REVISION CAPSULE - PHYSICS UNITS AND MEASURE- © The SI system : It is the international system of units. At present internationally accepted for measurement. In this system there are seven fundamental and two supplementary quantities and their corresponding units are: (Quantity Unit Symbol 1. Length metre ™ 2 Mass kilooram | kg 3. Time second 8 J4. Electric current ampere A 5. Temperature kelvin kK 6 Luminous intensity | candela ed 7. Amount of substance | mole mol Supplementary 1, Plane angle redian rad [2. Solid angle steradi st Dimensions : These are the powers to which the fundamental tits are raised to get the unit of a physical quantity. Uses of dimensions (To check the correstness of a physical relation To derive relationship between different physcal quantities. (ii) To convert one system of unit into another. 1 "22 miMPLAe] — miMgeSTS Significant figures: In any measurement, the reliable digits plus the first unceriain digit are known as significant figures. Error : Iis the difference between the measured value and true value ofa physical quantity or the uncertainty in the measurements. Absolute error : The magnitude of the difference between the true value and the measured value is called absolute error. a, Mean absolute error a), Aa = 4a, Aa, =a ~a, {Aa |+ | Aa |+...+|Aay| re sh laal "et Relative eror: It isthe ratio ofthe mean absolute eror to its true value Aa or relative error = “* © Percentage error : It isthe relative error in per cent, 2 so Parentage er -[ Aycan Ut ts) Average speed, Vqy~ S27 53 © ets eV et, th * ate © Average acceleration, a,, =“ MOTION INA ‘STRAIGHT LINE te (© Thearea under the velocity-time curve ‘sequal tothe displacement and slope gives acceleration. ©. Ifa body falls freely, the distance ‘each subsequent second starting from first ‘theratio 13:5: 7ete. covered by second will be © Ha boty isthrown vertically up with an initial velocity u, it takes w/g second to reach maximum height and w/g second toreturn, ifair resistance is negligible. © _ [fair resistance acting on a body is considered, the time tibet by fn ty torsach openem heghtic on asthe time to fall back the same height, (© Fora particle having zero initial velocity if s « t* , where a > 2, then particle's acceleration increases with time, (© Fora particle having zero initial velocity if s « t* , where a <0, thea particle's acceleration decreases with time, © Kinematicequtions: +a, (0; P= uF +24, (9 s=uit 4,0%5, <4 $0n-9 toa in | =n a ‘magnitude of tangential acceleration, $= distance (@ _ Hacceteration is variable use calculus approach. Relate weoety: Yan FH © Tis the time of fight, h maximum height, horizontal range ofa projectile, its angle of projection, then the relations among these qua nat 8 gT?=2Rtana Rtna=4h MOTION INA PLANE,REVISION CAPSULE - PHYSICS For a given initial velocity to get the same horizontal range, there are twoangles of projection «t and 90° —«. ‘The equation to the parabola traced by a body projected horizontally from the top of tower ofheight y, with a velocity uisy = gx?/2u?, where x is the horizontal distance covered by it from the foot of the tower. ax? xian coo Equation of trajectory is which is parabola. Equation of trajectory of an oblique projectile in terms of x range (R)is y= xtano(1-* we (R) is y tano( x) Maximum height is equal to n times the range when the projectile is launched at anangle 0 ~ tan~'(4n). In auniform circular motion, velocity and acceleration are constants only in magnitude. Their directions change. In uniform circular motion, the kinetic energy ofthe body isa constant. W-0, 4 #0, #constant, L=constant 2 ? Centripetal acceleration, a, =o*r="—=ov (always © Nowton’s first law of motion or law of inertia: Itis resistance to change. © Newton's second F=mi, F=dp/dt Laws oF hw MOTION © impuise: 45 =Fat, p)-p, ‘Newton's third law: F} = Frictional force f,<(i)om =HsRi fk = Circular motion with variable speed, For complete circles, the tring must be taut in the highest position, u? 2 Sgn eoo Circular motion ceases at the instant when the string becomes slack, i.e, when T =, range of values of u for Which the string does go slack is /2ga otalwork dueto all kinds offorces, AK = total change in kinetic energy. © 2Werseraive =-E AU; EWeansenatve = Total work due to ll kinds of conservative forces. Au => Total change inall kinds of potential energy. © Cocficientofrestitution = Yleity of separation velocity of approach © _Thetotal momentum of sysiem ofpparticlesis a constantin the absence of extemal forces. The centre of mass of a system of Particles is defined as the point whose ma M © The engular momentum ofa system ofr ‘SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES AND | position vector is R= ROTATIONAL, MOTION particles about the origin is L= 375 xp, L=mr=lo ee {© The torque or moment of ferce on a system of n particles about the origin is t= 25 x, © _ Themoment ofineria ofa rigid body about an axis is defined by the formula 1= mr? © Thekinetic energy ofrotationis K = @ _ Thetheorem ofparallel axes: I, ‘Theorem of perpendicular axes :REVISION CAPSULE - PHYSICS © For rolling motion without slipping v,,,= Ro. The kinetic, energy of such a rolling body isthe sum of kinetic energies of translation and rotation : K = Jamey + pio? © Arisia body isin mechanical equilibriumit (@) itis translational equilibrium ic, the total extemal force on itis zero: F, (b) Itis rotational equilibrium ie., the toral external torque on itis zero: 1,=51,% F,=0. Ifabodyis released from rest onrough inclined plane, then a for pure rolling}; > —"—tan0 @,=nm?) fo ling Br =F ay > a Rolling with sliding 9>a Ane (a2 +17)? Aner Dipole electric field onthe axis at adistancerr from thecentre: i ae_._2 dneg( -a7) Aner forr>>a Dipolemoment P= 92a Ina uniform electric field f , a dipole experiences a torque F given by 7=BxE but experiences nonet force. ‘The flux Ap of electric field jf through a small area element by apna Gauss law: The flux of electric field through any closed surface Si 1g times the tal charge enclosedi.e,Q ‘Thin infinitely ong strsight wire of uniform linear charge a Bacgt Infinite thin plane shee of uniform surfacecharge density density: Besa 2a) Thin spherical shell of uniform surface charge density o : o (r2R) :E=0 (, Cy... are individual capacitances. =C,+C,+C,+REVISION CAPSULE - PHYSICS (QElectriccurrent, 1= 4 t CURRENT Current density j gives the amount of ELECTRICITY | charge flowing per second per unit area @ normal tote Now, 7= qv I M4 and Vy © Mobily, w= 58 i (6 “ istance R= p<, Resista oo Equation E = p] another statement of Ohm's law, ° = resistivity ofthe material Obm’s aw Ice Vor V=RI (@) Total resistance R of n resistors connected in series R=R,+Ry4....+R, (b) Total resistance R of n resistors connected in parallel tout RR, R, Kirchhoff’s Rules ~ (a) Junction rule: At any junction of circuit elements, the sum of currents entering the junction @ ‘must equal the sim of currents leaving i (b) Loop rule: The algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed loop must be zero, (© The Wheatstone bridge is an arrangementof four resistances R,, Rp, Ry, Ry. The null-point condition is given by Ri Be R, Ry © The potentiometer is a device to compare potential erences, The device can be used to measure potential difference; internal resistance ofa cell and compare emt’ of _] romain rina (3 p=resistivity of the material eo 9 8 RC circuit : During charging : q=CE (1 -e-**°) During éischarging : q= qyeYC According ‘to Joule’s Heating law, H=F-Rt © _ The total force on charge qmoving with velocity v i.e., Lorentz force. F=q(¥xB+b). A straight conductor of length and carrying a steady current I experiences a force F in auniformexternal magnetic field B, F=IéxB, the direction of ¢ is given by the direction of the current. bo dex? © Biot Savart law dB = F219 ‘Themagnitude ofthe magnetic field due toa circular coil of © edu canyingecurent{ atananlal duende toc the 6 glk? Dore ” centre is B= ELECTRO- MAGNETIC INDUCTION ‘The magnitude of the field B inside a long solenoid carrying, aN acurent lis: B= jl For atoroid oneobuans, B=" Ampere’s Circuital Law: 6 B,d@ = j4gl, where Ireferstothe & current passing through S. Force between two long parallel wires The forces attractive if currents are in the same direction and repulsive currents are in the opposite dire For current carrying coil M = NIA ; torque= 7 =MxB Conversion of() galvanometer into ammeter, § -( (i) galvanometer into voltmeter, S ‘Themagnetic intensity, ‘The magnctisation jf ofthe materials its dipole moment per unit volume. The magnetic field B in the material i, B= p+) For a linear material M = yH . So that B = pH and x is called the magnetic suscepti Lenz's law states that the polarity of the induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current ‘which opposesthe change in magnetic flux that producesit. ‘The induced emf (motional emf) across ends ofarod = Bly Z ‘A changing current in acoil (coil2) can induce an emfin a nearby coil (coil 1), mutual inductance ofcoil | wr:tcoil2 Growth of current in an inductor, i For decay of current, i = ige 8 igh-e®*4]REVISION CAPSULE - PHYSICS © Foran alternating current i= i, sin ot passing through a resistor R, the average Power loss P (averaged over cycle) due to ALTERNATING ) joule beating is(1/2)i2,,R. CURRENT Em£E=Epsinot © Root mean square (rms) current i, 4. Be. == 0707 ig Ema ‘The average power loss over a complete cycle P=V I cosp. The term.cos is called thepower factor. ‘An ac voltage v = v,, sinot applied to 2 pure inductor L, drives a current in the inductor i=, sin cot ~7/2), where igg= Vq/Xp- X,= OL is called inductive reactance. An ac voltage V= Vj, sinox applied to a capacitor drives a ccurreat in the capacitor: i=, sin (i+ 712). Here, in ‘An interesting characteristic ofa series RLC circu phenomenon of resonance. The circuit exhibits resonance, i.e, the amplitude of the current is maximam at theresonant L frequency, oy =p ML = Xe) Impedance z= JR? +, xe)” ‘Transformation ratio, K -s-3- Jp ‘Step up transformer : Ng>Np: Es> Epi Ip> Is ‘Step down transformer Np > Ng; Ep> Egand Ip erieal angle, ttl ‘Lens formula — vue . 1 _gaym)(4 Lensmaker'sfrmala: =o ‘The power ofalens P= 1/f The Slunit for power ofa lensis cioptte (D): 1D= 1m. Ifseveral thin lenses of focal length f,,f, fare in contact, 1 the effective focal = The total power of a combination of several lenses P=P,+P)*Py ‘Chromatic aberration ifsatisfying the equati o: Ft FT =O o¢ interms of powers «,P, +0,P, D) Vol, ynpound nt = 2 For compoundiicroscope M= 501+) ‘when finalimage atD VD Me fog, Men final image at infinity. Yo © Waveffont + It is the locus of all the articles vibrating in the same phase. @ The resultant intensity of two waves of intensity To/4 of phase difference at any ints 1 Iycos?| & pons ior] ‘where Ip isthe maximum density. Intensity I< (amplitude)? ‘Condition for dark band : 8 = (2n— DE . for bright band : d= maREVISION CAPSULE - PHYSICS ooo e9e9e e989 Da Fringe width B=—~ A thin film of thickness t and refractive index y appears dark by reflection whea viewed at an angle ofrefractionr if 2utcos =n (n= 12,3, etc) A single sit of width a gives a diffraction pattem with a central maximum, The intensity falls o zero at angles of 2,2 ete, Amplitude of resultant wave R = ya? +8? + 2abcos) Intensity of wave =I, +1; +2 yihpeose Brewster law: = tay Energy ofa photon E=hv =" Momentum ofa photon P Einstein's photoelectric equation MODERN PHYSICS foe = hv) =h (v-Vo) Mass defect, AM=(Zm,+(A-Z)m,)-M: AE,=AMc 1 amu=931 MeV 2 > ny, while in p-type semiconductors n, >>. n-type semiconducting Si or Geis obtained by doping with pentavalent atoms (donors) like As, Sb, P.etc., while p-type Si or Ge can be obtained by doping with trivalent atom (acceptors) like B, Al, In ete. arm” Activity= N In forward bias (n-side is connected tonegative terminal of the battery and p-side is connected to the positive, the barrier is decreased while the barrier increases in reverse bias. Diodes can be used for rectifying an ac voltage (restricting, the ac voltage to one direction), Zener diode is one such special purpose diode. In reverse bias, after a certain voltage, the current suddenly increases, (breakdown voltage) in a Zener diode. This property has been used to obtain voltage regulation. “The mmportant transistor parameters for CE-configuration are: Inputresistance Output resistance (aN) (AVce} 5-Unty Me | ale iy (atc) ie, ‘The voltage gain of transistor amplifier in common emitter configeraton is Yee Current amplification factor, p= va) _ pk Ay =[y J Pigg » where Re and Ry, are respectively the resistances in collector and base sides of the circuit ‘The important digital circuits performing special 1o ‘operations re called logic gates. Theseare: OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR gates. NAND gate is the combination of NOT and AND gate. NOR gate is the combination of NOT. and OR gate. © Transmitter, transmission channel and receiver are three basic units of a communication system. © Tv0 important forms of communication system are: Analogand Digital, The information to be transmitted is generally in continuous ‘waveform for the former while forthe later it hhas only disrete or quantised levels, Low frequencies cannot be transmitted to long distances. Therefore, theyare superimposed on a high frequency carrier signal by a process known as modulation, Intheprocess ofmoculation, new frequencies called sidebands are generated on either side fan antenna radiates electromagnetic waves from a height bhp then the range dy 2h; R= radius of earth, Effectiverange, d = J2Rhy +/2Rhq hh, = height of transmitting antenna; hy = height of receiving antenna WN, Critical frequency V, lags) WHETE Nyy = HO. dcusity oF electrons? (Yous)? Skip distance, Diy =24( ) —1 h= height of reflecting layer of atmosphere. 1 Power radiated by an antenna