EEN RATT TTS Average Gradient: ‘The average gradient passing through points A and B is may ote a Distance formula: ‘The distance between any two points A and B is: AB= Alyy = Ya) #(85 =)? thsi also written as AB? = (y, — yy)? — a)” Midpoint formas ‘The coondinates of the midpoint of any ine segment AB are: Angle of inclination and gradient: “The angle of inclination is often denoted as & ‘The gradient of alin is equal tothe tangent ofthe angle of inclination (2): stand =22—2 here de [0"s180"]. 47h m>0 > Gradient = Equation of a circle: (x-a)" +(y-b)* = ‘Where a and b are the coordinates of the centre of the circle and r is the length of its radius. In the equation of a circle, x and y are coordinates of points which lie on the circumference of the circle. If the circle is centred at the origin then a and b are equal to 0 and the equation is reduced. to: P+y?=r? Equation of a straight line: yemxte or y~yy=m(x-%) Equation of a horizontal line: y=k—> where & is a constant Equation of a vertical line: x= k — where k is a constant Gradients of perpendicular (L) and Parallel (/) lines: 1 ‘The product of the gradients of perpendicular lines is 1: my xm, =—L orm => — 2 ‘The gradients of parallel lines are equal: my =m ©Copyright Kevin Sih Bera Boks CC 207 Powered by CamScannerB, GRADE 11 REVISION Example: In the diagram below, A(x} y), BE73) and C(-5;6) are vertices of ABC. E(-1;1) isthe midpolnt of AB, DIB isa vertical line, 4) Determine the coordinates of M, the midpoint of BC. 1b) Determine the coordinates of point D, ©) Show that the coordinates of A are (53-1), 4) Prove that the point P(0;2) does not lie on line AC. ©) Determine the coordinates of F, if F lies in the first quadrant and ABCF is a parallelogram. {) Show that AF is parallel to BC, ¢) Determine the length of line AB. Leave your answer in simplest surd form . h) Determine the length of line AE. i) Determine the angle of inclination of EB, |) Determine the magnitude of angle Br. k) Determine the equation of the line joining points C and E. 1) Determine the equation of line RS, which is perpendicular to BE and passes through E. atic 2 a Moe ya+ye) (-1-5 38) b) Dis the point (-7;0) — DB isa vertical line, .. it has the same x-coordinate as B oO % igty Yet YS. 5 Bis the mi EIA and yy =28 PA Bi the point of AB -I+%y 34a and 1= 2424. now solve each equation separately eQaT+4y and 2=34 Ya 1 smg=5 and yg zAis the point (5;-1) © CopyihKei Sah Bera Boks OC 208 Powered by CamScanner€) Inonterto prove that point P(O;2) does not lie on AC you have to show A, P and C are not collinear, semyp # Mcp + The points are not collinear. -> collinear points all lie on the same straight line ©) If ABCF is a parallelogram, then the midpoint of diagonal AC must be the same as the ‘midpoint of diagonal BF. (Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other). Myc{ 28220 ,Jatie C56) 2 2 ‘ 8) B(-73) a 3 2 Pe —> midpoint formula and 5=3+yp etpeT and yp =2 +-Fis the point (7;2) Ye-Yq _ 241 _3 My tA D me ap-%y 7-52 tar = Mac. 2 AF/BC 8) AB=(%q-29)° +(94—yp)” > distance formula =V160 = 4y/10 units — always put in units (© Copyright Kevin Sith Be Books CC 209 Powered by CamScanner») apeiAD = Bis the midpoint of AB AB havo) 200 units + Bey = 18,43" +180° 3 m <0 add 180° as 8 € [o":180" 2.65 =161,57° 5) Oxy =B, +B exterior angle of a triangle. 24161,57" = B, +90" > Oy = 855 , =161,57° ~90° = 71,57° Kk) y=mr+e ny 2 yemrte =-—L Rs BE gs Mae. samy =3 Migs = 3x-+0—sub point E(-131) (-I)+e 4 Bxt4 (© Copyright Kevin Sith eit Bosks CC Qe Complete Exercise 1 on page 221. 210 Powered by CamScannerEQUATION OF A CIRCLE ‘Stondavl Porm: (17-0)? +(y=b)! ar? co Where: a isthe x-coordinateor theelrele centre b -yisthe y-coordinateof thecirele centre ry isthe length of theelrele's radius s oO Wa and b are equal to zero, the circle Is centred at the origin and the equation reduces tox? 4y? =r? | ®@ complete the square, The values of x and y are points on the circumference | of the circle, r a |. If the equation of the circle is not given in standard form you have to Example 1; Determine the coordinates of the centre and the length of the radius of cach of the following circles: a) xtty4=36 b) (x+3)?+(y-2)? =32 a) Circle centre at (0;0) and r=/36 =6 units b) Circle centre at (~3;2) and r= 32 =4V2 units Example 2: Determine the coordinates of the centre and the length of the radius of each of the following circles. a) x4y?-6y-55=0 —b) x+y? 4+2e+4y=11 4) As the equation isnot in standard form you have to complete the square: 32.4(y?-6)+9)=55+9— complete the square 22? +(y-3)? =5549 8 +(y-3) = 64 #-Circle centre at (0;3) and r = V64 =8 units 1b) As the equation is not in standard form you have to complete the square: ey +2x44y=11 vx? + Dx] ty? +4y+45 114144 complete the square on x and y separately 1. (x41)? +(+2)? =16 «Circle centse at (—1;~2) and r= Vi6 =4 units (© Copyright Kevin Smith Brat Books CC 2 Powered by CamScannerExample 3: Write down the equation of the clrele witht 8) Contre at the origln and radius of 20 units, D) Centre C(3;=2) and radius of 3 unlts. A) (x-a) 4(y=5)? 0)? +(y=0)? = 202 * = 400 Day B) (v-a) (y=) 3) +(y+2)* 3? a +(y42Ph 29 Example 4: Determine the value/s of b if ( isa point on the circle x?+y?=13. x4yt=3 Sub (-3;b) (3) +0? =13 webbed 2 or b=2 Example 5: Determine the equation of the circle with centre (1;—1) and passing through the point (2;~5). (x-a)"+(y-0)? (aol +(y+I)"= ‘Sub (2;-5) and solve for r? 2(2-1) +(-5+1P =? aPsiT + The equation of the circle is: (x~1)°+(y-+1)° =17 (© Copyrieh Kevin Sehr ks CO 212 Powered by CamScannerExample6: Given the equation ofa elrcle with centre O is x2-4x+y?+2y-20=0; 1) Determine the coordinates of O and the radius of the circle, b) IFKD is a diameter of the elrele and P Is the point (553), determine the coordinates of Ki 1) Tnonderto pot the equation in standard form, complete the square on x and y separately: yadyty?+2y= 209 move the constant to the RHS a (x? -4ved)e(y? 42941) =204441 2) (yl)? =25 s+ The circle has a centre at O(2;~1) and a radius of Sunits. 1b) Ois the midpoint of KP: (533) K Sten and Be 11-9 midpoint forrmula 5 : 1 and yy e+ Kis the point (-1;-5) Re Complete Exercise 2 on page 222. INTERSECTION OF CIRCLES ‘Two circles can intersect one another at two points, one point or not at all. ) Case 1: Circles intersecting at two points If the distance between the centres of the two circles is less than the sum of the radii, then the circles intersect one another twice. ye Ox] dntn ‘The shortest distance between two circles is referred to as the clearance ® between the circles. ‘Shortest distance between two circles =d—ry—-r Be Complete Exercise 3 on page 222. (©Copyright Kevin Sith Be Books CC 214 Powered by CamScannerSTRAIGHT LINES AND TANGENTS TO CIRCLES nt ton circle is nlways perpendicular (1) to the ” : ta | ee ‘Steps to fining the equation of a tangent to circle when the point of contact is given: 1, Find the gradient of the radius at the given point of contact. 2 Using the gradient of the radius, find the gradient of the tangent using the property ‘Meqaian XMangent = —1 > tangent is perpendicular to the radius at point of contact ‘Use the given point of contact and the gradient of the tangent to work out the equation of the tangent, Example 1; Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle x?4+y?=8 at the point A(2;-2). _22-0 11 the second points the circle centre (0;0) nyexte Substitute A(2;~2) sa2te “4 + Equation of the tangent is: y=x—4 Example 2: Find the points of intersection between the circle x*+y?=9 and the line y =2x—1. Round your answer to two decimal places. To solve for the points of intersection, set the y-values equal to each other and solve simultaneously. extty=9f] and y=2s-15 [2] so? 4x? -dx41-9=0 15x? 4x1 = 0 use the quadratic formula: x= 73 or x=-0,93 Substitute 46 or y=-2,86 +-Points of intersection are: (1,73 ; 2,46) and (~0,93 ;-2,86) into ©Copyright Kevin Smith ec asks CC 215 Powered by CamScannerExample: The equation ofa crclels 24. y2—He-+6y = 18, i a) Prove that polnt A(2;~9) Iles on the clrcumference of the circle. ) Determine the equation ofthe tangent at point A. point A(23-9) into the equation of the circle an prove tha the LHS = RES: 18) In onder to prove that the point lies on the circumference of the circle, substitute the | | LUS=x? +y?=8r+6y i = (2)° +(-9)?-8(2)+6(-9) i }+81-16-54 ‘i =RHS ‘ 1b) Tnorderto determine the equation of the tangent, you necd to determine the coordinates ‘of the centre ofthe circle to obtain the gradient of the radius. x= 8+)? +6y=15 x? 8116+ y? +6y +9 =15+16+9 — complete the square e(x-4)+(y+3)?=40 + The centre of the circle is at the point (4;-3) | tangents A. radius ‘Substitute A(2;-9) I 19=-(2)4 H(a)re 25 3 +. Equation of the tangent ist y=— = A line whieh cuts the circle in two places is Known as a secant. A line which °@ touches the circumference in two places and is not the diameter is known as achord. (©copyright Kevin Sih Bera Boks CO 216 Powered by CamScannerExample 4: The points A(S;2) and B(6;-1) ile on the clreumference of a circle. The centre of the elrele Hes on the line y = 2x3, 8) Determine the coordinates of C, the circle centre, b) Hence, determine the equation ofthe circle. ©) Determine the equation of the tangent which passes through point A, a) In order to find the circle centre you have to use simultaneous equations and write the ycoordinate in terms of x. As the centre ofthe circle lies on the line y=2x~3, the y-coordinate at C is: 2x—3 +-Cis the point (x;2x-3) AC? = BC? AC and BC are radii of the circle (4 =H) +(e) =(39—20)°+(9 Ye) ~aistance formula 2(8—x) +[2-(22-3)] =(6-3)4[-1-(2"-3)]° 2: 25-10x+27 + (5-2x)? = 36-124 27 + (2-22) 2: 25-10x+x? 425-2014 4x? =36—12r4 37 44-8 dx? 25x? ~30x450=5x?—20x+40 s-l0x=-10 exsl y=2x—-3 substitute x=1 “y=2(I)-3=-1 +-C is the point (1;-1) b) (x-a)'+(y-0)' =? (x1 +(y41) =? 4 ~X¢)° +(yg— Ye) distance formula, BC? (6-1)? +(-141) =25 +The equation of the circle is:(x—1)? +(y+1)? =25 (© Copyrah Kevn Sith / Bera Books CC 27 Powered by CamScannerEquation of the tangent is: Example $: The circle (x4+1)*+(y-2)"=9 has a tangent drawn from the point \ P{-436) to point A on the cirele. Determine the length of PA. Hl In this case, itis not necessary to determine the point of contact of the tangent. PA can be ij solved using Pythagoras, as the tangent is perpendicular to the radius. \ PC? =25 > you do not need to solve for PC as PC? is used in Pythagoras >A? 4 AC? Pythag 1A? +3? — AC is the radius of the circle PA? =25-9 ©Copyright Kevin Smith / Berlut Books CC 218 Powered by CamScanneri: Tangents to the circle x?4+y?=15 are drawn from point P(1;6), Determine the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the circle and tangents at Q and R correct to one decimal place. From the equation of the circle, the y-coordinate at any point on the circumference can be expressed as: yeis—x? avis-x? The coordinate of R is (s:V hse ) > positive as Ris in the I*" quadrant = 2RTO _ MIS— x? -0 _ Vis—x? n ORT 35 | aad ¥ = " ompR = — —> tangent is perpendicular (L) to the radius vis-? ( but the gradient of PR is also: tp, = 28 Ie. VS~2? 6 215-27 -6V 15-2? 1.15—x=6V15~x* — square both sides 25 30x +x? = 36(15~ 2") 2.8? —30x+225 = 540-362" 2.372? -30x-315 =0 — use the quadratic formula ~(-30)+ (-20)*~4(37)(-315) | ns h? —4ac 2(37) 2a 2,5 and xp =3,4 ‘© Copyright Kevin Sih Bera Books CC 219 Powered by CamScannerExample 7: The circles 17+? at point P. Determine the equation of thelr common tangent. Determine the equation of OC as it passes through point P y=2x+e the y-intercept of OC is (0;0), .c=0 2x substitute y = 2x into x? + y? in order to determine the x-value at P: e +(2x)'=5 y=2e ett ss 25x? =5 eel e.x=1 or x=—-1— N/Aas Pisin the I quadrant Determine the y-value at P by substituting x=1 into y=2x (1) «The coordinates of Pare (1;2) Equation ofthe tangent: y= mate fate ~ substitute point P(I:2) +e 5 and (x~3)'+(y-6)'=20 touch each other nd the ‘Complete Exercise 4 on pages 222 and 223 Be ‘Mixed Exercise on pages 223 and 224, copy Kena Sith/ er Books CC 220 Powered by CamScanner