 2 Example 7 Let (a,} be a sequence such that =2, aut = Solution: Let 4, =8, +4, ¥n>1 =, 2b, +2043 Get 227 +4045 Take 4=v2 o-23), 2b, +(3+2V2) 80, Cyt H=a+ fey * 1) Taking a+ pp—p-0 => Hence, Gust = Bey Recurrence Relation 49410° Chapter 4 [oa fl bec2-v Aliter: After getting Consider, 3a, +4-V2(2a, +3) 3144 22a, 13) (a, +V2 ( => by =(/2-1)*), [ese ot 22 yp a+¥2 2+V2 = bh (i-pi? T pir) = (2-12Recurrence Relation 4.11 cea). Example8 Let {a,} be asequence such thata,= Solution: Let us get rid of radical sign by assuming, 14 24a, —2 (with by >0) B Leap ays se alegt) 4B}, -4= 8} 6b, +5 a bya)? = 13? => By =D, +3, M21 (asd, >0) Let, by Hey th 24, set, . 9 ‘ ne b=[2] -243 @bi=5) =h, (3) ( ) Te)an2 Chapter 4 Find the n term of the sequence {x,} such that Syet =8y(2—%4) (N= 1, 2, 3,...) im terms of x 9, Find the n' term of the sequence (a,) such that Sa, =n! 4+3n? +2n and Calculate zt 4.5 Linear Homoceneous RECURRENCE RELATION WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENT OF ORDER ‘2’ ‘Consider the recurrence relation "Ans +12 here p and g are constant ‘As we have seen, in frst order homogeneous recurrence telation, solution are of the form x" (usualy). Let us plug this solution in second order with x # 0 px lagt? peg or x2 px-g=0 ‘This equation is called the characteristic equation of the recurrence and the quadratic appearing on the left hand side is called the characteristic polynomial, ‘After solving this quadratic we get two roots, x=a, ‘There are two cases: Case 1: #8, inthis case, a, = ha" + up for value of A, use initial conditions. Case 2: «= f, in this case, 0, =(+ una" Example 9 Let {a,} be a sequence such that, dy = dy-: +20, 2:02 2,4) =1,ay=3, find a, Solution: Replace a, by x",x #0 seater yar? sexvt-x-2=0 3 x=-12 =a, = MoD" +r? Now, ay = 2+ also a =-A+2p=3Recurrence Relation 4.13 Lege gaye 34, =FO"2 HD), a, Yn 3a Example 10 Let {4,) be a sequence such that, dy Find ay Solution: Replace 4, by x",x #0 Also, Example 11 Let (a) bea sequence such that, a =, 44 =0, dy =20,.1~244-o, find Solution: Characteristic equation of he recurrence is, -2x4+2=0 so xa tia vaso tien) |odr [onde wns) | +1] Br (sor ian) ~r[ io carla + eos ia-wenk | sino oot isnt oe Moivere's Theorem) Now, ay = Atana Chapter 4 aya Ate, ArH anal a S1Hi-p=0 >a, Example 12 Let {a,} be a sequence such that, a =2, 4, =25,4, =10a,.;~250, 2 Vn22,n€N, find ay Solution: Characteristic equation of the recurrence is, As characteristic roots are equal, a, = (A+ ums Now, ay =h=2 a, =(2+")S=25 > =3 Hence, a, =(2+3n)5" 4.6 GENERAL Form of LiIncaR HoMocENEoUS RECURRENCE RELATION WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS. Consider the relation ey, + [Link]-s #64 where ¢/ are constants ¢o, ¢, # 0, this is called fth order recurrence relation. By replacing the terms a, by x’, r=m, 91, ....9 =r Saget tqxtt pote! <0 Saux teat totey ae teg =0 @ ‘This equation is called characteristic equation of the recurrence Case Ls ay, 03,5... 4 are all distin and roots ofthe equation then, 4, = Ay)" + Faas)" +o AC)” where iy, sy ons ave constants will be calculated using initial conditions, Case 2: a, 03, ly (1S p<) ate the distinct characteristic roots of (1) such that is of wsliplicity m, i= 1,2, ..p then ay Ane dy? toot ag nat (Pay Aaa Rayna A + (Apt Ayam gyn 4 gma where 4;’s are constants will be calculated using initial conditions,Recurrence Reketion 4.15 Example 13 Let (a,) be a sequence such that, Find a, Say 9g +My ~2ty 4. B24, 7,45 =32. Solution: Characteristic equation ofthe recurrence is, xh a Sx" 192 TR Da AO soxt 5x8 49x? -7x+2=0 S(x-I(e-2)=0 x= NL. a, = (Ay + Ag+ Ban VY + Q2?” Now, ay =A the =3 thy thy #225 =8 AyA Day +4dy +My A 43g +92, +Bhy =32 SAHLA ADAH LA? 30, 2+ Ant) 42-2" = (ney eae Webern oneal ed Let x9 La, Lay 8, +2%,.) Wm L. Kind x, Lay a, +34,-1. Find a, ldy,, ~ 4a, Finda, 4,94, find a, Let a, = 74,1 ~ 64-2, )=2, 4; =7, Find a, Solve the following recurrence relation. (a) a, =5a,_4~6ay_3, 022, dy =1, 4, =5 (b) a = 64, 94,2, 2 2, a =I; 7. a= 3-44-14 dys, a= 4, a, =2, 2,6. 8 Let dy = a,a,=b,ay =2b—a 2, a, ga — Bay + 4y.». Find a, +2 9. Let =a; =1, 4, Wn 3,Provethat Vne Nva,e N 4.7 Generat MetHop For Non-HomoceNeous LineAR Equation ‘Non-homogencous linear equations are usually solved using the method of undeter- mined coefficients (basically guessing the solution of non-homogencous part and checking with the recurrence) We do this in three parts Part 1 un “ind the general solution a” of associated homogeneous equation Part2: Finda single solution 2) tothe non-homogencous equation. This solution is referred as particular solution,416 Chapter 4 Part 3: Now a, = 4}"") +04". Now put initial condition to get constants in af! Example 14 Find the general solution to the recurrence: 7 38 +24, +m n22, a =, => 2 eas Solution: As non-homogeneous term is a polynomial of degree 1, we guess that par- ticular solution will be of the form, @{”) = pn+q = pnt q= pn-D+q+2p(n-2) +29 +n = 2pn+(Sp—2g) =n ay 42" + w(-l)" a, =a +) a2 ep(-tyr 2-5 =A" SF Example 15 Let (a,} be a sequence such that, ay ay. +4, ay =0, find a, Solution: Solution to homogeneous put, a = 2 =a? a ‘As non-homogencous term is 4-1, let us guess thatthe particular solution, a ad" a4 tg grtHence, Now, Example 16 Let (a,} be a sequence such that, 2a, +2", 22, dy =3, 4-8, find a, 4-344 Solution: Solution to homogeneous part, afl) = sal) ~ rally Sx-3y42=0 312 al?) ~ Ady ud? = 2+ n? Unfortunately corresponding nonhomogeneous term is 2" which is also appearing in homogeneous part. Let us guess particular solution all) = yma" yn =3y(n DPE 2y(n—2]2* 42" n—1)—2y(n—2)+4 Dot uh nde and a =242+4= 4.1.1 A Special Case Irthe recurrence relation is of the form, Ay = C1y 1H CaMy 9 FFE y y FAP L CM) + AE Hole) + OF FCM) where 2, ,.-.eh are constants and fi fir fsa are polynomials in ‘n’of degree Ps, Pas Pss--Pe tespectively, then the characteristic equation of the recur rence will be (x -qxtt gat? = <6, req Mra Pt (ema t=O Here we added additional roots in the equation as our equation contains terms of the form a" f(n) where a is a constant and f(n) is a polynomial in ‘n Recurrence Reletion a7ans Chapter 4 ‘The general form of the solution is the same as in article 4.6, But we need to know ‘more than r initial terms as there are additional p, + 1+ p, +1 +: 4p¢+1 cock ficients needed to be resolve. We can obtain these additional terms from the given Example 17 Let p= 2, a,= 3a, ~4n. Find a, Solution: Given recurrence can be rewritten as 4, .ay-3 ~ (UY dn = a=1 and f(n)=4n, which is of degree 1 Hence corresponding characteristic equation is, (3) =0 Fy 223 + (uy © Now we need two more terms to resolve #t and 7 4 =2=> a, =2, a, =-2 (From the recurrence relation) Plugging » = 0, 1, 2 in equation (1), we get Atma? Basmty=2 342043 Hence a, Example 18 Let dy = 2a.) +242", ay = 0. Find ay Solution: Given recurrence can be rewritten as ay ~ 2dy.y +n(1)" + 2"(2) = a =1, fi(m)=n, which is of degree 1 and a, =2, fy(n)=2,, which is of zero degree. Hence corresponding characteristic equation is, 2) == 2" == @-2)°=0 Ae gn)i +(y+dn)2" @ Now we need three more terms. From the recurrence: a, = 5, 4; — Plugging n=, 1, 2, 3 in equation (1), we get 0, ay = 59. A+y=0 As why 428 = A+ du 4y +85 = 20 A387 4248 = A=-2," HenceRecurrence Relation 4.19 EI rn 2 1. Find the n term of the sequence (,) such that By =2, yyy =2By +m (= 1, 2,3, 09 2. Given the sequence {a,} which is defined by Torr 1, ayy, = 2a, +2" (n= 1, 2, 3, ...). Find the n™ term a, and sum)” ay i 3. Let ay=2, a, =2 0). + 3, n2 1. Find a, 4, Detine the sequence (a, such that a= 4, a, = 2a, +2" n— 13-2" (n= 1, 2, 3,,..). Find the value of n for oO which a, is minimized. ‘5, Find then term of the sequence (a,) such that 4, = 1, ayy, = 24, — n° +2n (n= 1,23...) 6. Letay= 1, 4,=34, 20? +6n—3,n2 1 Find a, 7. Let d, =[Link] = 30.5 4n43.2", Find a, 8. Lotay=2,a,=94,.;—56n+6%,n21'Finda, 9. Find the n term of the sequence {a,) such that 4, = 1,4; =3, dy — 34, +20, =2" (n> 2), ind the n term of the Sequence {4,) such that ded ge tae dae beae 10, ety — gs + 2a ys TL, Letxy= 1a =, Aye EE W012... Find pip Bory a, Problem | Leta, gga = nz 1 Finda, Solution: In a,..=-2 In a, +3 In a, Let In a, = by by =0, b= 1 = Its characteristic equation, Ha 3x42 x12 b= AU + a" 3 0=A+ Quand 1= A+ 4 Problem 2 Let a, =7 dys ~6 dys, 4, =2, a; = 7. Find a, Solution: Take n =2" 2 Taye) 6a Let yp = by yj — Puy By = 2, By420 Chapter 4 Characteristic equation is, u For For VuuUUY Problem 3 Let a,~1, dyy,~2a,+ \3a2—2¥n21. Prove that a, ¢ N a2 -2 Solution: 42.4 ay +402 Adaya +f +2=0 =) a2 Saja, y+a2,+2=0 or a2 y—4ay,y +42 +2=0 Geary ate the to0ts of p(s) =x —4a, x+4,?-+2=0 3g + Oy t= Ay > a,.,=4a, —4,_, and by induction we are done nd Problem 4 Let d,— ty; += |") | Vn22,a)=0, 0,5, Finda, Solution: Let a, Plugging n = 2, 3,... and adding all, we get, (red) _(n4s) (4) CHG) (") know as hockey tick “| bo ("3 = b= ["P]- nes (2 Again plagging n= 1,2, 3,....mand adding all, we get, a (res a) (o} 0) > 4-4,Recurrence Relation 4.21 Solution: Let fs) = en = (eH -1 a(n) xt . x! Ger Jroa- Zr} Se mad Puty=-1, we get ‘And since there is obviously a unique sequence a, matching the requitements, we get yr med Wn > 2. Find an odd prime factor Problem & Let ap =1, 4 =2 and a, =4ay.1~ of amis [Putnam, 2015] Solution: Characteristic equation 0 > x=24V3 ax => a, =A2+V3)" + 2-3" => a, =s[0+V5"+0-V" o 2 L Forthe sake of notational ease, let 2+V3 =a and 2—V3= B, then ay = >(a" +f") ‘Claim: If kis an odd positive integer and 4, #0 then 4, | ay By _ a +B _ (att +B a, @ ep wap alt ng 2B npitean 4 pley Proof: wo As. B= Land 0 +" eZ Ym, RHS of (1) isan integer = 4 | diy Now 2015 = 403 5 > aslaswor be, > as laas Here aa 2 =362=2% 181 Hence one possible answer is 181422 Chapter 4 Problem 7 dy =0, a) =p =2d, 440 2,022. Prove that 2| ay if and only if 2 In [IMO Shortlisted Problem, 1988} Solution: By the binomial theorem, if(1 + V2)"= dy +By\2, then (1-V2)"= 44-8, V2. Maitpiyng these 2 equations, we get 4,2 ~ 28,2 = Cy" ‘This implies 4 s always odd, Using characteristic equation method to solve the given recurrence relations on a, We find theta, = By ‘Now write » = 2'm, where m is odd, We have #0 (he. nis ode) if and only if 2, cod). Next suppose case Fis tue Since (1 +92)" = (dé B, V2)°= Ayyt By, V2, 80 Byy= 24,8, Thea it follows ease implies case F' (mod 4), (be, By is Alit : From given recurrence we can easily get, spltsr-a-30)-(Phoaf”)- Let n = 2m with m being odd; then for r > 0 the summand > (2) » n_(n-l)_y, a afar Vay i" 5h divisible by 2 (As 2r +1 is oda) Honcese, ens Do2"| ," Jaztms2hs, for some integers = a, is exactly divisible by 24 Problem 8 Let ay=0, a= 1, dy.2=€ 4,,, + ba, where ged(a, b) = 1. Let bea given positive integer, m is the least positive integer such that ¢/dy. and n is an arbitrary positive integer such that ¢/a,, Prove that m7. Solution: Let us first prove that consecutive terms are pair wise coprime Given ay, a4, 43,45, dy... 0, 1, a, a+b, First 4 terms are co-prime pairwise Let (aj, a) = 1 and suppose p|aj.a, and p|ay.y, where pis prime mumber. AS dy da, + bay = plbay = p1b (As p docs not divides ay) Also ag, = a0, + Bay, = pla-a, pla, which is a contradiction, Hence any two consecutive terms are pair wise co-prime. Now Leta, be the first term divisible by ‘cic, m is minimal such number. Consider the sequence 0,154, + By ¥ gy Og + BX, ag + BX 4+ By, By taking mod c of the sequence we get 0,1, dy ¥, 0, Bx, ab x. > Ag = BE a (m0 c) Let ¢bx a, but c does not divides ay Now, £64 (Gyn dy + Bx) = 1 and cay =9 ¢ does not divides br. Hence, if clag.t => Clay= Fmust be a multiple of m, since otherwise we can continue retrieving values m from & until reaching a term divisible by C, with an index strictly between 0 and m, contradicting the minimality of m Problem 9 Let a)—J,a,— S:(n=K)ay,¥n2 2. Find a, Solution: a, = 1 = a, ‘Then aw Ako a Lorre, ® = From) @) ® = mn ® (ya — gy) — (gy iy) = yy (From (4) — (3) agg By 4 V 22 (Characteristic equation is RY ‘ 2 AS) o(S5) Problem 10 For real numbers ay, dy dy... if 1 + gy, 2 24, for n= 2,3, .., then prove that Ages + Ags, 2 24y FOF N= 2, 3,..0, Where A, is the average of a Solution: 4,1 + 4yy1 = 24y Sa, So n-l nal Recurrence Reletion 423424 Chapter 4 Bf ( (rsir-2)) o Sfen (te ame2) AM 2) 20 we ¥la{ ED) 24 el? Which is true as a, +a, 2 2a, for Problem I The first term x, of a sequence is 2014. Each subsequent term of the sequence is defined in term of the previous term. The iterative formula Is (24+, {BMO, 2015] (2-9 14+(2-Dx, Sol Lets, =tan a, also V2—1=tan& tang, tan 3 Tran ana, 3 = santm(s x yjpntan { -2004,2) - somtin (a -2014.3 itl __ 2015 “I=_ 203 Note For sy 9, AE ed ctl of Boca wean aya, « Gategs9Recurrence Relation 425 2n snl tan tan ergy As tana, = 2014 fan, stn Problem 12 itis given that the sequence (,)2., with a, =a;=2 is given by the recur- 24 rence relation =n n=2,3,4, Find integer that is closest to the value of, Ba [Singapore MO, 2012] —2__ non) in Gy mH) L 1 Gn ned, Plugging » =2, 3,4,..., n and adding all, we get, Again plugging m =2, 3,..., and adding all, we get, 3 Stu 3g 2 a al 1 ml Forn=2011, 2 2012 1 =3016+ 5 = Closest integer is 3016 Problem 13 Let x andy be distinct complex number such that is an integer {for some four consecutive positive integers n. Show that is an integer for all positive integers n426 Chapter 4 2 $0 i)=0,1, = Land we have a recurrence relation f,,. + by, + ety =O, where b=—(x +), Suppose t, isan integer for m, m+, m-+2, m+3. Since c= (4y)" =f'yy2—ffyya is an integer for n= m, m+ 1, so cis rational. Since is integer, c must, in fact, be an integer. Next Solution: For non-negative integer m let f, = So bis rational, Form the recurrence relation, it follows by induction that t, =f... (b) for some poly nomial f,_, of degree n ~I with integer coefficients. Not the coefficient of x” in f,_, is Lie. fy. is monic. ‘Since bis a root of the integer coefficient polynomial f,(2) ~ fy. =0, 5 must be an integer. So the recurrence relation implies all,’ are integers. Problem 14 Let a =I) =—ha, =-ay1—24,.2Vn23. Prove that 2° —7a3 isa perfect square Solution: Let us generate enough data a5 = ~a; -2 -20) ay =~as~2a; =142=3 Now Let 2? qa? 2 = 2 Tal =8-7 b} =24 1a} =16-7=9 Bf = 2 Ta} =32-7= 25 bf = 2° Ta} = 6463-1 Let us define by =-1, by=~3, and by =—byy ~ 2byp V2 3 Fay Py Claim 1: a, 22Claim forn= Let for = k, claim be true Forn=k+1 = Tah, +83, Hence by induction our claim is true Ast” =Tah+ 68 = rw _qg=b? => 2? — Talis a perfect square. Problem 15 Let {a,}. {6,), "= 1, 2,3... be two sequences of integers defined by a; =1,b,=0andn> 1 yu, = Tay + 128, +6 Prove that a2 is the difference of two consccutive cubes [Singapore MO, 2010] Solution: Consider the equation, x*~ 3°= 1 Pls Equation) Its fundamental solution is 2, 1) and all other solutions (xy. y) wil satisfy Merten VB = Gat ye VI)A+ VB) or Seater V3 =In+ 3+ VB +a) Xp = Det ve @ And = Wate 2) Note that is even and y, is od only when Fis odd. For odd k= 2n ~ 1, Let Mant = Bohl You = 289+ 1g =0 From (1) and (2) wie =D beer = 22x, +39) +3 +x) Recurrence Relation 427428 Chapter 4 = 75,4 1p, and Vina = Be * Me =20y, +) + e+ 39) xp ty By =T-2F, 412-2, +1) and 2:21 = 402) +708, 1) Shei = Tht We, +6 and Bust = et 1843 ‘Thus, and g, are exactly equal toa, and b, respectively. Now (2a,) = 3(25,1)° > GAB +BH AL = Opa) BE Hence proved. EEE 1. Solve the following recurrence relation. €@) a, = 41-32", 221, dy (b) a, = 34,4 42-20, 21, ay (©) ay = 6p 49g g +2", ED, dy =I, =4 2. ‘The function fis given by the table ™ 0. 2 3 s 5 fy 4 i ss 2 Ifay=4 and a, ,, = f(a,) then find ao, a 3. Leta BA Prove that ay <= 4 69 aut 2a, +1 2 4, Let a, = (ay tay tt ag) V2 2 ay = Find a, ntl 5. Lot a, be a real sequence a, = 1 and a, Find dso, (+a, tastoba m2? 6. Let (a,) bea sequence such that, a =>, a ba; 4-44, =a, IMO, 1985] 7. Find the ni¥ term of the sequence {a,} such that 4,=1,na,= (n-DE ay (n= 1 4, =9, ay Let a 1 mee 9, Leta,=1a,=4,)41+ 504 Va> I. Find a, 10, Let (1 +2)(0 + Days + (04 1) ayy a= OV 2 1 find a, U1, Lotx,= 23,7 -1, m2 0,-1 Sp $1 Find x, 12, Let n(n = 1g = (0 =1) (8-2) a= (= 2) (= 3) 4p BZ a>13, 4 1s, 16. 17, 18, 19. 20. Let n(n 1a, = (= 1) (8 =D) + (9-3) gs 2; a= 4 a, = Find a, Find the n'* term of the sequence {«,) such that Yay = 3n? + 4n 4 2(n=1,2,3,..) and calculate Sa? i a ind the n' term of the sequence (a,} such that 4,=0,4;=1, (n=DPay = Yay (nD. a Leta, be the n term ofthe arithmetic sequence with «, = 7, the common diffe 1 3) the com. ence 2, and b, be the n® term of the geometric sequence with by pont, rr te sence), Saha Hne ne) n22, ay=2,a,>2, Find a, 2 a Find the n'* term of the positive sequence {a,) such that a;=1,a;=10, 4,4, .=a°, (n= 1,2,3,..)) a= Za, +2,a;=1, Find a, Leta, = Fy 1. Find a, seen ef) 2 nt Ga 1. IED, D; n-W(Dy*Dy-a)n 23, Dy Dyas +(-1)";22,D; =0 |, then prove that, D, ‘And hence or otherwise prove that Dy = nye Let x,.; = 2, — 5,2. Find x, in terms of xy Find the n'* term of the sequence {a,} such that od onintnled O02) ‘The operation @ which makes two non zero integers m, n correspond to the inte- gers m@n satisfies the following three conditions. (@) 0@n=n+1 (b) mB0=m+1 (©) mBn= (m1) B(mB(n-I)), (mz 1, nz VD), Evaluate the following 181, 2@n, 3@n Let a =0, a =1, (1 —n)a, —(n—2)*a,.. =0 Wn 2 2. Find a, Let (a,} be the sequence defined as follows ag =0, a,= 1 anda, ..=4a,~ a, for n=1,2,3, (a) Prove that a3 0,-0.5 =1Vn21 Recurrence Relation 4.29430 Chapter 4 10, ML. 2. 1B 4 15. 16. 1. 18, 1. 20. L a and n= 3.7, (©) Evaluate arctan Let T)=2. 7, Find 7,7 (n+ 4) Tay —4n Ty + (4-8) Ty . Find the n' term of the sequence (a,} such that ( \ 44.4 =5] yt (nD), 2 ay) 1. The sequence ay, yy... SAtSHC$ dey + Oy y= Flam tay) ¥ mine Np with m2 n. Ifa; =I find aso, Let a, = Say. +298, Find a, and b,, Py —Bdyy EAs dye =Py + Ay 2 1, py = 4 and g, ==1. Find p, and n22,d,= nots os $5, 4022, a)=5, and by = 1 Solve the system of recurrence relations a. Given ay = —1 by =5. ‘The sequence {a,) is given by ay =3, a, =2+apq,---a,.) Wn 21 (@ Prove that any two term of (a,) ate relatively prime (i) Find 4350 [Croatia MO, 2007] Let, = 1.x, +1 =(041) x, ¥n2 1 Finds, Let Py(a), Py(), P,Q)... ate polynomial in ‘x’ such that Py(x) = 0, P,Q) = x= 2017 and Py(x) = (8 2017) P,-x(4) + (2018 ~ 2) Py (3) ¥ m 2 2. Find P,(s) Consider ay,3 4, = a,., +2,n2 ea @ ae Z (ii) 4, isan odd number Vn ¢ N (Gi) $€1 (ay gy ya) is pairwise coprime Vn e N al y-7 and by. — a, +3by Prove the following: Leta, = 1,427 and ay.= 4 n= | Prove that 94, 4,,, +1 is a perfect square V ne N ‘The sequence {X,} is defined by x, = 4, x; = b, X,,3 = 2008%,,, ~ Xy. Prove that there exist a,b such that 1 + 2006x,,.x, isa perfect square for all n € N. [Turkey MO, 2008] 2am, The sequence x, is defined by x= 2, Xyy) = -*,n=1,2,3, with a; =2, a;=7, prove that a, is odd for all values of 22. [BMO, 1988}