ME 416 TOOL DESIGN* CONTENTS 1- Introduction. ne a ae omer 1 The Place of Production (Tool) Engineering Functional Responsibilities Importance of Tool Engineering 2- Design Considerations For Press Forging. Allowances Parting Line Position, Web Design Draft Angles, Comer, Radi Flash Design, Gutter Design Die Design, Forging Load 3- Mould Design... Mould Design Procedure Proposed Design 4- Injection Mould. Classification Functions Procedure For Mould Design Cavity Layouts 5- Metal Forming... ese 51 Plasticity of Metals Cold and Hot Forming Work Done Design of Press Working Tools Shearing Bending Drawing Progressive-Compound-Die Design Forces, Work Done, Components, Calculations in Shearing Bending, Drawing Criteria To Be Used in Selection of Sheet Metal Dies Cut-off, Drop Through, Return, Compound, Progressive, Combination, Subpress, Continental, Transfer, Shuttle, Inverted Dies Mathematical Analysis of Die Components Side Thrusts, Guide Pin, Heel, Punch, Die Steel, Pressure Plate, Pad, Keeper, Base Plate Design, Check List for Die Design 29 35er eee ae eR Eager Ras oad earn EE Puen eee de ocean Se6- Extrusion. cee Tooling, Tool Materials Tool Design; Punch, Die 7- Jig & Fixture Design. Locating Methods: (3-2-1), Radial, V-Locators Clamping: Principles, Considerations, Factors, Forces Mechanics of Clamping Devices: Screws, Cams Clamping Elements and Applications Check List and Design Studies 8- Die Materials and Die Manufacture. Die Life, die Failure Materials For Hot Forming Conventional Die Manufacturing CNC Machining Non Traditional Techniques: Electrical Discharge 9- Appendix. . Selected Standard Specifications Supplementary Notes Toggle, Strap 120 136 176 SlCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Place Of Tool (Production) Engineering In Total Manufacturing Application Manufacturing as a term may be here broadly defined as embracing all planning, decisions, equipment and service provision, and all operations which follow settled product-desing and marketing decisions and which precede disposition of the finished goods. Tool engineering is defined in Webster as "a branch of engineering in industry whose function is to plan the processes of manufacture, design and supply the tools, and integrate the facilities required for producing given products with minimal expenditure of time, labor and materials." Finney adds that "Tool engineer embraces participation in the refinement of product design and in the desig) of machinery, machine tools, gages, dies, fixture, and special tools used in manufacturing. It also consists of participation in the development, fabrication, maintenance, safety, and economic utilization of thase facilities to produce maximum quality at minimum cost". A tool engineer then handles the more specialized activities of process engineering, machine designing, tool designing plant and layout engineering, gage engineering, manufacturing cost estimating, machine and tool building, and maintenance engineering. R.J. Smith in his studies has identified the following functional titles for engineers employed by manufacturing companies 1)Research 2)Develapment 3)Design 4)Construction 5)Production 6)Operating & Maintenance 7) Industrial Application & Sales 9) Management. As it is seen in the following graphical figure that engineeringis not a simple homogeneous activity by a spectrum of interlocking activities requiring men of diverse talents, tracing and interest. Engineering Sciences Exnginéering Arts Business % Managerial Arts (Fdeas) Cthings) Cwloncy # People) Industrial Manogemear Development Fig. 1.1. Functional Titles For Engineering In Manufacturing Companies. 1.2 Functional Responsibilities Within The Production Engineering rea The followins are the basic functions carried out in typical Production Engineering. i- Process Engineering :, Under the supervision of the chief Process engineer exact determination is made of the processes, methods, machinery, tools, equipment and services required for the authorized production. Process sheets will be prepared and issued to all departments and functions concerned, giving sequence of operations, and designating the departments, machines, tooling and services for each operation. 2- Tool Design : A preliminary layout of tooling is made as called for by process sheets and is turned over the process and/or mothods engineering for analysis. On final approval, design are turned over to the toolrcom foreman for making the tools, dies, machines, attachments, or accessories needed. Inspection of completed tools, if not done in the toolroom, is the responsibility of quality control. 3- Cost Estimating : The cost estimator in closest cooperation 2with process engineer, must make preliminary production-cost estimates for top executive guidance in making manufacturing decisions. Cost estimator must estimate costs for tooling and parts to assists the factory manager in making his decisions to make or purchase; also to assists the sales department in estimating prices. 4- Methods And Standarts Engineering _: The duties of these functions embrace motion studies; study and set up of standart times for each manufacturing operation; study of operation sheets and plant-layout, for information of various functions; determination of the ideal work place layout for each operation; establishment of standart data for standart costs by the accounting deparment; establishment and recording of machine tool loads and machine-hour rates. 5- Tool Control : This funtion stocks, disburses, sales guards and accounts for all tooling coming under his control. He schedules and requisitions perishable tools, so as to maintain inventories in keeping with production requirements. 6- Plant-Layout Engineering : This function is concerned with Planning the location of departments, machines and other productive equipment with reference to the sequence of manufacturing operations and the process material handling equipment. 7- Safety Engineering : This funtion is concerned with planning the safety rules and regulations to be followed in the plant, considering the types of machines used and the processes. Determine the necessary guards and design and get them constructed. Training the personel for safe operations, make safety analysis of the operations and eleminate hazards. @- Quality Control Engineer +: The responsibility and duty of quality control engineering is very broad. Tool engineers design the gages and plan their uses in processes. All standards and measuring instrument must be calibrated according to predetermined schedule for a certain quality level. The accuracies of machine tools as well as instruments must be known. The errors inmeasurement should also be analysed. All these functions require trained engineers. 1.3 The Importance of Praduc! ion Engineering Production engineering is a subject the importance of which is being increasingly recognised. Not so very long ago it would have been hard to say whether praductian engineering played a bad or geod role to Mechanical Engineering. Certainly production engineering was not always thougth to be quite respectable. There can be little doubth that the result of this was not a very happy one as far as industry was concerned. Fortunately the old attitude to P.£. is changing. The importance of national productivity is continually being urged upon us and the production engineer has the greatest responsibility of making sure that designs are good and economical and that manufacturing Processes are speedy and efficient. [t seems that it is at last being recognised that problems to be found in this area are worthy of the attention of the best scientific engineering brains and that effort put into solcing them is well worthwhile. It is to be hoped that in the nearest future that P.E. based on sound scientific principles, will be given the attention that it deserves. our Turkish economic future well-being depends as much upen paying proper attention to the application and improvement of Production processes as it does upon any other area of research and development in technology. 1.4 What Is Our Course + It is found that the development of in understanding of production techniques is an excellent engineering experience so it requires to dip into many of the engineering science disciplines and apply them to specific, real processes. Although our course emphasized methods for changing the size or shape of metallic campanents many of the concepts can be directly extented to include mast of the non-metallic materials. The engineers must be able to make machine operating decisions based on both cost and technical data. Thus, cost becomes such a context that within which we must operate. It limits what we will do to pieces of material just as effectively as does the materialstrength. As engineers we are also limited by the production machines. A machine which is perfectly able to produce a phsysically satisfactory part may not be able to do so under the most economical operating conditions. The machine may stoll, the machine may break, the tolerances may not be satisfactory, the machine may not have sufficient speed capabilities, and so forth. We see that, our course is as much concerned with the limitations composed on production processes as with the processes themselves. We want to understand how material, money, machines, manpower limit our productive capabilities. Much of the material to be discussed in this course is subjected to some simple experimental verifications. We can not accurately predict even the results of a torsion test from the result of a tensile test. As production engineers we produce the basic data on which predictions are based. We understand the assumptions in cooperated into analysis. We observe the physical process and see to what degree it outwardly resembles the analytical model. We perform the actual process, take the pertinent data, and compare fact with prediction we have to find out and explain errors and discrepancies.CHAPTER 2 BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR PRESS FORGINGS 21 INTRODUCTION "The following sequence is e common besic design process for press forgings: 1) Mechining ellowance rust be added to surfeces thet will be “mechined. 2) Perting line is located. 3) Webs are constructed for lerge holes. 4 8 8 7 Draft must be given to cylindrical portions of the pert. Fillets end corner redii should be used to blend sharp corners. Flesh end gutter geometry must be determined. Volume of the forging including flesh is celculeted. 8) Scele allowance is considered end edded to volume of forging. g Billet geometry is selected. 10) Die block is designed to perform necessary forging operetions, 11) Forging load is estimeted. 12) Dimensional tolerances for die block end forging ere cbteined. 13) if required preform cavity (mould) is designed.2.2. MACHINING ALLOWANCE. Mechining allowances are recommended for surfaces thet are going to be mechined. The ellowance must be grest enough to ensure « defect-free surface efter mechining. Therefore it must teke into ecccunt the depth of decarburized leer, the depth of scale pockets, under filling of the cavities and other surface defects that ere unevoideble in conventional forging operstions. The values for machining allowances ere taken from DIN Stendard 7523. end tebulsted in Teble 2.1, Teble 2.1. Machining allowances [36) Meximum sire : Elongated forging: (wid or Maximum length of forging thickness) an Rotationally symmetric forgings thideee maximum diameter of forging (ALLDIMENSIONS AREI (mm). over] upto [ever |40 | 6s | 100 | 160 | 250 | 400 | e30 | 1000 vptoaolea |100 | 160 | 250 | 400 | ¢00 | 1000 |: 1600 40 15 15 2 2 25,8 4 5 6 so feos Jas 2 | 2 | 25] | os] 45] 55| 65 &3 100 2 2 25 8 3 85) 45 55] 65 100 | 160 - 25 3 3 85) 4 5 6 7 160 | 250 -|- [3 ss}a {5s |S] 7]e wo} - |- |- | «a ]s]e}7]efes2.3. PARTING LINE POSITION The die psrting line is the plene or plenes which divide the top end bottom dies on forging as shown in Figure 2.1, Its location can influence, the followings: 8) The esse end economy of die sinking. b) The ease of die filling. “ ¢) The formation of forging defects. a The ease of clipping. ©) The emount of draft required and hence forging weight, {) The extent end detection of mismatch. 6) The ebility to nest forgings. h) The need touse die locks. ls) The forging tolerances, Parting line is loceted at the widest section of forging for the removel ofpiece from die. ' Parting line Figure 2.1 Parting Line Applications 24, WEB DESIGN FOR CENTRAL HOLES AND CAVITIES Insteed of forging parts having centre holes as solid bedies end then adrill those holes causing weste of meteriel, it can be considered es a better process to design those holes with webs. Preforging of holes seves material and the residual web of a preforged hole can be removed by the relstively chesp punching operetion, It is stated thet the depth of cavity is limited to size of it is diameter, The maximum depth may be 3/2 times the diameter when e full redius is dllowed at the bottom 6s in Figure 2.2b awd de Roe hmaxvd (a) poe h J we tr h a hhnax=wd (c) (a) Figure 2.2, Dimensions of Cevities and Preforged Holes [1,37] Holes of finished component ere preforged from both sides end a.web 'S itomaticelly formed et the parting line. The thickness of this web Figure 2.2cq is determined by the maximum sllowsble depth of cevities ]or sccording to plan area of web for shellow holes by using curves, given in Figure 2.3. wt=7 wt = 0.8.wd+3 wt = O4.wdt 5 wt = 0.2.wd+ 10 wt = O4.wd + 6 wt = 0.2.wd+11 wt = 0.375 .wd + 5.75 where wt is web thickness in mm wd is web diemeter in cm, wds5 S OIL BOX 4% GAS BOX 3% GAS CONTINIOUS 2.5% ELECTRIC 15% INDUCTION 1% 242.10. DIE DESIGN The following formulee suggested by Bruchenow end Rebelski , hes been incorporeted to the program for celculation of the overall die width. x a Dw= DDpit 03 ¥ (Dnit tas) + 10 (+1) (mm) (221) it il where D,y The meximum cavity diemeter in each stege. ty The totel cavity length in each stage. n i Number of operations. nis teken to be 1 since only finishing operation will be performed with die, Then eqn (2.19) reduces to: : Dw =D,y + 0.3 (D,i+ ty) + 20 (mm) (2.22) The depth of die block must be selected by the user eccording to wzileble die blocks and equipment, and number of re-sinking. end die block height ere shown in Figure 2.11. Die cavity dimensions should include an ellowance for the expansion of the stock on hesting and 1.5% hes been suggested for this es contraction allowance 25HIOISH woo1g 31d HLGIA yoo 31d figere 2.11. Die Block Width And Height 2.1). FORGING LOAD Forging loscl end pressure estimation in closed end impression die Inying eperations is difficult due to the cherecteristics of forgings. Most Seung operstions ere of nonstesdy-stete type in terms of metal flow, Hoes * end temperstures. In addition to this forgings include a lege tonler of different geometrical shepes which needs perticuler enslysis. Tor this reason meny researche ; ‘have been trying to : limste forging load by using empricel, stetistical or enelyticel enelysis, +, Ws stated in that none of the works give exect results for ell -. Oisses of forgings end depend on certain sssumptions. In this study sn “pried method called “Modified Drebing Method" which is steted to re results with + 10% error’ will be used, for load and energy tlevletions, In Order to calculate forging loed according to Modified Drebing Method losing detsis necessary, 26L 2) 3) Projected eres of forging excluding flash A (mm?) 4) Volume of flesh in flesh lend VF 1 (mm®) 5) 6) 7 ‘Volume of forging excluding flesh V (mm) Length of forging excluding flesh 1 (mm) Length of forging including flesh land It (mm) Plen area of flesh land Afl (mm?) Yield strength ¥ (kg/mm2), ‘The forging load is determined es follows: ‘The load on the flash land Lfl (kgf) is given by afl Lf-=yan (cn)"* (2.23) ‘The load on the forging Lig (kgf) is given by Lig sya" pe (2.24) The totel forging load is then given by. L= (Ly +A) (2.28) For different meteriels end different forging temperstures some yield strength values are presented in Teble 2.7. Other methods ere elso evaileble in the program end celculeted losd can be compered or chenged by the results of one of the selected methods, if desired. Analysis of forging losd eccording to different researchers is given in Appendix 1. 27Teble 2.7. Yield Strength for Steel (kg/mm_2) Yield strength [kg/mm2], Steel Quelity Forging temperature ‘C En BS 970 1100-1150 12001280 No No 3 080A 27 10.08 faa 8.62) tuuen7 5G am6.3) 8 080 M 40 945 756 693 5867 16 605M 36 1071 945 756 6,93 608M 38 1008 882 756 693 18 530M 40 945 819 693 6.90 20 1008 882 756 6.230 21 11971071 9458.82 22 1197 1071 «945 B82 23 «853M 31 11871071 945 8.82 24 817M 40 1134 1008 «8.19 (7.56 25 = 826M 31 1134-1008 «8827.56 26 = 828M 40 1197 10.08. 8.82. 8.19 30 835M 30 1197-1071" 9.45 B82 31 543.99, 945 8.19 693... 6.30 34 665M 17 10.71 9.45) @.19 © 35. 665M 23 O71 9.45 =< 8.19 ++ 36 «855M 13 1134 1008... 882. | 7.56 37 1197 1071. 945° 8.82 38 1119 7g 10.7 Oem a) 339° 835M 15 1197 1071945882 40 722M 24 11341071 9458.19 41 905M 41 1008 882 756 693 42 O70A72 945 819 693 6,30 43° 0B0A47 945 819 693 620 44 o60A96 945 818 693 6390 45 280053 1134 9450 8.19. 7.56 46 Mgt 945 897.56 47 735 A50 9.45 8.19 6.93 630 48 527A 60 11.34 10.08 819 7.56 1300 5.67 4.41 5.67 5.67 5.67 5.67 7.56 7.56 7.56 6.30 6.93 6.93 ” 7.56 5.04 6.30 6.30 6.93 7.56 7.56 7.56 7.56 6.30 5.04 5.04 5.04 6.30 6.30 5.04 6.93 28CHAPTER 3 MOULD DESIGN 3.1. INTRODUCTION ‘The life of the finishing die can be greatly extended by moulding the part before finishing, The moulding die hes seversl functions. Firstly it converts the billet more closely to the finel required shspe, secondly it reduces weer on the finishing die cavity and finelly it fecilitstes filling of deep cavities providing metel at necessary points in the die, The necessity of moulding impression for the finisher cavity depends on forging geometry, production volume end expected die life per setup. In ASM forging end cesting hendbook’ °.'it'is steted thet on the averege; for'a die life exceeding~-10000 ‘pieces before resinking, a ~ moulding impression is required. However this number cen increase or decrease ercording to complexity of forging. It is steted in a work by Chamuard and reviewed by Choi and Dean thet for complex shapes a moulding impression is normelly required and forgings with rib height to rib width ratio exceeding 2.5 are classified as complex forgings. In Teble 3.1 shepe complexity factors for different ‘sections sre shown, 7)Teble 3.1. Shape Complexity Fectors , Complexity Factor] Degree of (n/v) Complexity Simple Forging h/b negligible tsi bod Semi-simple Forging h/bet ay Semi-complex | a onsyco, Ori {1b Forging ene? 8 Bo Complex Forging maa 2.5¢h/be4 25 eo Very Complex Forging a.senypes.o| > Gl ita 30In most of the practice necessity of moulding impression is dependent on meny process veriebles, There is no sufficient design criteria availeble to decide for moulding impression sstomstically. Therefore it is logical to leave this decision to the user in a computer program. In the following sections different works on mould design are discussed end a design procedure is determined to use in the progrem. 3.2, MOULD DESIGN PROCEDURE, “ The general accepted outlines of mould design can be found in different publications, ; . and summerized es follows: 1) At the perting line which is elong the widest section of the forging, the mould cavity is kept 0.4 mm to].6 mm nerrower then the finisher cavity so thet the preformed part can easily fit into the finisher cavity. This is also necessary to avoid shesring of the moyjded shape by the walls of the finisher cavity. 2) Mould cavity is designed deeper then the finisher cavity in order to compansste the reduction on the lateral dimension described shove end therefore to provide volume constency, It is elso stated thet , _. the dimensions of thé moulded shepe should be lerger then those of the finished part in the forging direction so thet the metal flow is mostly of the upsetting type rather then the extrusion type. During the finishing stage the msteriel then will be sequeezed Isterally toward the die cavity without sdditional shear et the die-meterisl interfuce. This minimizes friction and forging low, therefore reduces the wear slong the die surface, 33) The volume of the mould cavity must be as lerge as the volume of the material in finisher cavity including flash ellowance. 4) The mould should have longer redii end fillets then finisher cavity to esse metel flow in the finel operetion, ° 5) Draft angles of the moulded shepe must conform to the ‘angles in the finished shape. 6) Itissteted that -, in order to provide mete] flow toward the ribs, an opening teper from center of webs toward the ribs should be provided Figure 3.1. 7) High ribs should be lowered in the moulding stege to provide metel flow in the finishing shape, 8) Web thickness in the mould cavity must be lerger then the web thickness in the finishing cavity. : t Figure 3.1. Opening teper (AB) from center of web toward rib. 323.4 THE PROPOSED DESIGN PROCESS: ‘With the help of discussion ebout the sufficiencies and insufficiencies of previous works on mould design. It can be suggested thet a computer program should conform the following items: 1) A computer program must perform the general outlines of mould design processes eccepted by all reseerchers [2-3, 12-14, 17-19, 25, 28, 37] these ere: 8) Mould must be nerrower then finisher csvity at the parting line, b) Volume constency must be setisfied thet volume of mould cavity must be equel to or grester then the volume of finisher cavity including flesh ellowence. c) Thin end tell ribs must be evoided. a) Webs must be thicker in mould cavity. e) Radii on mould cavity must be comiperatively lerger then the ones in finisher cavity. f) The top of thin ribs should be circuler to esse filling of them. 2) Since preform design is a highly experience dependent process, interective algorithms must be incorporsted in a program to interect with the user end make any desired modificetions as follows: 8) Type of eny entity must be changed. eg, line to circular arc or vice versa. b) Any corner redii end fillet redii cen be eltered. c) Any edge cen be roteted. 33d) Any edge con be shifted ; e) Redif can be inserted onto eny location. f) Redif can be deleted from eny locetion, ] ¢) Redii of circular entities must be altered. 3) Program must axtometicelly detect snd blend eny sharp corner thet is en undesired festure in a mould design, 4) The user must intersctively check the volume of moulded shape end the ratio of the volume of moulded shepe to volume of finished shape end flash allowance. 5) Structure of such @ program must be such thet it must execute well ] defined procedures satometicelly, then must supply useble tools to user to interactively modify the shspe designed ky program.yrotseqs ‘124204 'j9h Busssooud a “ueoy esmionus Bussz00ud Joy paxdope 999 1mo[Q) $08 possadsip # WIMk a4 wtog 10 2Y9 sIaqy ‘S19 Bop wyeug © 01 euayew re aprAoad 04 ‘sun Jo“2ya!5 511 “aouasaytp jruaurepuny ou 5121941 ss1MUAUIO “parNay a splou 4 urqon e201) uuina fq fypyos sued a sjousi0u = pou Wy surownjon soyry “Kea a4) ow aun -soid yBuy iapun yeustew pareonseyd 4 saysnd sound 24) 10 M98 ay wowdinbs aus ru Jo pury 24) wodn Supusdacy “usSaq wee pou a4) Duy Jo 20004 241 pur ‘paystQeis> ‘Tuyyeng anal sry jruatee Sugpyous oq sipy yin at0u3y pe 2jmaL 9p so ‘ssp Tau pjow {i949 ut puno} 2q ues Jpeg woofs 2yqesous ay) pur uorDa%uy AsruoNNs 34 “sqususai ayseq om? 294, suru Ruyprow x Jo usin ay) wo parumosfisonIp 338 YO ‘sued om Jo sitsuos prow uoyrafuy ayy ‘ose wanbay wsow ySnoyne wsqduns 2m) UT apko Suipjow au, 'p plow uonoafur ay” WM Baldvn? 3540) 3334 p25 24 I (ae sua apo vote 244 e->¢cf ado p04 anoge sy Squsnbay 2u0 passsveud 2q oF eyatew 249 UO Tutpusdagy osyoam ajzton Spout jo uonwoyrssei g'p 10d 10H paduo 9194 ung 21004 0g F t “aonarid uourwod 29 Kus suoysond ‘220 uo 'yBnouye 9¢ iy es Kyzewud spuedsaizes 3oo9 S14 Ut p3sn KBojouNAe) aL sad 92a 36saya pammgosse 214) pue euarys ulisop nu2:ayip wor) 1831 Kew sad41 plows Moy saIeNsUOUD SIL UE 21GRL Ut pardasaidas sy saimyray uBlsop Cewsud 01 Fuypuozde voNUAP J>yToNy wai sopra en upnony = ‘oaig} jo vores = ‘wountny = wes) wets worsety = “2d6y ses 249 pu 200 394 ‘ssuninay uBysap 53d) ‘Gea uno surd a4 Jo sonsusroeseys LL (12 age1) surd papjour ‘ue ufsap plow o} Auypuoare payssey> 2q UPD suonsury jo sdnos8 p3zna splou jo uonraytsse[a 10J ENO bb “syusisynbou 2gnds jo insu ses inno Jo saquinu pue 2215219882) 2 {yom jo yonouse Kress2aou aun sa ‘worst Surpjowsp 24) 01 eds24 rytse SLL 9 € 40) puewap aut 22}uB0% UTD 2U0 fou) ow oyu ur jo uo!0N) nyo unopyaig 22 Bd apis fy urge rat paws 0 a0 —“ ‘yo no ~ ‘yjo wor = ‘pomarssun = ‘yo paddurs - “ano paysnd — 99 ura sTurpjour reqs rey 241 wory twoneoyrsser2 1 WOH) asue sanmgssod Uiisap jo ssqune y ‘smmorapun yews wien ‘sinasapun jrusaiea ny ‘simasapun nyt = capone snd sot HP 20a Bupou 24 vores 4 Uo spundap uals unints stevie sod ung» pons oda ap ‘ued 2 Bpowsp wormon tevoday ious soy ok ‘n244 suove3s ue wos red 24) Bugutoy sopisag “IqUIOY © 20j plow ajdans © yim suoDUTy aE SjesUOWDp 12 Mey ‘siunow uoyeid auiysews ‘wast tunt94 pur Suipinl — ‘uryshe uonsate ~ ‘wrote adueypys je2q ~ “Guus snseo = woIsts ouury pur ands — 10} UN I paysrdwoooe 2q ue sysea asa IY “swwavodus pow yo souepind ‘uonous jo dorssqusunay — ‘se010) J0 vonepowionse — esau ose aye atau :sworsts peuogouny 8 pow # or paudyse suoruny Surprous a vost - “ype 300 oom --Se]> pur sjasoursa: Nee NP BUF HaPOUE Jy 134 TueAND BPP 0) yi 40 Bujo0s pue ee “pa ao -npIAIput apes 29 01 Sey prous sup '704 2u0 Ut (SHuIpjow) sued po iu0> $83 40 a10u1 Jo uowranpoud ay) 104 Plow uonsefut ay jo suonouny pp < 37‘woutios 2ane/9t:2109 Suymazosum Jo mswaroyy Uoxtow ainjosqe upiowsep Futinp 3 . £ z ' $uoqou jo aouanbae a4) 012901 ured Guyuado,, mos ut sisquinu au, “4s8] pur fg) soouasagar 24 wouy over ae sjdusexa ufsap a {e5]w pinoy aq ura sousiajs paeiop sio}4 splot Yone ‘1m popwond sanpayssod 241 Jo Uoneaipu YBnos e Auo s3ptxoud , sSupfoul, mor iy, ormoe duns susununbas jade ay spo 30) spyou aed prow sSvoROH OF ‘ns uszoy Tupunoanae 49 panne 510 oy *o voreauey Somwiad worse so pats |” ow "nw steuurgs ing we suum evorwaquon ova Raed omy | ssuunspantter 5 ‘Seu Ronard jan wy pose ied Pow pase Tater ‘m1 w nppons Rayadoyruonsanp-auo ‘unde wor 2093084 | Auspow yo fuer ye Kprindas Bupjow pu vars Bupjouap iy wa feud ony, | so} uep mek Plow 2unsi08un 9 ou Aya eau vassuen funow siq@ oom | Supiow ye Fonne Pes Supa fq Supow put ours jouonramdering'rotimmue | sopauthee cy ‘ud wa hq panne Op pie ‘suourutis £40) reputed ayn a91pu 30's Jesh pateauowsp sey [3] siteue je oo feniuaxs us pue yorosdde. P PIOU 0% Fuspeay ‘wed Suyuado - *sdupjou ‘ousuoieseys - ‘swwauodussoftu ide sprayed b2ds vo poseg Kpsous H af MuoyUN sKeaye Jou ar Spjow yo suonwudisoq Sind pom rmusiew pot 1yorno pau sxe Poy yar ds (2209 snd uot Aupou jo knee $2000) 30 wosmurues, Sues Proje ior rang ates amuses nay amd anus sasp Summa ‘ines yess poe wopoanp uma ot von Tawa yeu Sps¢ mt erst vonsta| Bow neg tuurdou) prow ding | “sts 2rd uvd vost Sear sap TE ans a vont thes ke furan Brpoung tuo syeaaie hea re] st, Huurd 300 piepun) vsep aidens| pow papunis Rrowpmsers| poamaast] tee cers wen copra * D Ea Sertisrnen| von itina | sei tuseongn | “a tupmmrooe ma (eu wonrotisp pow aysunpeceys #01 Supra musi “ee )9tt lea semis wep wd on By 38 PLONE SOW 0 vasrUNG tea” —atou rou uonostuyo eouotave seg ge 247 a 3 ® z snovapan 1m na 3 prow pode supyou yo puny nev, RIAD {uy upurd au __ Ie pou om i] oO, © A es S| sovegerecon eon ? 23] sowmapue ads 9 re aiaee me0> i eyeing wusnteuomety © i Ut es A iia ands 085 [tao weit ids 929 69 S508 iow prOpeRI5,1d Iuuado,, Mos wy dquinw aL ‘18 pur fp9)ssouasajou oy wos, uno} 99 urD ss0U2%3)35 poqersp a20y4“sploUs Yans PUY YMOA e KUO SapIAOsd ,sFuIpjous, mou 34, usyn aim sojdurexa ‘wim papyond soy ov aus r ussd you op atm Ssuzusunboy sods yay spew 3691012 J spree) srow irseds 1p rojueu paroy furauise= ue w parser aeumy | plow s>uuRAIOH OF ‘Uns vio Bepunoune@| neu 3009104 #0 uoNeEUo) Sunynwiad woes ok stirs prow steuutyp ing ua ekt suin ecranuoo eu soy Pum omy | ssuunapouttet 5 logard anor qm payor Kine, prow Pes a fonlow 2antsdo ruogssnp-ou0 weve we us a0 foe _aye ferred Dupjow pu avn Ba ‘ups yo aor 29) PUR HHO L prow Fusaneun 9 oe mss Supe yo Farina 201 P28 p POW y (Duan Tanow pmo Ka Muspow pe ssevna jo uoynaedos ing" ‘od wa ha poe as ue woDenp yeu voto uniada su True sag prow pus ‘¢ uipjou yo ade wets woreat = ind addi ye Rapounp Ra" or maNS Pew ating c Aunued oni) tua sir adding atdound vost, af eK tuna Rapousp uous | = our retyoo sipnitoppon| an npsua!oun turd oot pepuere) heap aearg| pou pepumg'y ma] sonseayo means a Few RrHNrS| pewinmiont| aupouye tress | su doumdyp nqum ‘ewe wowevtisaq Ze 7 ‘urund rN seydsa 6 ey xdiouud oy ayes ‘sBupow - ‘oususpeseys - ‘swauedwos softs JUSS sere 38) Yar paropre inst 220UrU-04 "oP Yornd se yonsullsaptofdinos ¢ PUR az Ty! umoys S304, SPIOU Jo uowiayssey9 y Sst £2 19%, wonrandde seas 9 swstodweo syods wo posea fous tf Wuojun séeaye Jou are spjow jo suoneutiog Sd pe rrusin por 230 0 pou $2010 Jo wormarues, Prom souune- pari, Drow wunien | prague ort leans stones ued oe gor ntng| “cops | Moun Seiey net ann somueind aston, 1 Sy {etl vontusisp pw apsuerern #04 2pee ua se tL wourestip pH | worGsn wag ‘sow FuSuengay| or fupioove vom el ime wep dn 10 pee 1080 wren yy 38i] 0. © ee | se vognsedss anewoine z 23] ssn punanis » m7 3 warets vont i Lehi B Neel 0H 7808 39 sBypion [wioa a0] Bayo spry po BsapaaeD wouscom je 39) 5und ws aimd sadduig-« ss21ed Radu) © woikep ene [oaaay BE spiow 8p 18 HABER 08 propueNs,(ood 30 uo pongo) (oc) prow prepueis neuer vg {val utp prow oy anp2cond Jour yo wynuntty op 8 vwnsts mpaly tes woxer ss F ws xee FE a0 saute rn iy ee 29100 S110)39, ‘wonouny wew ag) fq us 39 0} axty suOMpuED Kiepu Sswompu0a 2yp pormaHoqut or twonesado m1 pus pjow w seq ox dos &q dais 2498 Bussnposd UBisap plou soy aimpososd ose cps} 40(prams) 1684 romans 1084 Al“aeq atte Jo ainda uat3 Jo saa20 ue prow 24) 01 Arup pur ey xu 24) ue SaN!ARD IP Jo Rave p2t2af04d aut wos 908s 241 WoH) pany sy soxny Tuydurrp wUTU 2 IN 80>'N>'N FO 1m 3q rowurg sanjea sw9aKa as 2) oH pausms2}9preyt ot enbs 29 Ku0"IsouN 24 {109 Uy s2uuns pur ued Jo sunjon an usar oy xa o'N on 5 fou) parearro st sonyars jo saquinw ve CUaty 22, yatoayt wumuyeus 24) ay ry “KqUEN o1 (9 uay9 vara sues Jo ate winuaerur ~ "suns NED winuurerA Wo4) 20:0) anoeat ayy sresuaduiog 1 sry You 3910) Bo\duD = un 22d apiiosd ues auryseur aq jeyotews pa Iporanoos) yey 42.SSS ® 980 | l seam pen SL | TAR somo annpa2oe vo49}93/09 du aaR joes yon 13401 2@ 01 2a t8p 4249p PUE 8809 Jb pauinbasiusuidinbs aumyacus aiqegear 241 'Ss0s2so1, ‘pavapisuo> 24m eU>TLD Sruowose se jam se resvuyoay, “sana jo Jaquiau ay) 2uyu2I2p os da UBis9p SY LL ‘pasodond st (e014) uey> AOU, sonata jo soquunu jo uorteladuoy nu-zt @ (0) 005 = Fa stern auyyriski 10) - weet co) (ua) ae-oce= FES syruayeu snoydioure 105 ~ s (ounstaid uonsafur RaW OZI) s9usy2eW pul splou YouLLOD 204 aye U (oases onose + (2101 ye tngg-+ sousa mu) 5-24 Oct = HL -nsodusay 22091) 3, = My jo aumvezaduiss you syryaina supers 0 205 ~ (Q.0st + (ameadwar 22391) 9 = Ma. Jo aimee nau © aye ot + s0us-¥e) Seg OLZ — OF. = PL ssyousrew snoydiowe 20) - 51 Ausoosta 2aynayja asedde, dW Oct 89 :Sounpeus uouoD 30) :(e4) 2unssaud uormafurwnuIXeW d 99 us gg "to :anjea apgessjaidKpanenend (5/49) WO!) Moy 241 j0 KyD9}>4 4s (5e9 ay) séeaye sous) Ssouys unt 98s] yom IPE ON St (042) (1) ssouyonta pur (A) HPI MI SmIpes aHREIpAY INCL FAN) / LAT H (9) aft] moy 7 aun mute o-ce oH penal) (aa) 1 saminasiog-ustent wor pasuop ons S530 ce) fem / wu wou 3H “fasrquas Jo er ragskyd 349 07 ws9yu0o YoU s20p ours sy) senr334 ‘presedssjeusveur yoeo 40) paujuusrop 24 oF sey worreuoyur 9g 04 wey © 2 t ono Wet mOL Ze A : on “sme ana ors mI n; * ps as Tene ith > os = a> vsti se st “ssauroqy te WRU pares ay) pus ~ ‘Ayano ay ut yur ay) gifs moy winixereus 24) ~ son cue soidap ze-Stg “uatddns yous sueiSeyp aieudoudely 5202 pus pur prourduss found ruined 241 &@ papisosd 1m pus ysTus| Moy Uaamsg oe 24151 YoUsIUD Z24LOUy ep uowuos si "yes oper ssaunary [ea / Bua Moy aUL yyy a3Su:moytoy 941 wory Buynso4 “ouyyoeus Suypyow jo 2010) Tuydusey> ~ :suopipuo Kimpunog 199 Jo susquinu ypo(Zojouysoy 9 sepinord ¢ dors weaforg ys spp Jo snag wo 30 jo sdats§ 10 3 YER aU0p aq onary worsks prow 16" 2 uy 5 ued 252q9 vagy, 29 pur asne9 0 ‘suogouny Aimuatiays UNOUT [219435 on }p suou ws passnasp 29M You CET Ur wUORe gt ‘umop pamouseu 24 01 sey sms Jo soquumu 24p I 0Tiy wy porrutsuousp sv sdnos smoWs HEM “809 Jo 99100 [ainnjeas 2g 09 aan 8 i wor tnH9A0 3 2 i 24) Uap 48919 OF foqeId 1d0 ur py 0139910. “uTsap plow ut Kssadsa as ufisep ayn re ws 1809 myn 3pnpoue> fjasi24uo un BuO ‘paiMioejMURU yo Krung pry peng) onenunwe por ones nto Suara Ea} ora) (romano) c6°%g ® a wring ig ten aa1] pjow 2m Bupyews 304 pspsau au ‘ayn sy pue pauunsse Kyeuuo samara Jo J2quinu 24) u39aog aouD1a 1UT>yIUaIs © sy su3q0jT 1H pav0x9 ung ing JaqUumu SIG} Jo HOMS [fe YOU ISRU SaNIARD Jo ssquiNU enI9e a, (sqwou) u (4652124) s29f5810}100") SOT “syys € yay sea and sanay Suryzom gong #s6r@ a (79-4-9009-009¢ | «2 PTET TOT iba 34 wou) HYNDE sequin Ayers 2g) uoqt 9589 a4) Kisou! 51 Se“uodn p2as8e u99q sey aie ALaAIfp WY FJ (dass) "1p K22ayfap uo pases: yAeDJOIQUON ESE {cal 2np opi pur sara jo sauna ussnng uma -9e 3 a yon atu ® inf anuds 30 uss0u9 > Jo Jquinu ay) Fuyures loys pus wo) 1ad 01 papjow 2g 01 sind j18 woe pinom pond 2ygeis ov 248 2:34 puos (c 215) *u ‘spuewrsp “dous Suypyou 241 J0 su 299 Pinoys pur su>jgjoxd i209 pizea i -uenb pa1apio 24101 diysuoneas wy sajna Jo sequinu aypapiaoid Ura wae rou ferowos’ wed ueys s04r0 Unguy 94 ued © Ino4) ipo sy.sads 4 0 patntpe NUL, {€6] yoroudde sy 2 $8.64 iuydua oust (1 dais) Mu 'sontara jo ssquinu jeoudus Sy yoo aun “Eanssa00u 59 Ry se Says 28349 Jo But0s Furmo4oy a Up ‘Paysspy sou 309 ay pur pazuruns 24m 809 jeapwaipus ay pL dais Up erdo9 rpapord # Jo aud soo ayn siamo wm w YEU "pea43A0 ay) FuL2MOY 30) 3}g0u3)91d Sonne Jo F9quinu a¥un & Kenoi4q 1 9p 29 0113910 210u Soy YouYA “SIRO TUyI0M s9Ma)SuRaLL 9 Jo Jaquinu J38sm) m argh Jo wey qoud 2 o a5ne939 ws “zr dars uy 09 prow 1 ay 30) seq ayn 2q IM K-11 dats “pauyap 2q utD se09 ‘joamsod sau dans oy lurBe su ‘pjow ayo suorsusunp apseq ut uate 1481 Kep 219 bu 2470 27184), 2qIOUR aUO YH 2 2 309r1 Jo unowE sreuoruodoNd © us Infos aanrusayyss9pysuon jm sUa}s SuxrndoD B INP Jo J2qUINL feaOUOD3 JU 3 S9p!29p 204d 109 34129415 "INpaYDS ALON © Xe PaUyap 5 pL sy 405 ns S2unypeus Jo s9quinu 24, SeuNSeus nuasayip oH 838 Wm snFoyrip pardwoud w ut Kqes9j9rd) y dass ut 9 sod Jo sioquinu ay) ¢ pur EZ" sdats wo sns31 22 watayiq (raindui0s ayy to pataunsas 3g sa.aro 3 “areyd suyoeus yo sas — ‘22181045 jo 0139 wor ‘Suyyoeu jo a5 1045 — 4s