MED/NAZ FIRST EDITION [Link] MNEMONICS > ESSENTIALS ‘ VISUAL MNEMONICS PATHOLOGY DR. NAZMUL ALAMCopyright © 2019 by Nazmul Alam. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and Medinaz and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without Medinaz’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. [Link]Visit our website for more interesting books [Link] SNe BARMAID ASUS Mas L063 MEDI CINE Pee (| c “ar bat eh ohusanto ‘Adrish Biewas 7ééas1 pase Me To: Nazmul Nam Thank you, Got it, Really appreciate your help Hey. nave bean tong yo for sorte now an stay Doctor. Your work is commendable. Helps 10 ‘ama Dg fan of your work st Doug the Pamacoogy anc keep abreast of what one has learned, Thank ‘Mcrobetegy Mreronic Combo and 8 amazin. Looking forward jocaiel tay blasid: {more teresting Sut from you Thanks a bunch! “fe te tet Redefining Imagination of a Medico. Worth It. March 2019 When those bugs eat your brain and you close that bulky textbook. There you Need Mnemorics to Visualise and remember stuffs. Great piece of work with awesome illustrations, Thanks @ Lot Dr Nazmal Helpful Comment | Report abuse Q ven Wk tow Very good 6 March 2019 ‘Thank you for such an awesome book. Learning micro with the help ofthis book, is just like a cake walk. Worth its Helpful Comment Report abuse Sohail Zaman Today at 8:32 PM To: NAZMUL ALAM Re: link ex Wow Mr Nazmul Alam fo ur such an amazing Book of immunology... A ‘special thing about ur content is that u organize them s0 wel that ‘nobody cid it befoe...and through beauiul diagrams and mnemonics ‘Make the topic very easy and make tho memory sharp...God bess ur Thank you, Got t. Really appreciate your help brother for providing such a conceptual and Most easyiest book, Doctor. Your work is commendable. Helps to | would recommend it to everyone and specially to those who want —_ keep abreast of what one has learned. Thank ‘some extra achievements in higher medical care... Once again Your and stay blessed. “Thanks for ur efons...Lots of ove trom Pakisianwww dd . ‘See More mm NAZWUL ALAM MED fnazSirimmunology books are tooo goood to ee Thank you so much ‘Sir aab tak 9 books bane haina Great work sir Learning made easy) = 960 already get it Thank you so muchhh The book so good .y ssge 200 “Thankyou. st my anatonet to rave sucessaty. the Boks 6 Ist avosere triers mg the books afer seated from ve boner nha tans Stnlonce sig Tals escent ‘aztatng acto. asa ough at {sis somengn yee bok ret have ee rt se nfrre pce suas few seen sts ron futtartoes aig Cong our 260 REVIEWS ‘Si juste git ‘Tank you very much forthe appreciaion Defeiay rs use or sto sty a ‘smart way andeasiy to rereber ey ° see | got email, sorry for bothering and @ rm yourtor your great wore. Hey. just noticed your message. ‘Thank you for the payment. Please ‘check your email ‘Thx fora the PDFS. They aro 960she CELL INJURY Apoptosis -1 Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis - 1 Apoptotic genes - 2 Coagulative necrosis - 2 Dystrophic calcification - 3 Tumors having dystrophic calcification - 3 Metaplasia - 4 Hyperplasia vs Hypertrophy vs Anaplasia vs Metaplasia - 4 INFLAMMATION Acute ischemia signs - 6 Acute phase reactants - 6 Alpha-feroprotein associated with - 7 Common conditions associated with granuloma formation - 7 Eosinophilia causes - 8 How to identify deep wound infection - 8 How to identify superficial wound infection - 9 Pgl 2 VsTHA2 -9 Selectin vs Integrins - 10 Stable tissue regeneration - 10 Wound healing causes of delay - 11 Wound healing components required - 11 MED {NazHEMATOPATHOLOGY Eosinophilia causes - 13 Condition associated with Basophilic Stippling - 13 Causes of high ESR - 14 Acute Intermittent Porphyria - 15 Bernard Soulier disease - 15 Fetal erythropoiesis - 16 Folate deficiency causes - 16 First detection of Haemoglobin - 17 High reticulocyte count is seen in - 17 Leukemia signs and symptoms - 18 Kawasaki disease features - 18 Leukocyte extravasation unique picture - 19 Low reticulocyte count is seen in - 19 Lymphocyte vs Neutrophil - 20 Macrocytic anemia causes - 20 Megaloblastic anemia causing drugs - 21 PT vs APPT - 21 Thrombocytopenia causes - 22 Microcytic anemia - 22 Sickle cell anemia 1 - 23 Sickle cell anemia 2 - 23 Target cells are seen in - 24 Sideroblastic anemia causes - 24 Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) - 25 Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) - 25 WBC count - 26 MED {NazENETICS Autosomal Dominant diseases - 28 Autosomal recessive diseases - 28 X-linked recessive diseases - 29 Chromosome 15 diseases - 29 Anderson and Cori disease - 30 Angelman syndrome features - 30 Angelman syndrome unique illustration - 31 Z DNA vs B DNA - 31 Glycogen storage diseases - 32 Hunter syndrome - 32 Lysosomal storage disease - 33 Mitochondrial inheritance diseases - 33 Metabolic disorders other than autosomal recessive inheritance - 34 Niemann pick disease - 34 Tay-sachs disease - 35 Tay-sachs disease unique picture - 35 Down syndrome features - 36 NEOPLASIA Bone metastasis primary organs - 33 BRCA-1 gene association with other malignancies - 38 Liver metastasis primary organs - 39 Lymphatic spread of sarcoma - 39 Breast cancer risk assessment - 40 Cancer metastasis - 40 MED {NazCARDIOVAS AR SYSTEM Coronary artery disease risk factors - 42 Causes of new onset atrial fibrillation - 43 Acute MI treatment - 43 Aneurysm types - 43 Anti-arrythmics for AV nodes - 44 Aortic dissection risk factors - 44 Aortic regurgitation causes 1 - 45 Aortic regurgitation causes 2 - 45 Aortic stenosis characteristics - 46 Atherosclerosis risk factors - 46 Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade) - 47 Myxoma vs Rhabdomyoma - 48 Dilated cardiomyopathy etiologies - 48 Heart failure causes - 49 Kawasaki disease unique picture - 49 Bacterial endocarditis unique picture - 50 Bacterial endocarditis - 50 Kawasaki disease features - 51 Lab results suggesting endocarditis - 51 MI complications - 52 Patau syndrome - 52 Patau syndrome unique picture - 53 Patau syndrome trisomy - 54 Pericarditis causes - 54 R-L & L-R shunts - 55 MED {NazRaised IVP differential - 55 Restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy - 56 Rheumatic fever - 56 Right to left shunts - 57 Immediate treatment of myocardial infarction - 57 Right to left shunt - 53 Angina precipitating factors - 58 Secondary hypertension causes - 59 Syncope CVS causes - 59 Syncope vascular causes - 60 Tetralogy of fallot unique picture - 60 Tetralogy of fallot - 61 Turner syndrome - 61 Valve movement - 62 Vasculitis causing granuloma - 62 LIVER PATHOLOGY Charcot’ triad - 64 Chronic liver failure signs - 64 Cirrhosis differential common and rare - 65 Conditions where Mallory hyaline bodies are seen in - 65 Decompensating chronic liver failure d/d - 66 Elevated ‘ubin common causes - 66 Gilbert, criggler najjar, dubin Johnson, rotor syndromes - 67 Hepatic encephalopathy - 67 Risk factors of cholangiocarcinoma - 68 MED {NazRENAL PATHOLOG Acute renal failure detection - 70 Alport syndrome unique picture - 70 IgA nephropathy (berger disease) - 71 Chronic renal failure presentations - 71 Hematuria urethral causes - 72 Kidney enlargement causes - 72 Nephrotic syndrome - 73 Nephrotic syndrome features - 73 Papillary necrosis causes - 74 Polycystic kidney disease - 74 NG PATHOLOGY Pneumonia complications - 76 ARDS causes - 76 Bronchial obstruction consequences - 77 Dyspnoea 6 PS - 77 Emphysema vs Chronic bronchitis — 78 Epiglottitis - 78 Interstitial lung disease causes - 79 Kartagener syndrome - 79 Lung cancer complications - 30 Acute pneumonia causes - 80 Pulmonary embolism risk factors - 81 Pulmonary fibrosis d/d - 81 Respiratory distress syndrome in infants - 82 Sputum findings in asthma - 82 Tension pneumothorax signs and symptoms - 83 Wheezing causes - 83 MED {Naz“e GASTROINTESTINAL PATHOLOGY Abdominal pain causes during pregnancy - 85 Causes of abdominal swelling - 85 Ascites causes - 86 Dysphagia causes - 86 Gastric carcinoma risk factors - 87 GI bleeding causes - 87 Insulin dependent glucose uptake - 88 Leptin vs Ghrelin - 83 Acute pancreatitis causes - 89 Pancreatitis ranson criteria admission time - 89 Pancreatitis ranson criteria initial 48 hours - 90 Peptic ulcer associated causative factors - 90 Peptic ulcer - 91 Pyloric stenosis unique picture - 91 Pyloric stenosis - 92 Causes of vomiting - 92 Somatostatin vs Somatomedin - 93 Gastric ulcer vs Duodenal ulcer - 93 Ulcerative colitis - 94 Zenker’ diverticulum - 94 GENITAL SYSTEM AND BREAST Endometrial cancer risk factors - 96 Genital cysts - 96 Polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) - 97 MED {NazHorner's syndrome - 99 Argyll Robertson pupil - 99 Autism - 100 Balint$ syndrome - 100 BellS palsy symptoms - 101 Signs of cerebellar damage - 101 Cerebellopontine angle tumors - 102 Chorea common causes - 102 Decrease level of consciousness metabolic causes - 103 Dandy walker malformation - 103 Horner syndrome unique picture - 104 Meniere’s disease - 104 Parkinsons disease - 105 Normal pressure hydrocephalus - 105 Seizure causes - 106 Subarachnoid haemorrhage causes - 106 Syncope CNS causes - 107 Syncope CVS causes - 107 Syncope vascular causes - 108 Carpal tunnel syndrome - 110 Becker muscular dystrophy - 110 Congenital myopathy features - 111 Duchenne muscular dystrophy - 111 MED {Naz CNS PATHOLOGYEctopia lentis - 112 Genu valgum vs Genu varum ~ 112 Marfan syndrome features - 113 Osteogenesis imperfecta - 113 Osteogenesis imperfecta unique picture - 114 Osteonecrosis causes - 114 Paget's disease - 115 Reactive arthritis causative agents - 115 Reactive arthritis - 116 Scoliosis vs Kyphosis - 116 Rheumatoid arthritis unique picture - 117 ENDOCRINOLO' Acromegaly symptoms - 119 Addisons disease vs Cushing syndrome - 119 Addisons disease causes - 120 Adrenal crisis management - 120 Adrenal insufficiency causes - 121 Cretinism vs Myxoedema - 122 Cushing syndrome - 122 Diabetes mellitus unique picture - 123 Diabetes complications - 123 Follicular carcinoma - 124 Glucagonoma signs & symptoms - 124 Grave’ disease - 125 Hirsutism & Virilism - 125 Hormones decrease in stress - 126 Hormones with intracellular receptors - 126 Hyperthyroidism signs & symptoms - 127 Insulinoma rule of 10$ - 127 MED {NazMedullary carcinoma of thyroid - 128 MEN 1 syndrome - 128 Osteoporosis causes - 129 Pancreatic hormones - 129 Papillary thyroid tumor - 130 Pheochromocytoma - 130 Pheochromocytoma 10% rule - 131 Psammoma bodies - 131 Rickets clinical features - 132 Carcinoid syndrome ~ 132 Thyroid carcinoma histologic types - 133 Thyroid neoplasms - 133 MISCELLANEO! Anion gap causes - 135 Midgut carcinoid tumors - 135 Epidermoid vs Sebaceous cyst - 136 Rhabdomyoma vs [Link] carcinoma - 136 Lung carcinoma most common - 137 Lymph nodes of head & neck - 137 Metabolic acidosis causes - 138 Non gap acidosis causes - 138 Pierre robin syndrome - 139 Multiple myeloma - 139 MED {NazMED (NazTae Apoptosis Marker of Apoptosis = A nnexin V Most Characteristic feature of apoptosis — Condensation of nuclear Chromatin = CD 95 is a marker of Extrinsic pathway of Apoptosis 95) Fifth letter Extrinsic ),Apoptotic genes Pro-apoptotic genes — BAX & BAK Anti-apoptotic genes — BCL2, BCL-XL, MCL 1 BAx, BAK Activate apoptosis BCl2, BCL-XL, MCL1 Close apoptosis Coagulative necrosis ‘[Link] Coagulative necrosis spares CNS G Most common type of necrosis G Seen in most organs (Heart, Liver, Kidney etDystrophic calcification www medinaz, cor Pustrophic calcification is seen in Pead tissue Seen in.. Rheumatic heart disease (in cardiac valves) Atheromatous plaque Tubercular lymph node ncifus “RAT” Tumors having dystrophic calcii ication Meningioma, Mesothelioma Glucagonoma Salivary gland papillary cystadenoma Thyroid papillary carcinoma Ovarian papillary carcinoma Prolactinoma “MG STOP”S mokers have Squamous metaplasia in lungs [Link] @ It is the most common, Metaplasia (increase in size and function of cells) Hypertrophy Normal cells — “bat ie chara wo eroded Hi 1 (Tatope i epced by ancien lyperplasia ee Ps (increase i number of en esues/organs) (Reduced size ofan organ or isue resuting ‘rom 9 decrease in col size and number) Metaplasia Soke MED [NazMED [NazAcute ischemia Signs (Especially limbs) veenenesces Pain Pallor Pulselessness Paralysis Paresthesia Perishingly cold Acute phase reactants ‘[Link] C-reactive protein “CAT FFISH” Albumin Transferrin Ferritin Fibrinogen Serum amyloid A HepeidinAlpha-fetoprotein associated with [Link] “HE-MAN is the Hepatocellularcarcinoma Endodermalsinus (yolk sac) Mixed germ cell tumor Ataxia-telangiectasia Neural tube defects Common conditions resulting in granuloma formation: [Link] “Total BILSS” Tuberculosis Brucellosis Lymphogranuloma inguinale Leprosy Inflammatory bowel disease Syphilis (Gumma) Sarcoidosis (Non caseating granuloma)Eosinophilia DDX “ALLERGIC” Addison's (adrenal insufficiency) Lymphoma/matignancy tryptophan Eczema/skin diseases Respiratory diseases (asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, PIE syndromes} Gastroenteritis Infections [helminths, coceidicidemycosis) 7 Collagen vascular diseases i How to identify deep wound infections [Link] Size bigger Temperature increased Os (probe to or exposed bone) New or satellite areas of breakdown Erythema, edema, exudatesHow to identify superficial wound infections [Link] Non-healing wound d 50 Exudating wounds NERDS Red and bleeding granulation tissue Debris on wound surface (yellow/black) Smell Pcl. Jnibits platelet aggregation TxA, is a potent platelet Aggregator [Link]Selectins Vs Integrins Selectins are responsible for Rolling Integrins are required for Adhesion Stable tissue RegenerationWound healing causes of delay Foreign Bodies Immunodeficiency “Foreign Business Investments Malnutrition May Help To Destroy Many H + Local Industries” ypoxia Trauma Diabetes Mellitus aé S Local Infections 4- Wound healing: components required \[Link] “Chief Election Commissioner” Connective tissue deposition Epithelialization ContractionMED [Naz] U = Idiopathic N- Neoplasia (CML, Hodgkins A= Allergies 5 Conditions associated with Basophilic Stippling = lastic Syndle Monkey = Myelodysplastic Syrele T= Thalassemia A= Arsenic Poisoning i = Tron def. Anemia [= Lead Poisoning Rasophilic Stippling MED {NazCitric Acid Cycle Compounds Of course = Oxaloacetate Citrate = Citrate © Is = [socitrate © ©e A = Alpha - ketoglutarate oe Gilly = Succinyl-CoA ey Stupid = Succinate ne Fumy = Fumarate (” Motecule = Malate Neoplasia Anemia, Autoimmune Pre qnancy Kidney disease Infection, Inflamation Neoplasm Also Remember Giant cet artenitisf Macroglobulinemia, f Alterg ie Vaseulitis Hypenfibrinogenemia {Netnotizing Vasculitis MED { NAZvo rt Acute Intermittent Porphyria [Link] Polyneuropathy Psychological abnormalities |\ Pink urine Precipitated by medici (sulphur containing d Big platelets are seen in Bernard Soulier syndrome Small platelets are seen in Wiskott Aldrich syndrome Bernara Soulier = Big platelets WiskoT T= 1 iny platelets MED {Nazoung ——> Yolk sac FATAL ERYTHROPOIESIS Bone marrow 1b Folate deficiency causes [Link] “A FOLIC DROP” Alcoholism Folic acid antagonists Oral contraceptives Low dietary intake Infection with Giardia Celiac sprue Dilantin Relative folate deficienet Old age PregnantFirst detection of haemoglobin: By Electron microscope — Prof rythroblast @ e By g J emsa (routine) stain — | ntermediate normoblast High reticulocyte count ‘[Link] seen in... Sickle cell anemia Hereditary spherocytosis Autoimmune haemolytic anemia Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglo!Leukaemia signs & symptoms [Link] Light skin (pallor) Enlarged spleen, liver lymph nodes| Underweight cs » Kidney failure LEUKEMIA Excess heat (fever) Mottled skin (haemorrhage) Infections Anaemia Kawasaki Disease Apply “Warm CREAM” in Kawasaki disease Warm = Fever >5 days C = Conjunctivitis (non-exudate] R= Rash E = Edema / Erythema of hands & feet A = Adenopathy cervical M = Mucositis, strawberry tongueLow reticulocyte count [Link] Seen in.. Muelofibrosis Cancers (metastasis or leukemias) Anemia of chronic disease “My CAR” Renal failure = | \ Low reticulocyte MED Foz MED [NazL ymphocyte is the L ongest living white blood cell N eutrophil is the most Numerous white blood cell Macrocytic anemia causes [Link] Alcohol (liver disease) B12 deficiency Compensatory reticulocytosis (blood fo and hemolysis) Drugs (cytotoxic and AZT) Dysplesi (marrow disorders) Endocrine (hypothyroidism) Folate deficiency / fetus (pregnancy “ABCDEF”Megaloblastic Anemia causing Drugs Methotrexate AZT = zidovudine Phenytoin Liver disease Ethanol ° “MAPLE” PT vs aPTT [Link] Defect in the Extrinsic pathway causes elevation of PT Defect in the Intrinsic pathuay cause elevation of aPTT Defect in Common pathway cause elevation of both PT and aPTT PTT = Play Table Tennis PT = Play Tennis = Outdoor game = Extrinsic pathwayPlatelet disorders (TTPITP,DIC) Leukemia Anaemia Trauma Enlarged spleen Liver disease Ethanol ‘Toxins (Benzene,Heparin,Aspirin) Sepsis O_ iy Microcytic Anemias microcytic Anemia — ACD L — Lead poisoning —> Iron deficiency S — Sideroblastic T— Thalassemia * ACD - Anemia of Chronic Disease MED [NazSickle Cell Anemia signs.. | Splenomegaly, ‘Sludging Infection Cholelithiasis Kidney - heamaturia “SICKLE” Liver congestion, Leg ulcer Eye changes Glutamic acid (Good guy) Valine (Villain) Sickle cell anaemia is a disease (bad condition). So Villain replaces Good guy. on MED {Naz© TARGET CELL HbC disease Asplenia Liver disease Thalassemia —HALT “HALT” said the hunter to his Target Sideroblastic anemia causes Lead Isoniazid Alcohol Ringed Sideroblasts « ” Six (Vitamin B6 deficiency) UA RSTotal Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) [Link] TIBC is Increased in Tron deficiency anemia t18c Cut down in Chronic disease MED faz Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Platelet count low Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic) Renal failure Temperature rise Neurologic deficits ER admission (emergency) Schistocytes of” “PARTNERS” MED {NazWBC Count “Never Let Monkeys Eat Banana” (60,30,6,3,1) Neutrophils - 60% Lymphocytes - 30% Monocytes - 6% MED [NazMED [NazAutosomal Dominant Disorders Mnemonic —> “Very Powerful DOMINANT Human” Ven willebrand disease / Von hippel-lindau Pseudo-hypoparathyroidism Dystrophia myotonica Osteogenesis impertectif / Osler-weber-rendu Marfan syndrome Intormittent porphyria Neurofibromatosis Achondroplasia / Adult polycystic kidney dis. Noonan syndrome Tuberous sclerosis Hypercholesterolemia Huntington's disease Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Hereditary spherocytosis, Hereditary non polyposis coli Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Autosomal recessive Diseases ‘[Link] “WHAT FUSSC(fussy) GAME” Wilson disease Hemechromatesis lpha t antitrypsin deficiency ‘Thalassamia Friedrich ataxia Urea: phenylketeruria, alkaptonuris, homocystinuria: Storage dicordere: lyeceomal storage, glycogen etorage Sickle cell ancaia Cystic fibrosis Galactosenia ‘congenital Aévensl hyperplasia Muscular atrophies: neurogenic, spinal Ehler danlos(variants)X-linked Recessive Disorders “Oblivious Female Will Give Her Boys Her X-Linked Disorders’ Ocular albinism Fabry disease Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome GOPD deficiency Hunter syndrome Bruton agammaglobulinemia Haemophilia A/B Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Chromosome 15 Diseases [Link] Marfan syndrome “cc ” Angelman syndrome M A p Prader-Willi syndrome - MED (NazAnderson Vs Cori’s disease [Link] Branching Debranching Anderson A—B voles Angelman Syndrome [Link] Seizures Ataxia Retardation “mom wears SARI” . lec tua disbiity Inappropriate laughter& “e ’ Angelman Syndrome Maternal allele is Sa” disability deleted or mutated } } | hben nasal 7, bridge Small widely spaced tooth ‘Small chin DNA Z vs B [Link] ActiveGlycogen Storage Diseases [Link] + Type I (Von Gierke disease) + Type Il (Pompe's disease, acid maltase deficiency] - Type Ill (Cori’s disease) - Type IV (Andersen's disease) + Type V (McArdle's disease) + Type VI (Hers' disease) + Type VII (Tarui's disease) “Vo Physies Chemistry Aur Maths main Hoshiyaer Tha” Hunter Syndrome [Link] “Hunter has an aXe / X” (X-linked recessive)Lysosomal storage disease [Link] “Tony Has Nine Shirts, Most Are Saffron, Few Are Green” Tay Sachs Hexosaminidase Neimann pick Sphingomyelinase Metachromatic leukodystrophy Aryl Sulfatase Fabry Alpha Galactosidase Mitochondrial inheritance diseases [Link]. com “Mitochondria eating Mitochondrial Encephalopathy Acidosis Lactic MEALS N PiCKLe” Stroke like syndrome ( NARP syndrome (Neuropathy, Ataxia, Retinitis Pigmentosa) Pearson syndrome Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia Kearns-Sayre syndrome Leber’s optic neuropathy Leigh's diseaseMost of the metabolic disorders have autosomal recessive inheritance e Hunter syndrome (X-linked recessive) Lesch Nyhan syndrome (X-linked recessive) Ocular albinism (X-linked recessive) Hypercholesterolemia (familial) (AD) Fabry’s disease (X-linked recessive) Porphyria (Acute intermittent) (AD) “Her Left Eye Has Five Pimples” veolz Niemann-Pick Disease Cytoplacrie vacuoies in “lated nourone in CNS Young deaths (<4years) weofut ) I enyTay-Sachs Disease [Link] Tay-sachs disease Autosomal recessive Young deaths (<4years) Spot nshe nacaia cheeryred | “ROYSACHS! spot) LAX, Ashkenazi jews (more commonly affected) Cytoplasmic vacuoles in dilated neurons in CNS Hexosaminidase A deficiency Storage disease (Lysosomal) Tay-Sachs Disease [Link] feung deaths (<4 years]Down Congenital heart disease / Cataracts Hypotonia / Hypothyroidism Leukemia risk / lung infection Duodenal atresia Hirshprung's disease / Hearing loss Simian crease Mental retardation / Micrognathia Protruding tongue Round face / Rolling eye (nystagmus) Brushfield spot / Brachycephaly Low nasal bridge / Language problem Epicanthic fold / Ear folded Mongolian stant / Myoclonus Syndrome [Link] “CHILD HAS Mental PROBLEM” Increased gap between 1 st and 2nd toe Alzheimer's disease / Atlantoaxial instability Ccciput flat / Oblique palpebral fissureMED [NazBone Metastasis primary organs [Link] Prostate,Breast > Kidney, Thyroid,Lung “Painful Bones Kill The Lungs” | Association of BRCA-1 gene with other malignancies [Link]Liver metastasis primary organs [Link] Colon >> Stomach > Pancreas “Cancer Sometimes Penetrates liver” 4 Malignant Savcoma histiosarcoma RACE ” Synovial cell sarcoma Malignant fibrous Rhabdomyosarcoma Angiosarcoma Clear cell sarcoma Epithelial sarcomaBreast Cancer Risk Assessment “History ALONE” [Link] History (family, previous episode) Abortion, Age (old) Late menopause Obesity Nulliparity Early menarche Cancer Metastasis (Most common si: ptoms)MED [NazCoronary artery disease risk factors Fatty (Hyper Lipidemia) Smoking Qbesity Family history Type 12 diabetes LSID 7 Hy perten sion ee ® ix Eating 4oo much Fatty SOFT Male HAM can cause Cononany arteny disease Causes of new onset Atrial Fibrillation P = Pulmona ry ] — Ischemic R= Rheumatic A => Atrial MyxomaAcute MI treatment [Link] Glycerol trinitrate Oxygen Aspirin Cyclomorph “GOA Calling” &. » Aneurysm Types “BAD Circulatory MASs” Aortic aneurysm Berry Arteriovenous fistula Dissecting Capillary micro aneurysm Mycotic Atherosclerotic SuphiliticAnti-arrythmics for AV nodes [Link] Beta blockers Adenosine Digoxin Verapamil “BAD Ventricle” needs treatment Aortic Dissection risk factors [Link] “A,B,C” Aortic dissection Atherosclerosis, Ageing, Aortic aneurysm Blood pressure high, Baby (pregnancy) Connective tissue disorders (Marfan's, Ehlers-danlos), Cystic medial necrosis MED [NazAortic regurgitation causes [Link] Congenital Rheumatic damage Endocarditis Aortic dissection Aortic root dilati Marfan’s Aortic regurgitation causes [Link] ARRIS” Marfans Ankylosing spondylitis Rheumatic fever Rheumatoid arthritis Infective endocardit SyphilisAortic stenosis characteristics [Link] Syncope Angina Dyspnoea Atherosclerosis risk factors BP high : hypertension Age : Middle aged, elderly Diabetes mellitus Sex - male Elevated cholesterol “BAD SET of life” TobaccoBeck’s triad (Cardiac tamponade) [Link] Distant heart sound Distended jugular veins Decreased arterial pressure Breast cancer risk assessment History (family, previous episode) Abortion / Age (old) Late menopause Obesity “History ALONE” Nulliparity Early menarcheMost common 1° cardiac tumor in Adults - Myxoma Most common 1° cardiac tumor in Children - Rhabdomyoma “MARCh™ — wanednazcon ——— | —; Myxoma Adults Rhabdomyoma Children Alcohol abuse (chronic) Beriberi (wet) Coxsackie B viral myocarditis Cocaine use (chronic Chagas disease Doxorubicin toxicityHeart Failure Causes Hypertension Embolism Anemia Rheumatic heart disease Thyrotoxicosis Myocardial infarction Arrhythmia Diet and lifestyle Infection Endocarditis. B/L nonexudative ~ conjunetivitis, Mucositic rauberry tongue Zed lipBacterial Endocarditis [Link] Janeway lesions Bacterial Endocarditis ‘[Link] Fever Roth spots Osler nodes Murmur Taneway lesions Anemia Nail-bed hemorrhage Emboli “FROM JANE” Roth spotKAWASAKI DISEASE Sausage fingers Conjunctival redness Rash Extremity involvement Adenopathy Mucosal erythema FEVER Lab results suggesting Endocarditis [Link] Hematuria “High Tech Lab Results ‘Thrombocytopenia Point At Endocarditis" Leukocytosis, -penia Red blood cell cast Proteinuria Anemia Elevated ESRMI Complications Arrhythmias “All Cardiac Patients Congestive heart failure Suffer TRAP” Pericarditis Shock cariogenic Thromboembolism Rupture ‘Aneurysm cardiac Post myocardial infarction syndrome om [Link] naz_artonomy Patau Syndrome Cleft lip/palate Renal Abnormalities cArdiac defects Mental Retardation, Microcephaly PolydactylyPATAU Syndrome [Link] Cleft lip / palate Renal abnormalities | cc ” cArdiac defects CRAMP Microcephaly Mental retardation Polydactyly PATAU Syndrome ‘[Link] Microcephaly cleft lip / palat13 letters = Trisomy 13 PATAU Syndrome Microcephaly warwmedinaz com Pericarditis Causes ‘[Link] “CARDIAC Collagen vascular disease Aortic dissection Radiation Drugs Infections Acute renal failure Cardiac (Ml) Rheumatic fever Injury Neoplasms Dressler syndromeRight-to-Left shunts: eaRLy cyanosis Left-to-Right shunts: “LateR” cyanosis. [Link] Raised JVP differential Pericardial effusion Quantity of fluid raised (fluid over load) Right heart failure ‘Superior vena caval obstruction Tricuspid stenosis Tricuspid regurgitation Tamponade (cardiac)& “a y Restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy: [Link] Postradiation fibrosis Loffler endocarditis Endocardial fibroelastosis Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis “Puppy LEASH” Rheumatic Fever (Major criteria) wm™.medi Joint (migratory polyarthritis) ey Carditis Nodules in skin (subcutaneous) ‘a Erythema marginatum ») vv, Sydenham chorea MED {NazRIGHT-TO-LEFT SHUNTS [Link] n oe I HTruricus artertosine (4: veseel) 5T’s Transposition (2 switched vessels)| Tricuspid atresia (3 = Tri) Tetralogy of Fallot (4 = TAPVR (5 letters in tl Immediate treatment of Myocardial Infarction M => Morphine | Qe N => Nitroglycerine 0m) A = Acelylsalicylie Zeid @ @ MED [NazRight to Left Shunt 47 Tetralogy of fallot Tricuspid atresia Truncus arteriosus Transposition of great vessels Exertion Eating Emotional distress Extreme temperature MED [NazSecondary Hypertension Causes [Link] Pheochromocytoma Aortic coarctation Cushing syndrome “Pathological Aorta Causes| Secondary Hypertension” Stenosis of renal arteries Hyperaldosteronism (Conn syn (naz_artonomy Syncope Heart attack Embolism (PE) Tachycardia causes (CVS .[Link] Aortic obstruction (IHSS, AS or myxoma) Rhythm disturbance, ventriculaSyncope causes (Vascular) [Link] Vasovagal Ectopic (reminds ono of hypovotomia} Situational Subetavian steal ENT (glossopharyngeal neuralgia) Low systomie vascular resistance (Addison's, diabetic vascular neuropathy) Sensitive carotid sinus “VESSELS” Tetralogy of Fallot [Link] Overriding aorta Narrowing of pulmonary valve Narrow openings! hypertrophyTetralogy of Fallot [Link] Pulmonary infundibular stenosis (most important determinant for prognosis) Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) — boot-shaped heart on CXR Turner Syndrome Sal mone gh arched palate (ow set ong ] Low hairline Webbed neck : Fold of skin / - Conctriction of Widely spaced ripples Shortened metacarpal w\Valve Movement Aortic valve moves Verticatty /naz_artonomy Vasculitis Causing Granuloma “This Way Comes Granuloma”, Takayasu arteritis Wegener's granulomatosis Churg Strauss Syndrome, Giant cell arteritisMED (NazCharcot’s Triad [Link] Colour change (jaundice) , Colic (biliary pain) / RUQ pain 3C Ss Chills & fever Fever Jaundice \ \ } RUQ pain LA Chronic liver failure signs (found on the arms) “™ednacom Clubbing «“ ” Leukonychia c LA PS Asterixis Palmar erythema iM Scratch marksCirrhosis, differential Common & Rare Common causes. Alcohol B (hepatitis) C (hepatitis) Rare causes.. Autoimmune Biliary cirrhosis Copper (Wilsons) veofuz Conditions where Mallory Hyaline bodies are seen [Link] Non-olecholc Fatty iver disease (NAFLD) “New Indian ldeciedecce WATCH” pia 1 6 seo: ihe noe (it is not seen in secondary biliary cirrhosis)Decompensating Chronic Liver failure D/D [Link] ‘Haemorrhage Electrolyte disturbance Protein load / Paracetamol Alcohol binge Trauma Infection “HEPATICUS” Constipation . Uremia Sedatives / Shunt / Surgery MED! fue Elevated bilirubin common cause: Hemolysis Obstruction “HOT Liver” Tumor Liver disease) t 9 &@ i?Dubin Johnson & Rotor: Defect in Removing conjugated bilirubin Hepatic Encephalopathy [Link] Sign & Symptoms pSychosis Confusion Asterixis Lethargy --> coma {la Personality changesRisk factors of cholangiocarcinoma [Link] Primary sclerosing Cholangitis Clonorchis sinensis & Opisthorchis viverrini (Liver flukes) Choledocholithiasis Contact material — thorotrast Chronic Alcoholic Liver Disease Congenital fibropolycystic disease (Choledochal cysts, Caroli’s disease)MED (NazAcute Renal Failure detection Acute presentation over hours and days Creatinine rises Urea rises ( oliguria < 400ml/24hrs) Alport Syndrome wwe medhaz com “can't see, can’t pee, rieroscopeIgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease) [Link] Increase chances of recurrence Most common glomerulonephritis in Adults ‘Mesangial deposition of IgA with C3 Most common cause of recurrent hematuria Chronic Renal Failure presentation Nails are brown “NASER & 8 P’s” Arises blood pressure Skin is yellow Excoriations [scratch mark) Retinopathy Pallor Purport and bruises Pericarditis & cardiomegaly Pleural effusions Pulmonary edema Peripheral edemaHematuria Urethral causes wavimedinez com “NUTS” Neoplasm Urethritis Tumor Stone Kidney enlargement causes [Link] Scleroderma “SHAPE” HIV nephropathy Amyloidosis Polycystic kidney disease Endocrinopathy (Diabetes)Nephritic Syndrome Glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome| Post-streptococcal Alport’s RPGN IgA nephropathy Ste “PARIS” Nephrotic syndrome features [Link] Na+ decreased (hyponatremia) Albumin decrease (hypoalbuminemia) Proteinuria > 3.5mg/day “NAPHROTIC” Hyperlipidemia Renal vein thrombosis Orbital edema ‘Thromboembolism Infection (due to loss of immunoglobulins in urine) Coagulability (due to loss of antithrombin Il in urine)Papillary Necrosis Causes [Link] _ “POSTCARD” _ Pyelonephritis Obstruction Sickle-cell disease Tuberculosis Cirrhosis Analgesic abuse! Alcohol Renal vein thrombosis Diabetes defect on chromosome 16MED (NazPneumonia Complications Don't ; Septicaemia Lung abcess ARDS Para - pneumonic effusion Hypotension Empyema Respinatory/Renal failure ARDS Causes Aspiration (gastric), Acute pancreatitis, Amniotic fluid embolus Raised ICP, Respiratory track infection-pneumonia DKA, DIC, Drugs Sepsis, Shock, Smoke inhalation, Severe burnsBronchial obstruction consequences [Link] Atelectasis “ ” Pleural adhesions APPLE BABE Pleuritis - Lipid pneumonia Effusion->organisation->fibrosis Bronchiectasis Abscess Broncho and lobar pneum Emphysema 6 P’s of DYSPNEA [Link] Painonary bronchial Pastis foreign body constriction " a Pancnery embolus MED (NazWrwwimedinazcom chronic B ronchitis = Biue Bloater chee Epiglott www, “AIR RAID” Airway inflammation (Obstruction) Increased pulse Restlessness Retractions Anxiety increased Inspiratory stridor Droolingial Lung Disease causes [Link] Sarcoidosis Allergic reaction Radiation “ ” Connective tissue disease SARCOIDI Occupational exposure - . Infection Drugs Idiopathic Kartagener syndrome Chronic ear infections Conductive hearing loss Situs inversus (eq, dextrocardia on CXR) Iroreate male and fonaleFertity “dee te inmatile sperm end dyefanetionalfllpian tube iaLung Cancer Complications ‘Superior vena cava syndrome Pancoast tumor Hornor syndrome Endocrine (paraneoplastic) Recurrent laryngeal nerve ‘compression (hoarseness) Effusions (pleural or pericardial) Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria: PMN infiltrate Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes: Mononuclear infiltratePulmonary Embolism risk factors [Link] Hereditary (og factor V Leyden, protein C or S deficiency) History (previous DVT or PE} Hlypomobility (fracture, CVA, severe illness, obe Hypovotaemia (nephrotic syndrome, dehyd Hypercoagulability (smoking, malignancy Hormones [oestrogens [esp. Hyperhomacysteinaemia Pulmonary Fibrosis differential [Link] Upper lobe Beryliosis caeeiee era aweaiue| BREAST SCAR” xtrinsic allergic alveolitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sarcoidosis Lower lobe Asbestosis RadiationRespiratory, distress syndrome in infants: (Major risk factors) PCD (Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia) Prematurity Cesarean section Diabetic mother Spucun findings in Asthma [Link] “2 C’s” Charcot leyden crystals Curschmann spirals Creola bodiesTension pneumothorax: signs and symptoms \[Link] Pleuritic pain Tracheal deviation Hyperresonance Onset sudden Reduced breath sounds (and dyspnea) Absent fremitus X-ray shows collapse “P THORAX” Wheezing causes [Link] Ganounsm, Asthma, Aspication smoke or nant aston, Small away cisaate ‘¥mnyrola/ Tracheal enlargement, Tort tunes, ‘Stieart Faure, Hypersensitivity pneumonitis ‘PMecication Aspirin, Beta Blocker, Masiocytosis/carcinoic Panaphs rayleosinohic 'seese, Angivedeme ‘$Tumer, Trremecemboism ‘infection (pnoumonia, bronchitis), Ifarcton jpulmenary emiblus, sick col chest syndro Goya fxosioorenchectasis “ASTHMATICMED (NazAbdominal pain causes during pregnancy “LARA CROFT” Labour Abruption of placenta Rupture (eg. ectopic/uterus) Abortion Cholestasis Rectus sheath hematoma Ovarian tumor Fibroids Torsion of uterus Causes of Abdominal swelling 9Fs Fluid Full bladder Full-sized tutor False pregnancy Feces Flatus Fetus Fibroids(= ws a Ascites, Causes eritonitis (oeritoneat carcinomatosis, postieradiaton, peritoneal alysis; pancreatitis, resethliona, bacterial, 1B, fungel, parasitic) eritoneal lymphatic obstruction (traumatic, congenital) _ rotein deficiency (cirrhosis, protein-losing enteropathy, _/ nephrotic syndrome, kwashiorkor) Portal hypertension (pre-hepatic, hepatic, post-hepatic causes) & elie MED f/NAZGastric Carcinoma, Risk Factors [Link] Anemia (ie, pernicious anemia) Achlorhydria Atrophic gastritis Adenomas (ie, gastric adenomas) A blood type GI Bleeding causes [Link] Angiodysplasia coved cancer “ABCDEFGHI” Colitis Diverticulitis / Duodenal ulcer Epistaxis / Esophageal (cancer, esophagitis, varices) Fistula (anal, aortaenteric) Gastric (cancer, ulcer, gastri Haemorrhoids Infectious diarrhoea / IBD / Ischemic boulInsulin-independent glucose uptake wwwimedinaz,com Brain ” Oe a “BRICK LIPS Cornea Kidney Liver Islet (B) cells Placenta Spermatecytes Leptin vs Ghrelin [Link]Pancreatitis (acute) causes Idiopathic Gall stones Ethanol (alcohol) ee “I GET SMASHED” Mumps / Malignancy ‘ Autoimmune Scorpion stings Hypercalcemia / Hypertriglyceridemia Pancreatitis Ranson criteria a [Link] (admission time) Leukocytes > 16000 Enzyme AST > 250 Glucose > 200 é i Age > 55 LEGAL LDH > 350Pancreatitis Ranson criteria (initial 48 hrs) a Calcium < 8 Hct drop > 10% Oxygen < 60 “Cc & HOBBS” BUN > 5 (Calvin & Hobbes) Base deficit > 4 Sequestration of fluid > 6U| Peptic ulcer associated causative factors [Link] Hypercalcemia ylori MASS” MEN type I Aspirin / Acidity Smoking Syndrome (Zollinger-EllisPeptic ulcer (associated causative factors) [Link] “ ” Smoking SHAZAM with peptic ulcer Hypercalcemia, H. pylori Aspirin Zollinger-Ellison Acidity Pyloric Stenosis www. madi Visible peristalsis in abdomen Projectile non bile stained vomiting hypertrophy is on the Left side Pyloric stenosisPyloric Stenosis ‘[Link] Peristalsis (Visible peristalsis in abdomen) Yuck! So the kid vomits everuthing he eats (non bile stained vomiting) ‘Lunp in abdomen which is on the Left side ‘Olive mass, Doughnut sign on USG Ramstedt's pyloromyotony (treatment) Inbalance of electrolytes Ciesla muscle hypertrophy “PYLORIC” Vise peristalsis Vestibular / Vagal reflex Opiates Migraine / Metabolic (DKA) Infection Toxicity (cytotoxic,digoxin) Increased ICP / ingested alcohol] Neurogenic GI/ GestationSomatostatin vs Somatomedin [Link] Somatostatin keeps your growth static Somatomedin mediates your growth Gastric Ulcer Duodenal Ulc r Greater Pain Decrease Pain MED [NazUlcerative colitis Ulcers “ULCCCERS” Large intestine Continuous, Colorectal carcinoma, Crypt abscesses Extends proximally Red diarrhea Sclerosing cholangitis Zenker diverticulum Elderly “Elder MIKE has ples bad breath” Inferior pharyngeal constrictor Killian triangle Esophageal dysmotility Halitosis Zenker’s Diverticulurn (ac CCricopharyngeus ‘Muscle MED (NazMED (NazEndometrial cancer risk factors \[Link] Elderly Nulliparity Diabetes Obesity Menstrual irregularities “ ENDOMET rial” Estrogen therapy Tension (Hypertension) Genital cysts Mesonephric cyst Epithelial inclusion cyst Nabothian cyst “MEN Found Genital Follicular cyst Gartner's duct cyst Cysts Bizarre” Chocolate cyst Bartholin’s cystPolycystic ovarian disease ( PCOD ) [Link] HOLD My Breast No, I said, “Inhale deeply and hold your breath” Hirsutism Obesity LH evevated, Increase LH/FSH ratio DHEAS increased Menstrual irregularities Breast discharge absentProsis Anhydrosis Miosis E nophthatmos Loss of Ciliary - oe ee } Anisocovia Horny PAMELA a ss Argyll Robertson Pupil Sy Hey! STOP IGNORING ME... Argyll Robertson Pupil (ARP) ————— _ Accommodation Reflex Present (ARP) ARP ¢——— Pupillary Reflex Absent (PRA) MED {NazAUTISM Affeet isolation Unrelated to others Twiddle You confusion in speech ‘Self-mutilation ‘Tomper tantrums Inconsistent development Concrete thinking Perceptual difficulties Echolalia Oderty Physical motor disorder Lack language skills Excessive activity “AUTISTIC PEOPLE” Balint’s Syndrome Simultagnosia Optic ataxia Ocular apraxia Tunnel vision “ShOOT”Bell’s Palsy Symptoms Blink reflex abnorm: Earache Lacrimation Loss of taste Sudden onset Palsy of 7th All symptoms are Vertigo Ataxia Nystagmus Intentional tremor Slurred speech Hypotonia Exaggerated broad based gait Dysdiadochokinesi:Glomus tumor Acoustic neuroma Arachnoid cyst Aneurysm Meningioma Metastasis Epidermoid tumor Chorea Common Causes [Link] Sylanhane Vascular Ineveased REC ([poiyeythemia} Toxins: 60, Mo. Hg Uremia ste Senile chores Drugs APLA syndrome Nouradegenerative conditions : #0 Neuroacanthocutosis, DRPLA Conception related: Pregnancy, OCPs oo Endocrine: Hyperthyroidism, Hyco & Hyperalycemia “St. VITUS’S DANCE”Decrease level of Consciousness (Metabolic causes) [Link] Major end organs (liver, kidney) Endocrine / Electrolytes Toxins Acid-Base disorders “ » iScugenadion METABOLIC Lung (PE, pneumonia) Infection / Inflammation Calcium Dandy Walker Malformation [Link] Dandy = Dilated 4th Ventricle Walker = Water on the brain (Hydrocephalus) Syndrome = Small or absent vermis \ tare cpl ep {naz p moras MED [NazHorner syndrome [Link] Affected side Anhidrosis Fluctuating hearing loss Aural fullness Tinnitus Episodic vertigoParkinson’s Disease [Link] =) aN \ © Bending / forward tilt S Shuffling gait M Mask like face A Akinesia R Rigidity Tt Tremor , Urinary Dace: Ataxia o incontinence pete Gait MED (NazSeizure Causes [Link] “VITAMINS” Vascular - Stroke, bleeding, aneurysm Infectious - Meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess Trauma Autoimmune - CNS vasculitis Metabolic - Hypoxia, hypo & hypernatremia Idiopathic Neoplastic pSychiatric Subarachnoid hemorrhage causes “BATS” Berry aneurysm Arteriovenous malformation Adult polycystic kidney disease Trauma oe StrokeSyncope causes (CNS) [Link] Hypoxia/Hypoglycemia Epilepsy Anxiety Dysfunctional brain stem (basivertebral TIA) “HEAD” Syncope causes (CVS) [Link] Heart attack Embolism (PE) Aortic obstruction (IMSS, AS or myxoma) Rhythm disturbance, ventricula TachycardiaSyncope causes (Vascular) [Link] Vasovagal Ectopic (reminds one of hypovolemia) Situational Subclavian steal ENT (glossopharyngeal neuralgia) Low systemic vascular resistance (Addison's, diabetic vascular neuropathy) Sensitive carotid sinus “VESSELS” MED [NazMED (Naz(causes) Myxcedema Edema Poemenstrually Diabetes Tdiopatric Acwomegaly Neoplasm Trauma Rheumatoid artivitis Amyloidosis Compressed Median nerve Pregnancy Becker Muscular Dystrophy [Link] Becker Muscular DystrophCongenital myopathy features [Link] Dominantly inherited Reflexes decreased Enzymes normal Apathetic floppy baby Milestones delayed “DREAM” Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy [Link] Shoulders and arme are held back avkwa when walking ly sticks out to weak belly Pseudchypertroph calf musclesEctopia Lentis [Link] Sxl homocystinURIA URINE goes down Inferior dislocation weill-MARCHesani syndrome we will MARCH forward Anterior dislocation GENU VALGUM vs GENU VARUM [Link] RUM” makes your knees| spread apartMarfan syndrome features [Link] Mitral value prolapse ) “MARFANS” Aortic aneurysm Retinal detachment Fibriltin Arachnodactyly Negative Nitroprusside test ( 410 for Homocystinuria) Subluxated lens Osteogenesis Imperfecta [Link] Bones = multiple fractures I (eye) = blue sclerae Teeth = dental imperfectio Ear = hearing loss Hearing loss DentinogenesisOsteogenesis Imperfecta Blue sclerae Hearing loss Dentinogenesis imperfecta Multiple fractures Osteonecrosis causes [Link],com Corticosteroids ‘Alcoholism Sickle cell disease Trauma “the Bends” (caisson/ decompression disease], LEqg-Calve-Perthes disease (idiopathic) Gaucher disease Slipped capital Femoral epi “CAST Bent LEGS”Paget’s disease \[Link] Cotton woo! appearance Osteoporosis circumscripta Deafness due to nerve compression output 2. Bone pain (spine, back of hips) Boing of limbs LA . naz_artonomy Reactive arthritis causative agents [Link] Shigella “ShY ChiCS” Yersinia Chlamydia Campylobacter SalmonellaReactive arthritis [Link],com “Can't see, can’t pee, Classic triad: can’t bend my knee” Conjunctivitis Urethritis Arthritis Scoliosis Vs Kyphosis [Link] é 5 si — MED (NazRheumatoid Arthritis ot i Swan Neck a Deformity @naz_artonomy yy a, Ulner Boutonniere ati Beenie DeviationMED (NazAcromegaly Symptoms Arthralgia / Arthritis Blood pressure raised Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diabetes Enlarged Organs Field Defect Aasisons Disease Cusiin S$ ndrome 9 Dy A drenat Deficiency Cortice: Surge re ! 7 ¢ MED [NazAddison’s disease Causes Autoimmune, Amyloid Neoplastic TB Meningococcal (Waterhouse-Freidhrick) “ANT Man” 4 “S” of Adrenal Crisis Management Salt : 0.9% saline Steroids : 1.V. cortisone 100 mg Support Search for the underlying illnessAdrenal Crisis Management Salt - 0.9% saline Steroids - IV hydrocortisone 100mg 48h Support Adrenal insufficiency Causes ‘[Link] “ADDISON” Autoimmune (Addison's disease) Degenerative (amyloidosis) Drugs (e.g. ketoconazole) Infections (e.g. TB, HIV) Secondary (hypopituita Others (adrenal bleedin NeoplasiaCretinism occurs in Children Muxoedema occurs in Ma ire people CUSHING SYNDROME [Link] “CUSHING” Central obesity, Collagen finer weakness, Comedones (acne) Urinary free cortisol and glucose increase Striae, Suppressed immunity Hypercertiselisi, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Hypercholesterolemia ‘atrogenic (ncreased adninistration of corticosteroid) | Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms) Glucose intolerance, Growth retardationDIABETES MELLITUS [Link] naz_artonomy Kidney — nephropathy Neuromuscular — peripheral neuropathy) mononeuritis, amyotrophy Infective — UTIs, TB peripheral artery disease Eye — cataracts, retinopathyFollicular Carcinoma Female Faraway metastasis Favourable prognosis Flow in blood (vascular inv: are common) Glucagonoma Signs & Symptoms [Link] Dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema) Diabetes (hyperglycemia) DVT Declining weight DepressionTachycardia Archythmia Loose stools Hirsutism Hair on body like a male Virilism Voice & rest of secondary sexual characteristic like a maleHormones ( Decrease secretion in Stress) Anabolic hormones « . ” ui Anti LIFT Insulin FSH Testosterone Z — % veofue Hormones with Intracellular Receptors [Link] Cytoplasmic Glucocorticoids “C Google MAP Androgens to find NERD Teen” Mineralocorticoids Progestins Nuclear Estrogen Retinoic acid vit D 13, 14Hyperthyroidism Signs & Symptoms [Link] ‘Sweating Weight loss. Emotional lability Appetite increased Tremor/ tachycardia Intolerance of heat/ Irregular menstruatior Nervousness Goitre and Gi problems (diarrhoea) “SWEATING” Insulinoma (rule of 10’s) [Link] 10% are part of MEN‘ syndrome 10% are multiple 10% are malignant 10% contain ectopic pancreatic tissueMedullary carcinoma Thyroid [Link] MEN association (MEN Ia & MEN Ib) Median node dissection aMyloid (associated with amyloidosis) MEN 1 affects ‘P’ OrgansOsteoporosis Causes Alcohol Corticosteroid Calcium deficiency Estrogen deficiency Smoking Sedentary lifesty Pancreatic Hormones [Link] Pancreas Insulin (8 cell) Glucagon (a cell) Somatostatin (5 cell) - “DIGS” ee ap pPapillary thyroid tumor Popular (most common) Palpable lymph nodes (spread by lymphatics) Positive iodine (131) uptake Positive prognosis (excellent prognosis) Post radiation in head & nec! Psammoma bodies 5 P’s of Pheochromocytoma Pressure (BP) Pain (headache) Perspiration Palpitations Pallor10% Rule of PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA 10% extra-adrenal 10% bilateral 10% malignant 10% in children 10% familial Psammoma Bodies Papillary carcinoma of thyroid seenin Somatostatinoma Meningioma Malignant Mesothelioma Ovarian serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma Milk (Prolactinoma) “PSaMMOMa f CRickets Clinical Features [Link] R = Rachitic rosary 1 = pigeon chest C = Craniotabes K = Knock knees E = End of long bones" become wide | = Teeth-delayed eruption & hypoplasia |S = Skull-Frontal bossing & delayed closure of fontanelles naz_artonomy i Rule of 1/3s of Carcinoid syndrome [Link] 1/3 metastasize 1/3 present with 2nd malignancy 1/3 are multiple Carcinoid syndrome Heart = puimonie and ‘cuspid vaveThyroid Carcinoma Histological types [Link] In order from most to least common and least to most aggressive Papillary (80% of total) Follicular (10%) Medullary (5%) Anaplastic (3%) lease Feed My Alligator” Pupil nuclei (Orphan Annie nuclei)! Psammoma bodies Positive prognosisMED (NazAnion Gap Causes [Link] Glycols (ethylene, propylene) Oxoproline (from paracetamol) [-lactate D-lactate Methanol Aspirin Renal failure OLD MARK” Ketoacidosis <— Anion gap _——Epidermoid Vs Sebaceous cyst [Link] Diagram of a freely movable mass. ‘An oxanple of this type of mass is Epidermoid cyst, which can be moved freely in all direction by digital prossure 4. Straiied squamous epithelia, 2. Mucosa oF kin 3. Loose connective tise layer, 4. Skeletal mescle Diagram ofa mass tached to the shin, An example of his ape of mass is Seboceoes et, whch can ot be moved ndopedet of ‘the skin bitin attached tothe doops steactre. The typeof cyt thus canbe Rhabdomyoma Vs Sq. cell carcinoma [Link] Dicgram of 2 mass attached to the muscle. A Rhabdonyoms is an ‘example of this type of mass, uhich ‘can not be moved independent of the imoived muscle but ie not fsed {the akin or mucous membrane 1. Swati squamous epithelium, 2 Mucosa er skin 3. Leese connective tesue lxyor, 4, Skolatal mula Diagram of an epithelial mass, fixed 10 all layor of tissue. in invasive squarcus cell carcinoma at this stage fixos the skin oF mucous membrane to the deeper tissuesLung Carcinoma ‘[Link] Lung Ca with worst prognosis - Small cell Ca Lung Ca most responsive to radiotherapy - Small coll Ca Lung Ca most responsive to chemotherapy - Small coll Ca Most common type of lung Ca - Adenoearcinema Most commonly metastasizing to opposite lung - Adenocarcinoma Most common type in females - Adenocarcinoma Most common type in nonsmokers - Adenocarcinoma Most common in young - Adenocarcinoma Most common in periphoral location - Adenocarcinoma Second most common lung Ca. - Squamous cell carcinoma Most common cauitating lung Ca - Squamous cell earcinoma Best prognosis among lung Ca - Squamous cell carcinoma Most common to produce hypercalcemia - Lymph Nodes (Head & Neck) Posterior auricular ceipita Preauricular Parotid Superficial cervical Tonsilar Deep cervical Submental Posterior cervics 1) naz_artonomyMetabolic acidosis: causes [Link] Ketoacidosis “KUSSMAL” Uraemia Sepsis Salicylates Methanol Alcohol Lactic acidosis Non-gap acidosis: causes [Link] Hyperalimentation ib eeslentle “HARD UP” (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors) RTA Diarrhea Ureterosigmoidostomy Pancreatic fistulaPierre Robin Syndrome [Link] Palatal Cleft “ce ” Respiratory system p R S obstruction Small size mandible |<, Micrognat {anaraty ont jaw or mana) (ee p< Q> Cleft palate (eet f. Ce MED\ pNAZ OLD CRAB C = Calcium Elevated R = Renal Failure A= Anemia B = Bone Lytic Lesions MED (NazFollow us on Instagram - naz_artonomy MED fnaz