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Key Points
Introduction: P
A funetion is a collection of statements which is
made to perform a specifie task.
Instead of writing a large program, we can write
small fimetions as a specilic part of program to
accomplish the tas!
To Execute function, we have to call it in the
program,
Once written, a function can also be used in other
programs as library functions.
a
v
DAY tA ad olas
te ee
} Ginette
These are pre — defined functions and are always
available for use.
In order to use these functions, there is no need to
import any module.
We can directly use it, in our program,
.
Examples :
ons defined in Modules
7 These functions are pre
modules.
+ These can only be used when the correspondi
module is imported,
defined in particular
Question bank - Class Xit (Computer Sci
By Swati Chawla
30
statistics module
User — Defi
‘These functions are defined by the programmer.
> Functions that we define ourselves to do certais
specific task are ferred as _user-deli
fictions.
fact()
‘ax of User ~ Defined Functions
{et Functionnam ( {Parameters} }: |
|
] Statements |
[cstatements3] J" to be |
executed
Keyword Name of Function
(must follow the
ules of Identifier) Keyword def marks the beginning of the function
header.
Function Name must follow the naming rules same
as for identifiers.
Function may or may not contain argument:
‘A colon (:) marks the end of function header
Function can take one or more statements to
perform a specific task.
Anoptional return statement to return a value from
the function.
> Function must be called / invoked to execute its
code.
} All statements within the same block must have
same indentation.
Examples of User Defined Function:
def Display ():
print( my)
\
vvy
v
Display ()
Never Give Up!!!
Output phew
ast Aad) =
nunisint (input (0 er
nun2=int (input ("~ aber "D)]
Variations in User Defined Functions
«Functions with no argument and no return value.
© Functions with arguments but no return value.
© Functions with arguments and return value.
© Functions with no argument but return value.
> The return statement ends the function execution
even if it is in the middle of the function. The
statements written afier return statement wi || not
get executed.
> Ifa function does not return any value, by default
it returns None.
> A function can return more than one value in the
form of tuple.
Question bank - Class xil (Computer Science) 31
5 y Swati Chawla
\iof Operations (a,b)
lentor firet number : 25
lenter second number : 5
125, 5.0)
Zelass_‘tuple'>]
IResuit = (30, 20,
[type of Result =
> The multiple return value must be either stored in
TUPLE or we can UNPACK the received value
by specifying same number of variables: on the
Ieft of function call
Arguments and Parameters:
CBSE Sample Paper (2020-21)
Parameters
Values being received
are called parameters.
Parameters appears in
Function Header oF
‘Arguments
Values being passed are
called arguments.
‘Arguments appear in
the function call
statement, Function Definition.
‘Arguments are also | Parameters are also
known as Actual | known as Formal
Arguments or Actual | Parameters or Formal
Parameter Argument
jaf Add (ni -n2): —>
result-nl¢n2
xeturn result
al and n2 are
Formal Arguments
wumi=int (input ( »
yum2=int (input ( ”
Add (nun nun2)—> uml and num2 are
int ( y=) Actual Arguments
red Arguments :
Positional arguments are arguments passed to a
function in correct positional order. Ifwe change theit
order, then the result will be changed. If we change
the number ofarguments passed, then it shall result in
an error.
When the fimetions call statement must match the
number and order of arguments as defined in the function definition this is called positional argument
matching.
2. Default Arguments :
Default argument is an argument that assumes a
default value if'a value is not provided in the function
call for that argument,
If you are not passing any
values will be considered.
Non default arguments
arg
In a function header, any parameter cannot have a
default value unless all parameters appearing on its
right have their default values,
‘luc, then only default
cannot follow default
ents.
wit consider default value
lortie3
ens
sae
result-Sinpleinta
print
Principle =
Rate = 5
[Eime = 3 DefeuleVatve ts taken,
‘Simple Interest = 750.0
5000
3. Keyword / Named Arguments :
The default argument gives flexibility to specify
default value for a parameter so that it can be skipped
in the function call, ifneeded,
However, still we can not change the order of
arguments in function call.
To get control and flexibility over the values sent as
arguments, python offers Keyword Arguments.
This allows to call function with arguments in any
order using name of the arguments.
Rules for combining all three types of Arguments
> An argument list must first contain positional
arguments followed by any keyword arguments,
> Keyword arguments should be taken from the
required arguments preferable,
> You cannot specify a value for an argument more
than once.
Flow of Execution
The flow of execution refi
8 to the order in which
Question bank - Class XII (Computer Science)
By Swati Chavela 32
Tact calesuntx,y):
Jp aexty
returns
|» punt=int (input
|onum2—int (input (
Sun-calesun (num ,mun2)
bpeine
ft def increment ():
Ip x=x+1
[3
4iimain program
[Ider power(b,p):
z=b*#p
return ©
calcsquare (a) :
a=power (a,2)
return a
10 result=calcsquare (n)
DREEREAGnaen
Scope of a variable is the portion of a program whe
the variable is recognized.
OR
SCOPE means part of'a program in which a variabl
can be used,
Scop.
The variables declared inside the function definitior
are called Local Variables
lef funel () : ;
< Mere, Lisa Local Variable.
print ( £ 2)
‘unc ()
@
|Inside funcl.. 20) uy
Lofat variable not
cfssble outside
th fonction.
Tile se-\Uaera\ael\appbata\ toca]
esther
Global Scope :
The variables declared outside the function definition
are called Global Variables.
J——> Here, Gis a Gacal Variable.
1s)
loutside Function : 20
[G=20}
def func ():
print ("inst
(Global Variable is accessible inside as well as
loatside the Funct
race wats
(outside Function
What if, a same variable is declared inside as well
as outside the function?
Preference will be given to Local Variable, inside the
function,
(output [inside Function = 50
Joutside Function : 20)
So, if both can have save variable names, How can
a function change the value of a global variable in
Local Scope?
Using global keyword
Question bank ~ Class Xtl (Computer Science) 33
By Swati Chawla
la
lef func():
global ®
50
print (ioeid>
Jtunct
Iprint ("9 nek
Inside Function : 50
Output) ieside Function + 59
> If in any program, there are two variables with
same name one is local and one is global, to use
the global variable in a function we have to use
the global keyword with variable name.
> When a function changes the value of a global
variable, it will be reflected back outside the
function also.
Difference between Local and Global Vai
[ Global Variable
Tt is a variable which is
declared outside all the
functions.
ble
Local Variable
It is a variable which is
declared within a
function or within a
block.
It is accessible only| It is accessible
within a function / block | throughout the program.
. in which it is declared.
| LEGB Rule
E Gososis)
6 Gam
B Gita»
Mutable_And_Imm
Objects
Depending upon the mutability or immutability of the
data type, a variable behaves differently.
Immutable Type : Ifa variable is referring to an
Immutable type then, any change in its value will also
change the memory address it is referring to. Any
change in the value of a immutable type will not get
reflected in the original value outside the funetion.
% Mutable Type : If a variable is referring to
mutable type, and then any change in the value of
mutable type will not change the memory address
of the variable, it will change the value in place.
Any change in the value of Mutable type wi
bie_Properties_ OF Data reflect in the original value outside the function
also.
If a parameter is assigned a new name or different
data type value, then changes will not reflected back
in original value.
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