“EVIDENCE COLLECTION AND CASE

SUBMISSION GUIDELINES”

National Forensic Science Agency

Ministry of Interior
Government of Pakistan
 MAP

Contact Information
National Forensic Science Agency,
H-11/4 Plot # 1, 2, 27&28, Near Police Lines Islamabad,
Ph# 051-9330302
Fax: 051-9330297
E-mail: info@nfsa.gov.pk
Web address: http://www.nfsa.gov.pk
NATIONAL FORENSIC SCIENCE AGENCY

NFSA, Islamabad at its own new premises

National Forensic Science Agency 01

 Among those We have created
there is a community who guide
by the Truth and act justly
according to it.

(Surat al-A'raf, 181, AL-Quran)

Work honestly and sincerely and be faithful

and loyal to the Pakistan Government. I can
assure you that there is nothing greater in this
world than your own conscience and, when
you appear before God, you can say that you
performed your duty with the highest sense of
integrity, honesty and with loyalty and
faithfulness.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Father of Nation)

Broadcast Message February, 1948

02 National Forensic Science Agency

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Message 6
Foreword 7
Introduction 8
Reminisce 9
Abbreviations 10

1. Crime Scene Investigation 11

1.1 Crime Scene Investigation Department 11
1.2 Responsibilities 11
1.2.1 First Responder 11
1.2.2 Crime Scene Investigation Officer 12
1.2.3 Forensic Expert Team 12
1.3 NFSA Evidence Collection Guidelines 13
1.3.1 DNA Evidence Collection 13
1.3.1.1 Bloodstains/Semen Stains/Saliva Stains at Crime Scene 13
1.3.1.2 Reference samples from living subjects (victim/suspect) 14
1.3.1.3 DNA samples from deceased subject 15
1.3.1.4 Other DNA Evidence at Crime Scene 16
1.3.2 Finger Print Evidence Collection at Crime Scene 17
1.3.2.1 Searching for latent prints (Non-destructive technique) 17
1.3.2.1 Latent Prints on Wet Surface 17
1.3.2.2 Latent Prints on Wet Surface 17
1.3.2.3 Developing the latent prints (destructive technique) 17
1.3.2.4 Lifting of prints 18
1.3.2.5 Submitting The Evidence 18
1.3.2.6 Submitting The Reference Fingerprints For Comparison 19
1.3.3 Firearms and Tool marks Evidence Collection 19
1.3.3.1 Firearms Evidence 19
1.3.3.2 Bullets/Projectiles 20
1.3.3.3 Fired Cartridge Cases 20
1.3.3.4 Ammunition (Live Round) 20
1.3.3.5 Powder and Shot Pattern 21
1.3.3.6 Gunshot Residue 21

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 1.3.3.6 Preservation of Tool Marks 21
1.3.3.7 Preservation and Packaging of Tools 21
1.3.4 Explosives Evidence Collection 22
1.3.5 Questioned Documents Evidence 23
1.3.5.1 Exemplars to be Submitted 23
1.3.5.2 Typewritten Material 23
1.3.5.3 Check Protectors, Rubber Stamps, Date Stamp Set 24
1.3.5.4 Preservation of Questioned Documents 24
1.3.5.5 Shipment of Evidence 24
1.3.5.6 Charred Documents 24
1.3.5.7 Other Questioned Document Evidence 24
1.4 Release of the Crime Scene 25

2. DNA and Serology Section 26

2.1 Forensic Services By DNA and Serology Section 26
2.2 Samples Required for Case Submission 27
2.2.1 Samples Requirement for Parentage Analysis Cases 27
2.2.2 Samples Requirement for Sexual Assault Cases 28
2.2.3 Samples Requirement for Bomb Blast Cases 30
2.2.4 Samples Requirement for Homicide Cases 33
2.2.5 Samples Requirement for DNA Profiling Cases 35
2.2.6 Samples Requirement for Dead Body Identification Cases 37

3. FIREARM TOOLMARKS EXAMINATION SECTION 38

3.1 Forensics Services Offered By Firearms/Tool marks Examination Section 38
3.2 Nature of Cases/Evidence Submitted for Analysis 39
3.3 Case submission criteria /Required Documents 39
3.4 Case Acceptance/Rejection Parameters and Guidelines 39
3.4.1 Collection and Packaging of Firearms Evidence 39
I) Revolvers 40
ii) Pistols 40
iii) Shotguns and Rifles 40
3.4.2 Collection and Packaging of Ammunition Evidences 41
3.4.3 Bullets /Projectiles 42
i) From Wood, Plaster, etc 42

04 National Forensic Science Agency

ii) From a Person or Body 42
3.4.4 Shot Pellets 43
3.4.5 Cartridge Cases 43
3.4.6 Shot Wads 43
3.4.7 Loaded Shells or Cartridges 43

4. EXPLOSIVE ANALYSIS SECTION 44

4.1 Requirement For Evidence Receiving Unit 44
4.2 Forensic Services Provided by Explosive Section 45
4.3 Collection And Packaging Of Explosives Evidence 45

5. QUESTIONED DOCUMENT SECTION 47

5.1 Forensic Services Offered 47
5.2 Case Submission Criteria 48
5.2.1 Handwriting Analysis 48
5.2.2 Signatures Analysis 48
5.2.3 Alteration, Erasures, Obliteration, Paper analysis and ink comparison 50
5.2.4 Versification of Official Stamps/Seals 50
5.2.5 Analysis of Indented writing 50
5.3 Instructions for Submitting evidence in Agency 51

6. FINGERPRINTS SECTION 52
6.1 Forensic Services Offered 52
6.2 Case Submission Criteria 52
6.3 Case Acceptance/Rejection Parameter 52
6.3.1Criminal Cases 53
6.3.2 Civil Cases 53
6.4 Guideline For Submitting And Packing The Evidence 53

7. EVIDENCE RECEIVING UNIT 55

7.1 Service Provided BY Evidence Receiving Unit 55
7.1.1 Initial Scrutiny 55
7.1.2 Scrutiny for submission 56

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 MESSAGE

National Forensic Science Agency is a

substantial organization engaged in providing
technical support to law enforcement
agencies fight against terrorism and
organized crime.

The Organization has evolved over the years

after acquisition of the state of the art
equipment, capacity building of its personnel
and daily analysis of the cases. There was a
great need for a state of the art organization at
federal level for forensics appraisals. I am
glad that a few steps in the right directions
have been taken which ultimately would
benefit law enforcement agencies to
ascertain the truth. Well done keep it up the
good work.

Iqbal Mehmood (PSP, QPM)

Director General, NPB

06 National Forensic Science Agency

 FOREWORD

Forensics is the new dimension of criminal investigation that

has been serving as a reliable approach around the world to
find the truth. Pakistan is in great need of an established
forensic agency than any other country around the globe as
law and order has become more challenging in recent times.
The law enforcement agencies are making their best to cope
but a combined effort is necessary to overcome this
menace.

In terms of forensics, each piece of evidence is a witness to

the crime, and every criminal leaves behind certain
traceable evidence like blood stains, saliva, bone, piece of
flesh, body fluids, hairs, nails, mud, paint, plastic material,
thread, bullet shells, trace residues, tire marks, paper, ink,
computers and adhesive material. Everything related to the
crime scene is precious which tells an entire story about that
particular incident where it respectively belongs to.

It is just like arranging the pieces of puzzle with methodical

assembly and analysis of evidence to establish facts that
can be presented in a legal proceeding. Because science is
unbiased and sound, forensics is considered to be a very
critical part of any investigation. The collection of evidence
from crime scene is a very acute step in solving any crime.
The rapid and reliable justice can only be achieved when
laboratory is provided with correctly collected samples.

The purpose of this booklet is to guide the law enforcement

personnel regarding proper collection, storage and
submission of evidence. This booklet would also be helpful
to understand the need of laboratory to save precious critical
evidence.

This is first edition which will be revised periodically. Urdu

version of this guideline will be available soon. I appreciate
Mr Ahmed Farooq, Scientific Officer (DNA/Serology) & Mr
Abdul Bari, Scientific Officer (Fingerprints) for their
wonderful work and DG NPB for all his support.

Dr. Syed Kaleem Imam

(TI, QPM, PPM, UNPM)
Project Director, NFSA

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 INTRODUCTION

National Forensic Science Agency is a Project of National Police Bureau, Ministry of Interior. The

project was revised on June 2015 and will be completed in June 2017. Currently, six forensic sections

of National Forensic Science Agency are functional, which are DNA, Fingerprints, Questioned

Documents, Ballistics & Tool Marks, Explosive analysis and Crime scene investigation. All the

sections are receiving the cases from law enforcement agencies across the country. The agency has

plans to establish Narcotics, Toxicology, Trace Chemistry, Serology, Digital Forensics and Audio &

Video forensic analysis sections.

The experts in the organization are qualified and well-motivated. They have undergone different

training courses from UK, France and Australia beside several in house training sessions. In the

process experts have conducted different training programs to law enforcement personnel.

It is appreciated that National Forensic Science Agency is providing forensic services free of cost to all

provinces including tribal areas, AJ&K, Gilgit Baltistan. It is important to realize that proper collection of

evidence from crime scene and case submission is the first solid step towards solution of crime. Hence

if crucial evidence is not properly collected it may hinder whole crime investigation.

It is also a fact that a little care in evidence collection may give a big lead to unravel the truth hidden in

that evidence. The NFSA has prepared this guideline booklet for all the law enforcement personnel

enabling them to better organize for proper sample collection and preservation. This is first edition of

the guidelines. Your valuable suggestions will help us to improve upon the guidelines in future.

Ahmad Farooq Abdul Bari

Scientific Officer Scientific Officer

08 National Forensic Science Agency

 REMINISCE

ØCurrently, all forensic analysis performed at National Forensic Science Agency are free of
cost for all law enforcement organization across Pakistan.

ØThe Investigation Officers and other law enforcement agencies personnel are requested to
avail the forensic services provided for upward mobility of justice in Pakistan.

ØCases are only submitted in Evidence Receiving Unit during office hours.

ØAll cases are analysed in order of submission. However analysis time may vary depending
upon the nature of evidence and analysis conducted.

ØThe results are directly disposed to case submitting authorities. No person(s) is allowed to
take reports directly from the office.

ØThe instructions provided in this booklet must be followed strictly for rapid authentic
results.

ØAlways maintain the chain of custody.

ØBefore collecting any evidence always wear appropriate gloves.

ØAvoid the mixing of samples/evidence while packing and storing them. Each evidence
should be packaged separately.

ØAll evidences must be collected, packaged, sealed, stored and shipped according to guide
lines provided in this booklet.

ØCrime Scene Unit is available to help in any case upon prior request from concerned
authorities (Regional SSP/DPO/CPO).

ØIn case of sexual assault if the medical examination is conducted after 72 hours of sexual
activity and 24 hours after sodomy incident the case will not be entertained by NFSA.

ØFor any query contact the help line 051-9330296 for assistance. You can also contact via
email at info@nfsa.gov.pk

National Forensic Science Agency 09

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DNA Deoxy ribonucleic acid

IED s Improvised explosive devices
CS Crime Scene
CSO Crime Scene Officer
I.O Investigation Officer
CoC Chain of Custody
CSI Crime Scene Investigation
NFSA National Forensic Science Agency
FR First Respondent
EDTA Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid
BPA Blood Stain Pattern Analysis
QD Questioned Documents
MD Mass Disaster
DVI Disaster Victim Identification
MLO Medico Legal Officer
HVS High Vaginal Swab
SSP Senior Superintendent of Police
FIR First Information Report
DPO District Police Officer
SP Superintendent of Police
GSR Gun Shoot Residues
ERU Evidence Receiving Unit
CNIC Computerized National Identity Card
ID Identity
FR First Respondent
Lab Laboratory

10 National Forensic Science Agency

 1. CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) is one of the most critical stage of any criminal investigation. The
primary actions taken at the crime scene by First Responders/Investigators at outset of the
investigation are of such vital importance that they would determine the outcome of investigation.
Therefore CSI is the most important stage of investigation in terms of collecting vital forensic evidence
and information. However this initial stage is also most chaotic and therefore prone to errors. A
systematic and organized procedure on crime scene investigation is therefore the key to ensure that
all potential physical evidence are properly preserved & collected, all possible witnesses are
identified, documented and all the necessary basic procedures are undertaken properly. Physical
evidence can directly or indirectly lead to the solution of a crime. Charging and prosecution decisions
may be affected by the quality of the physical evidence supporting the case. Therefore, a Crime Scene
Investigation Unit has been established at NFSA.

1.1 Crime Scene

Investigation
Department

The NFSA has mandated

the NFSA CSI Team to
conduct the Crime Scenes,
this relatively new doctrine
of utilizing CSI team in the
collection of forensic
evidence at the major crime
scene necessitates the
issuance of a protocol if
only to lay down the
functions, responsibilities
and accountabilities of
each member of this team.
It is imperative to remember, however, that the CSI Officer has the primary responsibility over the
crime scene and takes control/supervision in the overall crime scene investigation. This section
provides following services to assist law enforcement agencies;
l Evaluation of crime scene
l Processing and management of the crime scene
l Seizure and packaging of physical evidence for scientific evaluation and comparison
l Preparation of detailed reports on observations and activities at the crime scene for the law
enforcement agency responsible for the investigation of crime
l Testifying in the court of law regarding the findings and processing methods used at the crime
scene
l Training of police and law enforcement personnel across the country

1.2 Responsibilities

1.2.1 First Responder:

a. The first Police Officers who arrive at the crime scene are the First Responders, they are

National Forensic Science Agency 11

 dispatched by the local police station/unit concerned after receipt of incident report.
b. Immediately, the First Responder shall conduct a preliminary evaluation of the crime scene. This
evaluation should include the scope of the incident, emergency services required, scene safety
concerns, administration of life saving measures, establishment of security and control of the
scene.
c. The First Responder is mandated to save lives by giving the necessary first aid measures to the
injured and their medical evacuation as necessary. The First Responder shall likewise secure and
preserve the crime scene by cordoning the area to prevent unauthorized entry of persons.
d. The First Responder shall take the dying declaration of severely injured person(s), if any. The First
Responder shall make the initial assessment on whether a crime has actually been committed and
shall conduct the preliminary interview of witnesses to determine what and how the crime was
committed.
e. If and when there is a suspect present in the area, the first responder shall arrest, detain and
remove the suspect from the area.
f. The FR, upon the arrival of the CSI Team, shall turn-over the crime scene to the CSI Officers after
the former has briefed the investigators of the situation. The First Responder shall prepare and
submit the First Responders Report to the CSI Officers and be prepared to assist these Officers in
the investigation.

1.2.2. Crime Scene Investigation Officer:

a. Upon arrival at the crime scene, the CSI Officer shall request for a briefing from the First
Responder and make a quick assessment of the crime.
b. At this stage, the CSI Officer shall assume full responsibility over the crime scene and conduct a
thorough assessment of the scene and inquiry into incident. If necessary the CSI Officer may
conduct crime scene search outside the area where the incident happened employing any of the
various search methods. This Crime Scene conduct includes among others the narrative
description of the crime scene, photography, videography, crime scene search, crime scene
sketch, crime scene location sketch, physical evidence recording & collection and other
necessary procedures.
c. Based on the assessment, if the CSI Officer determines that a Forensic Expert team is required,
he shall report the matter to his authorities and request for concern experts; otherwise, the CSI
Officer shall proceed with the Crime Scene Investigation without the Experts team.
d. The Expert team shall not enter the crime scene unless the CSI Officer makes the official written
request wherein he assures the Expert team of his presence and support.
e. The CSI Officer shall brief the Expert Team upon their arrival at the crime scene and shall jointly
conduct the preliminary crime scene survey.

1.2.3. Forensic Expert Team:

The Forensic Expert Team shall not join any operations conducted by the local police/ accompany the
FRs or the CSI Team in going to the crime scene. They will only respond upon request and after the
CSI Team has already made proper assessment of the crime scene.

12 National Forensic Science Agency

1.3 NFSA Evidence Collection Guidelines
The proper evidence collection is most important step in investigation of any kind of case. Given
outlines should be obeyed;

1.3.1 DNA Evidence Collection

The samples/evidence for DNA analysis is a very sensitive biological material. Certain measures
should be taken while handling and collecting such evidence/samples.

1.3.1.1 Bloodstains/Semen Stains/Saliva Stains at Crime Scene

ØExamine the whole suspected area or object containing stains under alternate light source.
Dried bloodstains, semen, saliva and other body fluid stains appear differently under alternate
light sources but may be invisible under normal light conditions. Identify them and design your
plan.
ØIf bloodstain pattern analysis is concerned, take measurements, scaled photography and
sketching from Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA) point of view before applying any
destructive technique i.e. before collecting the bloodstain evidence.
ØIf the stains are on an object, submit the whole object to the lab. Let the stains dry in air and
package the object in cardboard box or paper envelope. Properly label and seal the package
with initials, date, time and location of evidence.
ØStained clothing/bed sheets etc.
lSubmit the whole clothing to the laboratory.
lThoroughly air dry the stained clothing over clean paper sheet out of direct sunlight and heat
sources.
lBe sure to submit victim and suspect clothing in separate packaging.
lClothing should not be folded or rolled so that stains on the front may not contaminate any

National Forensic Science Agency 13

 stained or unstained area on the back or inside of the garment.
lA barrier, such as paper or cardboard should be placed on the inside of the garment, as well
as under and over the garment to prevent stained areas for coming in contact with each
other.
ØIf it is not possible to submit the entire object bearing stains, cut the area containing stain,
package it as above and submit to the lab. Make a sketch of the object and mark on the sketch
the location from which stained portion is cut. Submit a portion of the unstained material in a
separate packing as a control sample.
ØIf neither entire object nor the cut portion of object is possible to submit, swabbing of the stains
can be done. Moisten the swabbing stick with 1-2 drops of distilled water and rub the cotton
end of stick very gently and slightly against the stains. Only a small area of the swab must be
used. A control sample of an unstained area close to the stains should also be collected using
the same distilled water and type of swab that was used to collect the evidence. Air-dry the
swab and package in paper bag or envelope, seal and label.

ØNOTE:
a) Never use plastic bag for packaging.
b) Always use paper bag.
c) Never dry with heat, sunlight or blowing.

1.3.1.2 Reference samples from living subjects (victim/suspect):

a) Blood sample:
lBlood sample can be taken from victim/suspect approximately 5-7cc in a lavender-stopper
tube or vial containing EDTA as preservative.
lSubmit the sample within 1 hour after collection. If it is not possible, refrigerate the sample but
DO NOT FREEZE. The refrigerated sample must be submitted within 7 days after being
refrigerated
lThe lab should be informed if the subject had recently received a blood transfusion of any kind.
lPackage the blood sample in paper bag/envelop, seal and label with description.

b) Oral/Buccal Swabs:
lIf it is not possible to take blood reference sample, oral/buccal swabs can be taken as
reference sample.
lTake a sterile swab and rotate the swab on the inside surface of the subject's cheek. Take
another sterile swab and repeat this process on the other cheek
lAir-dry and package the swabs with seal and label of description
lSometimes it is better to direct suspect/victim to take buccal swabs themselves in order to
avoid any contamination of person taking the swabs.
lLet the victim/suspect to drink a glass of fresh water before taking the buccal swab. Do not let
him/her eat anything before taking such sample.
c) Vaginal/Anal Swabs:
lDeep vaginal swabs may be taken for comparison in sexual assault cases. Similarly, deep anal
swabs may be taken for comparison in sodomy cases by concerned MLO.
lMoisten the swab with 1-2 drops of distilled water and take deep vaginal/anal swabs

14 National Forensic Science Agency

 vigorously.
lAir-dry the swabs, package, seal and label.
lFor anal swabs acceptance of evidence, the gap between time of incidence and medical
examination should not be more than 24 hours or if the victims has used the washroom facility.
(which have come first)
lHigh vaginal swab for DNA profiling is not acceptable if the gap between date of incidence and
date of medical examination is more than 3 days/72 hours.
1.3.1.3 DNA Samples from Deceased Subject:
In case when the any of person in the crime has passed away, the evidence can be collected by
following given guideline;

a) Blood samples:
lIf dead body is fresh and so much time has not elapsed after the death, a blood sample can be
obtained from heart or major internal blood vessels.
lCollect blood samples (approximately 3ml) in a lavender-stopper tube containing EDTA.
lSubmit the sample within 1 hour after collection. If it is not possible, refrigerate the sample but
DO NOT FREEZE. The refrigerated sample must be submitted within 7 days after being
refrigerated.
lThe lab should be informed if the subject had recently received a blood transfusion of any kind.
lPackage the blood sample in paper bag/envelop, seal and label with description.

b) Deep Muscle Tissues/Organs

lIf the body is decomposed, a portion of deep muscle or some organ tissue can also be
obtained. Do not submit liver/spleen or kidney organ tissues.
lImmediately freeze the specimen. Preserve in dry ice or methanol. Do not preserve in
formalin.
lThe lab must be notified if subject had received any transfusion.

c) Teeth
lSubmit 2-4 teeth, preferably molar, pre-molar or least preferably canine teeth.
lTeeth must be plucked with roots (root canal).
lMust be cleaned properly i.e. free from fats, tissues or any debris before submitting to the
laboratory.
lDo not submit decayed, decomposed or broken teeth.
lAir dry and package in paper bag or boxes with proper seals and label of description.
lIf not submitted dry, store in dry ice or methanol solution and package in leak proof container.
lDo not store in formalin solution.

d) Bones
lSubmit the entire length of bone, if possible.
lThe order of preference of bones for DNA extraction are;
o Femur or other long bones (tibia, humerus, fibula, ulna, radius)
o Ribs

National Forensic Science Agency 15

 o Foot bones
o Hand bones
o Vertebrae
o Pelvis
o Skull
lMust be cleaned properly i.e. free from fats, tissues or any debris before submitting to the
laboratory.
lDo not submit decayed, decomposed or broken bones.
lAir dry and package in paper bag or boxes with proper seals and label of description.
lIf not submitted dry, store in dry ice or methanol solution and package in leak proof container.
lDo not store in formalin solution.
lTry to submit the specimen as soon as possible. If needed to store and preserve in dry ice and
freeze. Submit frozen samples within 7 days after collection.

e) Nails
lNails must be plucked with roots.
lMust be cleaned properly i.e. free from fats, tissues or any debris before submitting to the
laboratory.
lDo not submit cut nails for DNA analysis.
lAir dry and package in paper bag with proper seals and label of description.

f) Hairs
lCollect 30-40 head or pubic hair for comparison.
lMust be pulled/plucked with roots. Do not submit cut hair for DNA analysis.
lAir dry completely and package in paper druggist folds. Apply adhesive tapes to the folds.
lPackage in an outer paper bag, label, and seal.

g) Fingernail swabs (in case of struggle events)

lMoisten the swabbing stick with 1-2 drops of distilled water.
lTake swabs under the fingernails (one swab per hand).
lAir-dry the swab and package in paper bag or envelope, seal and label.

1.3.1.4 Other DNA Evidences At Crime Scene;

The DNA profile can also be generated by using certain uncommon evidence. They may include many
regular items. A collection guide line is given below:

a) Envelopes, bubble gum, cigarette butt, handkerchief

lSubmit the entire item to the lab.
lAir dry in normal conditions.
lPackage in paper bag with label of description and seal.

b) Cans, bottles or cups

16 National Forensic Science Agency

lSubmit entire container, or swab drinking area with sterile cotton swabs moistened with
distilled water.
lDry all swabs before packaging.
lPack in box, envelope or a paper bag. Never pack in plastic bottle.
lLabel on outside of box, paper bag, or envelope.

1.3.2 Finger Print Evidence Collection at Crime Scene

The step wise guide line is given below;

1.3.2.1 Searching for latent prints (Non-destructive technique)

lThoroughly search the scene for latent prints using intense light or alternate light source.
lEntrance and exit areas, if identified, are of primary importance. First, search the area for tire or
footwear impressions, then for latent prints wherever applicable. Also, examine the other
areas/objects suspected to have been occupied/used by the perpetrator.
lIf the prints are visible or partially visible under alternate light source, photograph them using
appropriate methods of photography. First photograph them without marking then mark them
and take photograph them again (use scaled marking sticker, if available) near the prints for
identification when taking photograph of such prints.

1.3.2.1 Latent Prints on Wet Surface

lDO NOT develop latent prints on wet surfaces. Let them air dry and send the prints bearing
item to the lab, if possible. Package them in paper bags or cardboard boxes.
lIf the print bearing wet surface is impossible to transport to lab, cut the portion of the surface
suspected to have latent print. Make a sketch of the surface, marking the portion from which
the part of the surface is cut. Air dry and package in such a way that it may not come in contact
with any other object/surface while in transit.
lIf neither the object nor the cut portion of the wet surface is possible to transport to lab, let the
surface dry completely in normal conditions and apply fingerprint powder technique to develop
the prints.

1.3.2.3 Developing the latent prints (Destructive Technique)

lAlways process surfaces suspected to have been handled even if the evidence has a surface
believed to be a poor medium for latent prints.
lLatent prints processing with powders involve gentle application of powder to the slightly
adhesive skin oils left on the surface of non-porous items.
lApply powder with a brush dipped in fingerprint powder, or use a magnetic wand dipped in
special magnetic powder. Generally, black will be the only powder colour needed, even on
black or dark coloured items (the latent prints will actually be greyish in colour when
developed). Please note that black colour powder is easier to use than silver or fluorescent
powders as these powders have tendency to coat the surface area as well as the latent prints
making differentiation of the latent prints from the background more difficult.
lPowdering and lifting latent prints demands practice. Remember, once a print is destroyed, it
cannot be reconstructed.
lPorous or absorbent surface such as paper and unfinished wood cannot be processed
ordinarily with powders as skin oils soak in and are not left exposed to the powders. Chemical
processing in the laboratory and photography to preserve the image can make such prints

National Forensic Science Agency 17

 visible for comparison. Due to necessity for photographing these reactions and the danger of
the chemical involved, such processing must be done the laboratory.
lIn general terms, any item that experience tells you is a difficult surface for latent prints should
be submitted to the lab for processing.

1.3.2.4 Lifting of prints

lAfter a print is developed on a non-porous surface, Photograph it if equipment is available,
being sure to include a scale in the picture so that the print may later be restored to actual size.
Photograph the print at a 900 angle.
lNow, lift the developed print with the fingerprint tape. Smoothly place the tape onto the print
avoiding wrinkles and air bubbles which would interfere with the pattern. Once finger print
lifting tape has been applied, photograph the print prior to peeling the tape.
lNow, carefully peel the tape off in one continuous motion, and paste it on a contrasting lift card
surface.
lPlace an arrow on the lift card to show upward direction.
lA thicker, more pliable fingerprint tape (Polythene tape) is now available on the market. This
product allows the lifting of latent prints from curved surfaces without wrinkling.

1.3.2.5 Submitting the Evidence

lDo not write on containers to be processed for latent prints. Place such items in specific
container and label carefully.
lSupply the following information on all the lifts
ØThe name or initials of the individual making the lift
ØThe time and date when finger print lift was made
ØA case number or other identifying number
ØAn indication where the lift was made
lIf your fingertips accidentally show on the sticky side of the tape, place an “X” and
lyour initials over your own prints.
lPackage the evidence in a suitable container in such a way that it will prevent the impression
from smudging or damage.
lHand carrying fragile evidence to the lab is the best way to prevent damage.
lWhen submitting tape, package each strip or piece in separate containers to prevent the loss
or cross contamination of trace material and to prevent pieces from adhering to one another
(preferred plastic bags or containers).
lIf evidence is submitted to the laboratory for multiple examinations, such as blood, trace
evidence, or drug analysis, as well as latent prints, please note this on your submission and
advise the person to whom you are submitting the evidence that this evidence will require
analysis from multiple sections of NFSA. The laboratory will determine types and order of
examination.
lWhen articles containing latent prints are to be picked up, touch them as little as possible, and
try to handle in areas least likely to contain identifiable latent i.e. such as rough surfaces.
lCloths/rubber gloves must be used to pick up such exhibits, any unnecessary contact should
be avoided.
lAlthough using a cloth to pick up exhibits prevents leaving additional prints on the articles, the
cloth will frequently wipe off or smear any prints originally present, unless great care is taken.

18 National Forensic Science Agency

lLarge articles containing latent such as glass, metal articles and firearms should be placed on
wood or heavy cardboard and fastened down with string to prevent rubbing and contact with
other objects in transit. Where such evidence is to be examined frequently, a pegboard should
be obtained on which wooden pegs can be moved as desired to support exhibits and keep
them from moving.
lBottles and glasses may be placed vertically on a board and placed in the bottom of a box. The
base of the bottle or glass can be surrounded with nails to hold it in place and the top can be
either inserted through a hole in a piece of cardboard or held in position with a wooden board
nailed to the container's lid.
lPapers and documents containing latent prints should be placed individually in a cellophane or
manila envelope. Such container can be sandwiched between two sheets of stiff cardboard,
wrapped, and placed in a box for mailing.

1.3.2.6 Submitting the Reference Fingerprints for Comparison

lIf submitting a set of major case prints, each finger and thumb should have the centre, both
sides, and the extreme tips inked.
lThe palms should be completely rolled from tip of fingers to the wrist crease and also the side
of the hyposthenia (known as the check writer's palm).
lA properly inked and rolled 10-print card should have all ten fingers rolled nail to nail, with
minimal smears, along with plain impression at the bottom. The areas highlighted should be
filled out on this card for these prints to be used in latent print comparison.

1.3.3 Firearms and Tool marks Evidence Collection

The evidence should be collected according to guide line given.

1.3.3.1 Firearms Evidence

lNever submit a loaded gun to the laboratory, unless it is delivered in person.
lUnfired cartridges may be left in the magazine of a weapon, provided the magazine is removed
from the gun.
lA firearm with the cartridge in the chamber may never be shipped by any method, even if the
weapon is not cocked or the safety is engaged.
lNever clean the bore, chamber, or cylinder before submitting a firearm; and never attempt to
fire the gun before it is examined in the laboratory.
lNever pick up a weapon by placing a pencil or other object in the end of the barrel.
lRecord serial number, make, model, and caliber of the weapon, and mark it in some
inconspicuous manner that does not detract from its value before sending it to the laboratory.
lMarking firearms is important since duplicate serial numbers are sometimes found on different
guns of the same make and general type.
lDo not confuse model numbers or patent numbers with serial numbers.
lPlace weapons, in strong cardboard or wooden boxes, well packed, to prevent shifting of guns
in transit.
lRifles or shotguns should not be taken apart.
lIf blood or any other material is present on the gun which may pertain to an investigation,
place a piece of clean paper around the gun and seal it with tape to prevent movement of the
gun and loss of the sample during shipment.

National Forensic Science Agency 19

 lIf the gun is to be examined for latent fingerprints, use procedures under that title given in this
manual.
lIndicate direction of barrel. If you unload, mark position of cylinder and note location of
cartridges.
lDo not place in gun case if fingerprints are requested.
lDo not package with anything that may scratch or mark firearm.
lAdvise if fingerprint, biology/DNA, malfunction, accidental discharge or other exams are
needed.

1.3.3.2 Bullets/Projectiles
lNever mark bullets/pallets.
lSubmit all evidence bullets/pallets or fragments recovered.
lA conclusive identification may be possible on only one of several bullets/pallets recovered
even when they all appear to be in good condition.
lDo not attempt to clean recovered bullets/pallets before sending them to the laboratory.
lBullets/pallets recovered from a body should be air dried and wrapped in paper. Washing may
destroy trace evidence.
lWrap recovered bullets/pallets in paper and seal in separate labeled pillboxes or match boxes.
lPack to prevent shifting in transit. If wet, avoid plastic containers. Do not pack in cotton or
gauze. Seal in container and mark container - not projectile.

1.3.3.3 Fired Cartridge Cases

lWrap recovered cartridge cases and seal in separate labelled pillboxes, envelopes or
evidence bags.
lFired shotgun shells may be marked either on the inside or outside of the paper or plastic
portion of the shell.
lIf an examination is required to determine whether or not a shot shell or cartridge case was
fired by a specific weapon, submit the weapon and all recovered unfired ammunition. Submit
all evidence cartridge cases or shotgun shells recovered to the laboratory.
lSome cartridge cases contain more identifying detail than do others. Wrap each cartridge case
in paper to prevent damaging the breech clock, firing pin, or other markings by contact with
other cartridge cases. Place the wrapped cartridge cases in envelopes or pillboxes, label and
then seal the container.
lWhen fingerprint evidence possible, do not remove from weapon. Hand-carry it to the
laboratory.
1.3.3.4 Ammunition (Live Round)
lAlways attempt to recover unused ammunition for comparison purposes when firearms are
obtained as evidence. Collect all available rounds.
lIf not in the weapon itself, subjects often have additional ammunition in their cars, clothing,
houses, or other locations. It may be important for test purposes to duplicate exactly the make,
type, and age of the ammunition used in the crime. Other ammunition in the suspect's
possession may be identical to that fired during the crime.
lPlace in soft paper bags or in small container. Prevent friction, shifting, and contact while in
transit. Place in wooden box. Do not mail.
lLabel or tag on outside of container without marking every round in the container.

20 National Forensic Science Agency

1.3.3.5 Powder and Shot Pattern
lSubmit clothing or other material suspected to have evidence of gunpowder residue or shot
holes to the laboratory.
lThe clothing should be carefully wrapped in clean paper and folded as little as possible to
prevent dislodging powder particles. Place clean paper between folds.
lPackage in paper bags, one item per bag. Do not cut through bullet holes. Dry before
submitting. Avoid shaking. Do not package in plastic bags.
lPhotographs of the pattern will not suffice – as in most instances, microscopic examination
and chemical tests must be conducted on the exhibits themselves. Package each item
separately.
lFor gunpowder or shot pattern tests to have significance, it is essential to obtain ammunition
identical in make, type, and age to that used at the crime scene. This duplicate ammunition is
necessary for firing in the weapon in question to determine the distance of the muzzle of the
weapon from the victim or other object at the time the questioned bullet was fired.

1.3.3.6 Gunshot Residue

lGunshot residue is extremely fragile evidence and should be collected as soon as possible
preferably within three hours of the discharge of firearm.
lUse the laboratory-approved gunshot residue analysis kits and follow the instructions
provided.
lIn case of live subjects, if more than six hours have passed or if the subject has washed his
hands, it is unlikely that meaningful results will be obtained.
lIf a body is to be sampled, whenever possible, gunshot residue collection should be performed
prior to moving the body. If this is not possible, protect the hands with paper bags.
lIf the GSR is on the hand of a suspected shooter, collect the evidence by taking cotton swabs.
lIf clothing of the victim is required to analyse for GSR, air dry it and package it in plastic bag.

1.3.3.6 Preservation of Tool Marks

lWhenever possible, submit the whole object containing tool marks to the laboratory instead of
just removing the area containing the mark.
lIf this is not possible, carefully photograph and sketch the area containing the mark. The
indentations left by these tools should be preserved by castings. Use silicone casting material,
make two casts if practical. It is recommended that someone with considerable experience in
this work make the casts of tool marks. Poor casts are useless for comparison purposes and
some marks will be damaged if improper methods are used.
lAfterwards, pack the object containing tool marks so that no alteration or damage will occur
during shipment. Small objects should be wrapped with clean paper and placed in envelopes
or boxes, while important areas on larger objects can be protected with paper. Whole, large
objects can be packed in cartons or crates, if not delivered in person.
lNever use tape on cut ends.
lPackage all evidence separately. Keep questioned specimens separate from known
standards.
l
1.3.3.7 Preservation and Packaging of Tools
lAll areas on recovered tools which contain transferred paint, building material, or other
contamination should be wrapped in paper and packaged to prevent the prying blades or

National Forensic Science Agency 21

 cutting edges from contacting any other surface or object.
lPack in cardboard box with appropriate packing to prevent shifting, or use plastic cylinders.
lUse SHARP label on box containing sharp objects.
lLabel or tag on outside of container.
lDO NOT use tool to collect suspect marks.
lWrap each tool separately in paper, strong cardboard or wooden box to prevent shifting and
protect ends.
lDo not make any test with tools.
lAttempts should never be made to fit tools into questioned marks or to make test marks prior to
laboratory examination. If done, the questioned mark or tool may be altered and this may make
any laboratory examination valueless. In addition, traces of transferred paint or other stains on
the tool may be lost or additional material may be transferred to the tool.

1.3.4 Explosives Evidence Collection

lDo not submit active devices to the laboratory. Active devices, including blasting caps, should
be dismantled, deactivated, or discharged in some way before submission to the laboratory.
Call your local bomb squad to deactivate the device. Make note of what method was used to
deactivate the device and provide this information when submitting the evidence.
lIn post blast investigation cotton swabs can be used to take samples from debris and crater.
Cotton swabs are easily available at medical stores.
lItems with sharp or jagged edges should not be packaged in paper envelopes. Use sturdier
containers such as clean metal paint cans.
lCollect and store evidence separately to avoid cross contamination.
lMany explosives, particularly "high" explosives, contain components that are volatile and will
evaporate over time. If it is suspected that high explosives (e.g. dynamite, nitro-glycerine, C4,
etc) may be present, evidence should be packaged in a vapour-tight container. Clean metal
paint cans or vapour-tight plastic bags (such as Kapak bags) are suitable to preserve volatile
evidence.
lSubmit only small amounts of bulk explosives. Be sure to include representative samples of
the bulk material, especially if there are indications of mixtures. Typically a teaspoon of
material is sufficient for laboratory analysis of bulk explosives.
lFlash powder can be very sensitive and may ignite with a spark. If possible, package flash
powder in anti-static plastic bags, made for use with static-sensitive computer components; or
use paper packages, making sure to completely seal all openings and seams – flash powder is
a very fine powder and will seep out of very small openings. Do not package bulk flash powder
in metal containers or plastic bags not designed to be static-resistant. Submit only small
amounts of flash powder. Typically a teaspoon of material is sufficient for laboratory analysis.
lWhenever possible, submit control samples in a separate package along with the evidence.
For example, if soil from a blast site is submitted, also collect a sample of similar soil from an
area away from the seat of the blast. If a portion of rubber moulding with blast residues is
submitted, also submit a clean area of the moulding. Package controls in the same manner as
samples with residues – the manner in which a piece of material is packaged can affect the
analysis (e.g., bacterial action in soil over time).
lPorous materials or objects with cracks and ridges tend to collect a large amount of useful
residues. Materials from near the blast site such as foam, rubber, pipe threads, cardboard, or

22 National Forensic Science Agency

 any rough-surfaced items will often be useful items to collect.
lIf fingerprint analysis is desired, submit the items to the crime laboratory first. Indicate clearly
that a fingerprint examination is needed. The crime laboratory can usually forward evidence to
the latent prints laboratory after the explosives analysis is finished.
lGive the laboratory as much information as possible about the circumstances of the case. If
evidence is from a blast scene, send pictures, diagrams, officer's reports, etc. The more
information the laboratory has about the circumstances of a case or the source of a particular
item of evidence, the better able we will be to help investigate an incident.
lThe person who collects explosives evidence must be free of contamination. If the individual
collecting evidence has been involved with explosives recently, they should wear clean
clothing including footwear. Hands should be washed and gloves should be worn. If very small
amounts of explosives residues are involved, alcohol swabs and water swabs (with controls)
should be taken of the evidence collector's hands and shoes, before any evidence is collected.
Submit these swabs along with the evidence.

1.3.5 Questioned Documents Evidence

1.3.5.1 Exemplars to be submitted

lAll questioned writing/signatures are needed along with sufficient exemplars or known
specimens.
lSubmit sufficient suspect's handwriting at least five to six pages.
lIt is important to obtain request specimens from a suspect at the first interview; the suspect
may be uncooperative at a later date.
lThe instrument and conditions used in preparation of the questioned document should
duplicate as nearly as possible when the request exemplars are obtained. For example, if
yellow-lined paper and blue ink were used to produce the questioned document, the same or
similar colour and type of paper and instrument should be used.
lWhen questioned document is either handwritten or in block lettered, the same style should be
requested from the writer.
lHave subjects write their names and addresses several times and brief personal history. This
should be removed and another sheet of paper furnished. Dictate the exact words and
numbers that appear on the questioned document. This should be done at least 12 times,
removing the specimens from the writer's view as they are produced.
lIf it is a cheque case, the specimens should be taken on blank cheques or slips of paper of the
same/appropriate size.
lThe number of specimens necessary for identification in any specific case cannot be
determined. Therefore, at least twelve specimens should be obtained for each questioned
document.

1.3.5.2 Typewritten Material

lWhen securing typewritten exemplars, several copies of the questioned documents should be
made on the suspected machine using light, medium, and heavy touches.
lAt least one copy should be made with the ribbon removed from the machine, or the ribbons
set on stencil, and the keys allowed striking directly on a sheet of new carbon paper, which
should be inserted on top of the paper used for the specimen.
lAlways type the exemplars on the same type and colour of paper as that used on the

National Forensic Science Agency 23

 questioned document.
lWhen possible, submit typewriter and/or ribbons.
lPlace CSI or investigator's initials, date, serial number, make and model of machine on same
side as samples of the typewriting.

1.3.5.3 Cheque Protectors, Rubber Stamps, Date Stamp Set

lObtain several copies in full word-for-word order of each questioned cheque-writer
impression.
lIf unable to forward rubber stamps, prepare numerous samples with different degrees of
pressure.
lDo not handle with bare hands.
lWrap securely, prevent shifting or damage while in transit.
lDo not write on packaging after evidence is inside.
lWhen possible, submit stamps, ribbons and machines.
lDo not change the ribbons or alter the inking.

1.3.5.4 Preservation of Questioned Documents

lUnder no circumstances should either the questioned document or the exemplars be marked,
defaced, or altered.
lDo not handle with bare hands.
lNeither new folds nor marks or notes be placed on such questioned material.
lPersonal marks for identification purposes should be made as small as possible on the back or
other area of the document where no handwriting or typewriting is present.
lDo not write on packaging after evidence is inside.
lWhenever possible, all documents should be protected by placing them in cellophane
envelopes or plastic evidence bags placed in manila envelope.
lInsert stiff backing to prevent bending or folding, seal and mark as for identification.

1.3.5.5 Shipment of Evidence

lQuestioned documents may be submitted personally.
lEvidence sent to the laboratory by mail must be sent by certified or registered mail.
lIf there is a massive amount of material, it may be sent some other way, but the package must
always be sealed.

1.3.5.6 Charred Documents

lWhere examination and decipherment of charred paper is involved, great care must be taken
to prevent any additional crumbling or breaking apart of the burned material.
lNormally, it should be placed on top of loose cotton in a box and delivered in person to the
laboratory.
lNo matter how it is packaged, such material will be damaged if attempts are made to ship it by
mail or other means of transport.
1.3.5.7 Other Questioned Document Evidence
ØIn addition to handwriting and typewriting comparisons and the decipherment of charred

24 National Forensic Science Agency

 documents, many other related examinations could be conducted by the laboratory. These
include, but are not limited to;
lRestoration or decipherment of altered, obliterated, or erased writing.
lComparison of check protectors and rubber stamps with questioned printing.
lIdentification of embossed or indented writing or typing.
lComparison of paper and commercially printed material, such as checks, coupons, receipts,
and others.
lPhysical matching of cut or torn paper of various types.
lProblems relating to inks.

1.4 Release of the Crime Scene

a) The CSI Officer shall decide on the lifting of the security cordon and the release of the crime
scene upon consultation with the Expert Team Leader and he shall be responsible in ensuring
that all pieces of potential evidence were collected by the Expert Team.
b) The CSI Team Leader shall turn-over the crime scene to the owner of the property or where the
crime scene is a public place, to any local person in authority.
c) The CSI Officer as well as the Expert Team shall completely fill-up the forms according to their
SOP's.

1.5 Crime Scene Training Facility.

ØCrime Scene Team delivering lectures and conduct crime scene mock trials at different
seminars/forensic awareness programs.
ØProviding crime scene training to investigation officers from different law enforcement
agencies.

National Forensic Science Agency 25

 2. DNA AND SEROLOGY SECTION

The utilization of biological evidence for DNA analysis is amongst advanced forensic techniques that
has solved many cases where evidence is only witness. Use of DNA evidence represents one of the
best example that how technology has altered the criminal justice landscape. If the investigators
properly collect and handle biological evidence then DNA evidence is extremely accurate to solve any
crime. The rise of DNA analysis has enabled a level of accuracy in criminal identification that was
never possible before the development of certain technologies and will continue to shape, how the
criminal justice system operates. The investigators can collect DNA evidence from a number of
different sources. Almost any biological evidence can contain DNA, although not every sample
contains sufficient quantity of DNA to enable profiling. These samples may include the blood, bones,
nails, blood stains, saliva stains, used cloths, skin, tissues etc. The DNA profiles can also be obtained
from a variety of other samples as well like cigarette butts, postage stamps, caps, shirt collars and
items that have been used by individuals involved in crime. All biological evidence found at crime
scenes can be subjected to forensic DNA analysis. The DNA section also provide training across the
Pakistan to law and enforcement agencies/concerned regarding the proper collection, preservation
and submission of case to DNA laboratory.

2.1 Forensic Services Provided by DNA and Serology Section

The section provides forensic services in given types of cases:
a) Parentage Analysis
b) Sexual Assault
c) Bomb Blast

26 National Forensic Science Agency

d) Homicide
e) Cross Border Terrorism
f) DNA Profiling
g) Mass Disaster Victim Identification
h) Dead Body Identification

2.2 Samples Required for Case Submission

The submitting agency should consider given guidelines before submitting case to DNA laboratory.
2.2.1 Requirements for Parentage Analysis Cases;
Parentage Analysis case is acceptable if evidence is submitted along with reference sample of
suspected mother and person(s) suspected to be father, to help the process of investigation. In
specialized circumstances single parent sample will also be acceptable. Samples required for
Parentage Analysis Cases along with quality criteria are listed downwards.

a) Sample of Disputed Child;

lSamples should be properly sealed and labelled according to the documents provided.
lBlood sample at least 3 ml in EDTA tube is acceptable. For neonates the quantity of blood
sample can be lowered down.
lIf blood is not available, blood stain on proper blood stain card is acceptable.
lBuccal swab is acceptable when blood is not available.
lBuccal swab should be proper sterile swab; ordinary cotton plugs are not acceptable.

b) Sample of Suspected Mother;

l
lSamples should be properly sealed, signed and labelled according to the documents
provided.
lBlood sample at least 3 ml in EDTA tube is acceptable.
lIf blood is not available, blood stain on proper blood stain card is acceptable.
lBuccal swab is acceptable when blood is not available.
lBuccal swab should be proper sterile swab; ordinary cotton plugs are not acceptable.
c) Sample of Person(s) Suspected to be Father;
lSamples should be properly sealed, signed and labelled according to the documents
provided.
lBlood sample at least 3 ml in EDTA tube is acceptable.
lIf blood is not available, blood stain on proper blood stain card is acceptable.
lBuccal swab is acceptable when blood is not available.
lBuccal swab should be proper sterile swab; ordinary cotton plugs are not acceptable.
NOTE;
ØSamples containing any kind of preservative other than EDTA will not be accepted for DNA
Analysis.
ØEvidence receiving unit will receive the case in NFSA from submitting department. Any
laboratory official WILL NOT accept case directly.
ØCases will be received during office hours.

National Forensic Science Agency 27

 2.2.2 Samples Requirement for Sexual Assault Cases:
Sexual Assault case is acceptable if evidence is submitted along with reference sample of victim and
that of suspect(s) as well, to help in process of investigation. Samples required for Sexual Assault
Cases with Quality Criteria are listed are listed downwards.

a) High Vaginal Swab

lMake sure evidence is properly sealed, not cross contaminated and labelled properly
according to documents provided.
lIf the victim is female, high vaginal swab is acceptable for DNA profiling. In specialized
circumstances vaginal swab is also acceptable. Anal swab is also acceptable for processing
depending upon the statement of victim.
lHigh vaginal swab for DNA profiling is not acceptable if the gap between date of incidence and
date of medical examination is more than 3 days/72 hours.
lIf the victim is menstruating at the time of medical examination, the high vaginal or vaginal
swabs are not acceptable.
lIf victim is male, anal swab is acceptable for DNA profiling.
lFor ANAL SWABS acceptance the gap between time of incidence and time of medical
examination should not be more than 24 hours or if the victim has used the washroom facility
(whichever comes first).
lSwabs should be proper sterile swabs. Ordinary cotton plugs are not acceptable.

b) Clothes:
lClothes samples should be properly sealed, signed and labelled according to the documents
provided.
lClothes with potential areas suspected to contain semen stains are acceptable only when
those are unwashed.
lClothes of victim should be separately packaged.
lClothes are acceptable if they are air dried and free from any kind of microbial growth
/contamination.

28 National Forensic Science Agency

lSuspect's clothes are not acceptable as evidence.
lComplete clothes are acceptable for DNA profiling.
lIf clothes have already been cut from potential areas, those are not acceptable.

c) Reference Samples:
lSamples should be properly sealed, signed and labelled according to the documents
provided.
lReference sample(s) of victim and suspect(s) are mandatory required for comparative
analysis.
lBlood of complainants in EDTA containing tube is acceptable.
lIf blood cannot be drawn, blood stain on proper blood stain card is acceptable.
lBuccal swab is acceptable if blood is not available.
lSemen sample of suspect(s) as reference sample is not acceptable.

d) Bone:
lBone will be accepted as reference sample if victim is not alive.
lBone sample should be properly sealed, signed and labelled.
lComplete bone is acceptable for DNA analysis, cut bone can be accepted in special
circumstances only when no other choice is available.
lSize of the bone provided should be at least 3 inches.
lFemur, humorous, tibia or clavicle bone is preferable.
lBone sample should be clean and without flesh/debris.
lPiece of bone and decayed bone is not acceptable.
lBone should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that bone sample is not treated
with any kind of chemical.
lBone sample should not be cross contaminated.
lBone sample should be free of any kind of microbial growth and should not contain any
maggots.

e) Teeth
lTeeth of victim will be accepted as reference sample if victim is not alive.
·
l Teeth sample should be properly sealed, signed and labelled.
lComplete tooth is acceptable for DNA analysis; broken/decayed tooth is not acceptable.
lMolars and pre molars teeth are preferred.
lAt least 2 teeth are required for DNA profiling.
lTeeth sample should be clean
lTeeth should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that teeth sample is not treated
with any kind of chemical.
lTeeth sample should not be cross contaminated.
lTeeth sample should not contain maggots or any microbial growth.

National Forensic Science Agency 29

 NOTE:
ØSamples containing any kind of preservative will not be accepted for DNA Analysis.
ØEvidence Technician will be responsible for the receiving of case from submitting department.
ØCases will be received during office hours.

2.2.3 Samples Requirement for Bomb Blast Cases:

Purpose of this case is to generate DNA Profile of suspected Suicide Attackers to help investigation
agencies regarding investigation of case. DNA profiling of suicide attacker is the main part of Bomb
Blast Cases. If reference sample is provided, the profiles generated can be compared to check the
paternity.
The samples along with Quality Criteria are listed;
a) Bone
lBone sample should be properly sealed and labelled.
lComplete bone is acceptable for DNA Analysis, cut bone can be accepted only when no other
choice is available and piece of any hard bone with size of at least 3 inches is provided.
lFemur, humorous, tibia or clavicle bone is preferable.
lBone sample should be clean and without flesh.
lVery small piece of bone or decayed bone is not acceptable.
lBone should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that bone sample is not treated
with any kind of chemical.
lBone sample should not be cross contaminated and each sample should be packaged
separately.
lBone sample should be free of any kind of microbial growth or maggots.

30 National Forensic Science Agency

b) Teeth
lTeeth sample should be properly sealed.
lTeeth sample containing parcel should be properly labelled.
lComplete tooth is acceptable for DNA Analysis, broken tooth is not acceptable.
lMolars and pre molars teeth are preferred.
lAt least 02 teeth are required for DNA profiling.
lTeeth sample should be clean.
lDecayed teeth are not acceptable.
lTeeth should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that teeth sample is not treated
with any kind of chemical.
lTeeth sample should not be cross contaminated.
lTeeth sample should not contain maggots.

c) Nail
lNail sample should be properly sealed.
lNail sample containing parcel should be properly labelled.
lComplete nail is acceptable for DNA Analysis, cut or broken nails are not acceptable.
lNail sample should be clean and without flesh.
lNail should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that nail sample is not treated
with any kind of chemical.
lNail sample should not be cross contaminated.
lNail sample should be free of any kind of microbial growth.

d) Hair
lHair sample should be properly sealed.
lHair sample containing parcel should be properly labelled.
lComplete hair with root is acceptable for DNA Analysis, cut hair are not acceptable.
lAt least 30-40 hairs are required for DNA Profiling.
lHair sample should be clean and without any contamination.
lHair should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that hair sample is not treated
with any kind of chemical.
lDyed hair or hairs collected from old decomposed dead bodies, are not acceptable.
lBurnt hair will not be acceptable for DNA profiling
lHair sample should be free from any kind of microbial growth.
lHair sample can be accepted or rejected based on validation studies conducted for processing
of hair samples.
e) Muscle
lMuscle sample should be properly sealed.
lMuscle sample containing parcel should be properly labelled.

National Forensic Science Agency 31

 lAt least 02 square inches size of muscle is required for DNA profiling.
lMuscle sample should be clean and without any contamination.
lMuscle should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lBurnt muscle sample is not acceptable.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that muscle sample is not
treated with any kind of chemical.
lMuscle sample should be free from any kind of microbial growth.
lMuscle sample should be free of fatty tissues.
lMuscle sample can be accepted or rejected based on validation studies conducted for
processing of Muscle samples.
ØReference Samples for Bomb Blast
lReference sample(s) of parent(s)/Children are required for comparative analysis.
lBlood of complainants in EDTA tube is acceptable.
lIf blood cannot be drawn, blood stain on proper blood stain card is acceptable.
lProper sterile buccal swab collected is acceptable if blood is not available.
NOTE
ØSamples containing any kind of preservative other than EDTA will not be accepted for DNA
Analysis.
ØEvidence receiving unit will receive case from submitting agency and would send to laboratory
for biological scrutiny.
ØCases will be received during office hours.

32 National Forensic Science Agency

2.2.4 Samples Requirement for Homicide Cases:
Homicide case is acceptable if evidence is submitted along with reference sample(s) of
parent(s)/children for paternity analysis. Any evidence collected from crime scene can be sent along
with the reference sample of suspect(s)/claimants to help in process of investigation. Samples
Required with quality criteria for Homicide Cases are listed downwards.
a) Bone:
lBone sample should be properly sealed.
lBone sample containing parcel should be properly labelled.
lComplete bone is acceptable for DNA Analysis; cut bone can be accepted in special
circumstances only when no other choice is available.
lSize of the bone provided should be at least 03 inches in size.
lFemur, humorous, tibia or clavicle bone is preferable.
lBone sample should be clean and without flesh.
lVery small piece of bone and decayed bone is not acceptable.
lBone should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that bone sample is not treated
with any kind of chemical.
lBone sample should not be cross contaminated.
lBone sample should be free of any kind of microbial growth.
lBone sample should not contain maggots.

b) Teeth
lTeeth sample should be properly sealed.
lTeeth sample containing parcel should be properly labelled.
lComplete tooth is acceptable for DNA Analysis, broken tooth is not acceptable.
lMolars and pre molars teeth are preferred.
lA least 02 teeth are required for DNA profiling.
lTeeth sample should be clean.
lDecayed teeth are not acceptable.
lTeeth should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that teeth sample is not treated
with any kind of chemical.
lTeeth sample should not be cross contaminated.
lTeeth sample should not contain maggots.

c) Nail
lNail sample should be properly sealed.
lNail sample containing parcel should be properly labelled.
lComplete nail is acceptable for DNA Analysis, cut or broken nails are not acceptable.
lNail sample should be clean and without flesh.
lNail should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that nail sample is not treated

National Forensic Science Agency 33

 with any kind of chemical.
lNail sample should not be cross contaminated.
lNail sample should be free of any kind of microbial growth.

d) Hair
lHair sample should be properly sealed.
lHair sample containing parcel should be properly labelled.
lComplete hair with root is acceptable for DNA Analysis, cut hair are not acceptable.
lAt least 30-40 hair are required for DNA Profiling.
lHair sample should be clean and without any contamination.
lHair should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that hair sample is not treated
with any kind of chemical.
lDyed hair or hair from old buried dead bodies, are not acceptable.
lBurnt hair will not be acceptable for DNA profiling
lHair sample should be free from any kind of microbial growth.
lHair sample can be accepted or rejected based on validation studies conducted for processing
of hair samples.

e) Muscle
lMuscle sample should be properly sealed.
lMuscle sample containing parcel should be properly labelled.
lAt least 2 square inches size of muscle is required for DNA profiling.
lMuscle sample should be clean and without any contamination.
lMuscle should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lBurnt muscle sample is not acceptable.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that muscle sample is not
treated with any kind of chemical.
lMuscle sample should be free from any kind of microbial growth.
lMuscle sample should be free of fatty tissues.
lMuscle sample can be accepted or rejected based on validation studies conducted for
processing of Muscle samples.

f) High Vaginal Swab;

lIf the victim is female, high vaginal swab is also processed for DNA profiling.
lHigh vaginal swab properly sealed is acceptable with MLO Report with expected date of death
and sample collection date.
lHigh vaginal swab is not acceptable if contaminated or have any kind of microbial growth.
l
ØReference Samples for Homicide Cases;
lReference sample(s) of suspected parent(s)/Children are required for comparative analysis.
lBlood of complainants in EDTA containing tube is acceptable.

34 National Forensic Science Agency

lIf blood cannot be drawn, blood stain on proper blood stain card is acceptable.
lProper sterile buccal swab collected is acceptable if blood is not available.
NOTE;
lSamples containing any kind of preservative other than EDTA will not be accepted for DNA
Analysis.
ØEvidence receiving unit will receive case from submitting agency and would send to laboratory
for biological scrutiny.
ØCases will be received during office hours.

2.2.5 Samples Requirement for DNA Profiling Cases

Samples Required for DNA Profiling are listed downwards.
lSamples should be properly sealed, and labelled according to the documents provided.
lBlood sample at least 3 ml in EDTA tube is acceptable. If blood is not available, blood stain on
proper blood stain card is acceptable.
lBuccal swab should be proper sterile swab; ordinary cotton plugs are not acceptable.
NOTE;
ØSamples containing any kind of preservative other than EDTA will not be accepted for DNA
Analysis.
ØEvidence receiving unit will receive case from submitting agency and would send to laboratory
for biological scrutiny.
ØCases will be received only during office hour.

2.2.6 Samples Requirement for Dead Body Identification Cases

Purpose of this Case is to identify the unknown Dead Bodies. Dead body Identification case is
acceptable if evidence is submitted along with reference sample(s) of Parent(s)/ children. Samples
required for Dead Boy Identification Cases are listed downwards.

a) Bone:
lBone sample should be properly sealed.
lBone sample containing parcel should be properly labelled.
lComplete bone is acceptable for DNA Analysis, cut bone can be accepted only when no other
choice is available and piece of any hard bone with size of at least 3 inches is provided.
lSize of the bone provided should be at least 03 inches.
lFemur, humorous, tibia or clavicle bone is preferable.
lBone sample should be clean and without flesh.
lPiece of bone and decayed bone is not acceptable.
lBone should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that bone sample is not treated
with any kind of chemical.
lBone sample should not be cross contaminated.
lBone sample should be free of any kind of microbial growth.
lBone sample should not contain maggots.

National Forensic Science Agency 35

 b) Teeth
lTeeth sample should be properly sealed.
lTeeth sample containing parcel should be properly labelled.
lComplete tooth is acceptable for DNA Analysis, broken tooth is not acceptable.
lMolars and pre molars teeth are preferred.
lA least 02 teeth are required for DNA profiling.
lTeeth sample should be clean.
lDecayed teeth are not acceptable.
lTeeth should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that teeth sample is not treated
with any kind of chemical.
lTeeth sample should not be cross contaminated.
lTeeth sample should not contain maggots.

c) Nail:
lNail sample should be properly sealed.
lNail sample containing parcel should be properly labelled.
lComplete nail is acceptable for DNA Analysis; cut or broken nails are not acceptable.
lNail sample should be clean and without flesh.
lNail should not be treated with any chemical or stored in any preservative.
lEvidence Technician will confirm from case submitting official that nail sample is not treated
with any kind of chemical.
lNail sample should not be cross contaminated.
lNail sample should be free of any kind of microbial growth.

36 National Forensic Science Agency

ØReference Samples for Dead Body Identification Cases;
lReference sample(s) of parent (s)/ Children are required for comparative analysis.
lBlood of complainant(s) at least 03 ml in EDTA tube is acceptable.
lIf blood cannot be drawn, blood stain on proper blood stain card is acceptable.
lProper sterile buccal swab collected is acceptable if blood is not available.
NOTE;
ØSamples containing any kind of preservative other than EDTA will not be accepted for DNA
Analysis.
ØEvidence receiving unit will receive case from submitting agency and would send to laboratory
for biological scrutiny.
ØCases will be received during office hours.

National Forensic Science Agency 37

 3. FIREARM TOOL MARKS EXAMINATION SECTION

Firearm and Tool mark Section is a significant part of National Forensics Science agency Islamabad.
Firearm and Tool mark section impart facility for examining cases from all over Pakistan. Experts in
Firearm tool marks examination section possess the required qualifications and training. Firearm and
Tool mark Section deals with the forensic analysis of fire arms related to crime, cartridge cases,
bullets, bullet fragments, gunshot wounds, bullet holes, bullet trajectory measurements, GSR,
restoration of serial number on weapons and chassis/engine numbers examination of vehicles.
Firearm and Tool mark Section also deals with the identification of marks left at scene of crime by a
particular tool recovered from a suspect.

3.1 Forensics Services Offered by Firearms/Tool marks Examination

Section

ØBullet Comparison
ØCartridge Comparison
ØWorking condition of Firearm
ØRange Determination
ØPattern Analysis
ØWound Ballistics
ØGunshot Residue Detection and Analysis
ØTrajectory measurements
ØTool marks Identification and Comparison
ØVehicle examination (Chassis and Engine number restoration)

38 National Forensic Science Agency

3.2 Nature of Cases/Evidence Submitted for Analysis
The following is a list of the items most commonly submitted for analyses:
lFirearms
lFired Cartridge Cases/Shot Shells
lUnfired Ammunition/Live Rounds
lProjectiles
lPellets
lVictim clothing
lWads
lSwabs for GSR (Gun Shoot Residues)

3.3 Case submission Criteria /Required Documents

The following documents are required with the submission of evidence. In the absence of any of these
documents the case will not receive by laboratory.
lA copy of FIR
lCovering letter of SSP/DPO/court order with proper indication of the examinations required
lRoad certificate for transportation of evidences
lMedico legal certificate or post-mortem report
lFull record of chain of custody from crime scene to the lab
Additional information/documents maybe required depending upon the case type.

3.4 Case Acceptance/Rejection Parameters and Guidelines:

3.4.1 Collection and Packaging of Firearms Evidence
The primary concerns when packaging firearms are safety and the preservation of the evidence
including blood, trace evidence, and latent prints that may be present.

National Forensic Science Agency 39

 General considerations and precautions for collection, packaging and submission of firearms are
following:

lNever insert anything into the barrel of a firearm. Pick up by checker portion of the grip.
lAlways handle the evidence with gloves.
lBefore securing the firearm as evidence make a record of the position, as found, of any safety,
cocking indicator, loaded chamber indicator, selector, or other control feature.
lDo not clean the firearm before submitting.
lDo not fire the firearm before submitting.
lWith the firearm pointed in a safe direction, remove the magazine.
lDo not remove cartridges from the magazine.
lMake sure the chamber and barrel of the firearm is empty and firearm is uncocked before
packaging.
lRecovered firearms and ammunition components should not be physically marked in any
manner (except revolver cylinder). Label the packaging instead.
lMinimize handling because it is possible to recover latent prints from firearms and ammunition.
lAny evidence with possible blood or body fluids should be air-dried, then packaged in paper
bags, envelopes, or cardboard boxes labelled with a “BIOHAZARD” label.
lStore and transport firearms unloaded and rendered safe.
lPackage each evidence in separate box or envelope. And all individually packed items of a
single case should be placed in a single box.
lIt is preferable to hand-deliver the firearm to the laboratory and to inform the laboratory
personnel immediately of the firearm's condition.
lMaintain proper chain of custody from crime scene to evidence receiving unit of laboratory on
the prescribed form.
lDescriptions of firearms should include the serial number (do not confuse with part numbers),
make, model, calibre, and the condition when found (i.e., loaded or unloaded, cocked or
uncocked, safety on or off, etc.).
lFor laboratory examination of the firearm, submit five live rounds of the same brand and type
along with the firearm.
lIf a firearm in a body of water is to be collected, it should remain in the original water. A water
tight container such as a lidded plastic dish or a capped PVC pipe, etc. should be lowered into
the water and allowed to fill. This allows the firearm to be placed in the container without
exposing it to the air.
NOTE:
All firearms should be submitted to the evidence receiving unit unloaded.If a firearm cannot be
unloaded or if it is unknown or if it is loaded, the contributor shall contact the firearms examiner
prior to their arrival at the laboratory, so he/she may assist with handling of the firearm.
i) Revolvers:
lIf cocked, cautiously de-cock the weapon using the knurled areas if possible.
lMake two marks on the cylinder, one on each side of the top strap, to indicate the chamber that
is in the firing position.

40 National Forensic Science Agency

 Appearance of cylinder as recovered:

Diagram to be Diagram to be
used in notes used in notes

1 1
6 2 2 6

5 3 3 5
4 4

Direction of rotation Direction of rotation

Example index card:

Chamber
Position Condition Headstamp
#1 Fired U. S. Cartridge Co.
#2 Fired Remington Arms Co.
#3 Fired Winchester Repeating Arms Co.
#4 Unfired Dominion Cartridge Co.
#5 Loaded Western Cartridge Co.
#5 Peters Cartridge Co.

ii) Pistols:
lIf possible, lock the slide to the rear keeping the action in the opened position, if not, let the
action close then engage any manual safety devices that may be on the weapon. (Note:
Make sure no live cartridge is left in the chamber).
lThe magazine, if found in the firearm, may be included in the same item as the firearm for
submission to the laboratory, however, if it is found not in the firearm it should be submitted as a
separate item.
lAs an alternative to engraving on the firearm, use the serial number for later identification or
affix a tag to the trigger guard.

iii) Shotguns and Rifles:

lThese are handled in similar manner to the handguns listed above.
lSafety and preservation of physical evidence should always be considered.
lRifles and shotguns should not be dismantled before packaging as this could alter their
evidentiary value.

3.4.2 Collection and Packaging of Ammunition Evidences

lCollect and submit to the laboratory all ammunition associated with a case.

National Forensic Science Agency 41

 lBullets and cartridges should always be handled with the utmost care to avoid destroying the
microscopic striations on the evidences.
lThey should be individually packed and sealed in a paper envelope or pillbox and the
container marked for identification.
lThe evidences should not be marked due to the possibility of destroying valuable evidence.
lPlastic or glass airtight containers should never be used for bullets or firearms. They could
allow moisture to cause corrosion of identifiable detail on the bullet, and rust on a firearm.
Paper or cardboard should be used.
lFired cartridge cases and unfired
cartridges should be individually
packaged by placing them in a sealed
pill box or envelope and pertinent
information placed on the container
(See Projectiles: General
Considerations and Precautions).
lBefore collecting the Ammunition as
evidences make a record of the
position and condition, as they found.
( F o r e x a m p l e f r o m c h a m b e r,
magazine, victim, wall etc).
lMinimize handling because it is
possible to recover latent prints from
firearms and ammunition.
lAny evidence with possible blood or
body fluids should be air-dried, then packaged in paper bags, envelopes, or cardboard boxes
labelled with a “BIOHAZARD” label.

3.4.3 Bullets /Projectiles

a) Projectiles Embedded
I) From Wood, Plaster, etc
lUnless absolutely necessary, do not attempt to dig out projectiles.
lRemove the portion of material in which the projectiles are embedded and submit the entire
piece to the laboratory.
lIf practical, remove a section of the material, the projectile or projectiles should be recovered
by removing the material, adjacent to the projectile to prevent damage to the evidence. This
procedure can be explained in detail by contacting a firearms examiner.

ii) From a Person or Body

lX-rays should be taken to locate the position of the projectile.
lThey should be removed with rubber-tipped forceps or by using just the fingers to prevent
mutilation of the projectile.
lDo not attempt to clean the bullets recovered from the body.
lIf a bullet is washed do not use a brush or other item for cleaning. After washing it is
IMPERATIVE bullets dried prior to packaging.

42 National Forensic Science Agency

3.4.4 Shot Pellets
lFor pellets embedded in wood, plastic, etc., handle in same manner as bullets embedded in
solid objects.
lIf it is not possible to submit the material in which pellets are embedded, pellets may be dug
out; taking care not to mutilate them any more than is absolutely necessary.
l In removal of pellets from the body of a deceased person. Rubber-tipped forceps should be
used.
l After washing, wrap collected pellets in soft tissue paper and place in a labelled pill box, or
small envelope.
·
l Shot patterns should be measured, sketched, and photographed. If possible, the surface
containing the shot pattern should be recovered.

3.4.5 Cartridge Cases

It may be possible to determine the position of a shooter by the location of ejected cartridge casings.
Make a sketch with ACCURATE measurements of the location of fired cartridge cases. Again,
package each item separately and mark the packages with the pertinent information.

3.4.6 Shot Wads:

When a shotgun is fired, the wads travel along with, or behind, the shot charge for a short distance. In
those cases involving close shots, wadding may be found in either the victim's body or in his clothing.
Follow same packaging procedure as for bullets.

3.4.7 Loaded Shells or Cartridges:

· Document where such ammunition was found.
· If the number of cartridges is relatively few, they can be handled in the same manner as fired
bullets
· Large quantities should be placed in a cardboard box or wooden container. Label, seal, and
deliver to the laboratory.

National Forensic Science Agency 43

 4. EXPLOSIVE ANALYSIS SECTION

The Explosive laboratory in National Forensic Science Agency is conducting analysis of explosives
evidence including identification of explosive residues (post blast), identification of unknown
explosive/ harmful material (pre blast), triggering/initiation mechanism of improvised explosive
devices (IED's), different components of explosive devices, examination of deactivated explosive
devices, electronic circuit. This is helpful for the law enforcement agencies to eliminate the future
threats.

4.1. Requirement for Evidence Receiving Unit

a) Covering Letter
A proper covering letter must be issued from the SSP investigation, DPO, CPO or from the concerned
court that explained the nature of forensic Explosive analysis.

b) Police Documents
A copy of police FIR and road certificate required at the time of case submission to maintain the chain
of custody.

c) Case/Evidence Material
All evidence material should be properly sealed. Without or with broken seal evidence would not be
received.

44 National Forensic Science Agency

4.2 Forensic Services provided by Explosive Section

a) Bulk Explosives
Bulk explosives may be single chemical compounds or they may be mixtures of substances that
together are explosive.

b) Post-Blast Debris
Debris from an explosion may be burned, buried in rubble. Evidence included fragments of the
explosive device itself (e.g., pipe fragments, blasting caps, electrical components) or chemical
residues deposited on objects near the explosion.
c) Components of Explosive Devices and Deactivated Devices
Components of explosive devices may include tape, glue, containers, pipes, fuses, wires, blasting
caps, clothespins, clocks, remote controls, etc.

4.3 Collection and Packaging of Explosives Evidence

Following measures should be taken while handling the evidence;

lDo not submit active devices to the laboratory. Active devices, including blasting caps, should
be dismantled, deactivated, or discharged before submission to the laboratory. Call your local
bomb squad to deactivate the device. Make note of what method was used to deactivate the
device and provide this information when submitting the evidence.
lIn post blast investigation cotton swabs can be used to take samples from debris and crater.
Cotton swabs are easily available at medical stores.
lItems with sharp or jagged edges should not be packaged in paper envelopes. Use sturdier
containers such as clean metal paint cans.
lCollect and store evidence separately to avoid cross contamination.
l"High" explosives contain components that are volatile and will evaporate over time. If it is
suspected that high explosives may be present, evidence should be packaged in a vapour-
tight container (Clean metal paint cans or vapour-tight plastic bags).
lSubmit only small amounts of bulk explosives. Be sure to include representative samples of
the bulk material, especially if there are indications of mixtures. Typically a teaspoon of
material is sufficient for laboratory analysis of bulk explosives.
l"Flash" powder can be very sensitive and may ignite with a spark. If possible, package flash
powder in anti-static plastic bags. Flash powder is a very fine powder and will seep out of very
small openings. Do not package bulk flash powder in metal containers or plastic bags not
designed to be static-resistant. Submit only small amounts of flash powder.
lWhenever possible, submit control samples in a separate package along with the evidence.
For example, if soil from a blast site is submitted, also collect a sample of similar soil from an
area away from the seat of the blast. If a portion of rubber moulding with blast residues is
submitted, also submit a clean area of the moulding. Package control sample in the same
manner as samples with residues.
lPorous materials or objects with cracks and ridges tend to collect a large amount of useful
residues. Materials from near the blast site such as foam, rubber, pipe threads, cardboard, or
any rough-surfaced are useful items to collect.

National Forensic Science Agency 45

 lIf fingerprint analysis is desired, submit the items to the laboratory and mentioned it.
lGive the laboratory as much information as possible about the circumstances of the case. If
evidence collected from a blast scene, send pictures, diagrams, officer's reports, etc. The
more information the laboratory has about the circumstances of a case the better able we will
be to help investigate an incident.
lThe person who collects explosives evidence must be free of contamination. If the individual
collecting evidence has been involved with explosives recently, they should wear clean
clothing including footwear and gloves. If very small amounts of explosives residues are
involved, alcohol swabs and water swabs (with controls) should be taken of the evidence
collector's hands and shoes, before any evidence is collected. Submit these swabs along with
the evidence.

4.4 Documents Required for Case Submission: All packages must contain
the following information

lAgency Name, address, and telephone number.

lFIR/ Case number.
lDescription about the sample.
lPerson Name collected the evidence.
lRoad Certificate.
lDate and time seized.

46 National Forensic Science Agency

 5. QUESTIONED DOCUMENT SECTION

Any piece of written, printed or electronically produced material that provides information or evidence
or may serves as an official record is called document. Questioned Documents is a term associated to
all those documents that are entirely or partially subjected to question for its authenticity or its origin.
Questioned documents may be defined as “Documents those are disputed in the court of law”.
Questioned document analysts evaluate / compare the characters of any signature, handwriting,
typewriting, or other marks whose source/authenticity are in dispute with the known standards.

5.1 Forensic Services Offered

ØForgery
ØKidnapping
ØCon games (cheat in sports)
Øfraud
ØGambling
ØOrganized crime
ØWhite collar crime
ØArt crimes
ØTheft
ØRobbery
ØBurglary
ØHomicide
ØSerial murder
ØPsychological profiling

National Forensic Science Agency 47

 5.2 Documents Required for Case Submission in Questioned Document
Section
Each type of cases and requirements are given as such;

5.2.1 Handwriting Analysis.

Required documents and their details are as under:
·
l Questioned Writing.
üQuestioned Document must be original.
üQuestioned document bearing questioned writing must be marked by the submitting agency/
authority i.e. judge or investigation officer.
Routine / Normal Course of Writing
l
üRoutine/ normal course of writing must be original.
üDocument bearing Routine/ normal course of writing must be marked by the submitting
agency/ authority i.e. judge or investigation officer.
üRoutine/ normal course of writing which is provided for comparison must be prior to the date of
Questioned handwriting (preferably of the same year or not approximately 2 years before
questioned writing was produced).
üSuspect/ accused must admit that Routine/ normal course of writing is written by him/ her.
üRoutine/ normal course of writing can be obtained from official record, stamp papers, diaries,
previous registers or any course of writing of suspect/ accused from document bearing legal
value.
lDictated Specimen Writing
üDictated Specimen writing of Suspect/ accused must be original.
üDictated Specimen writing must be approximately of 10 - 12 pages.
üDictated Specimen writing of Suspect/ accused should be written with similar instrument as
that of questioned document. If the questioned writing is done by ball point, the dictated writing
should also be taken by ball point. Similarly, if questioned writing is from blue ball point,
dictated writing should also be from blue ball point.
üDictated Specimen writing of Suspect/ accused must be in three speed of writing i.e. 3-4 pages
each in slow, medium and fast speed of writing.
üDictated Specimen writing must be Duly Signed/Attested by Honourable Judge or concerned
investigation officer.
üDictated Specimen writing of Suspect/ accused may also be taken from blue ball point as well.
ü
5.2.2 Signatures Analysis
Required documents and their details are as under:
lQuestioned Signature.
üQuestioned Document must be original.
üQuestioned document bearing questioned Signature must be marked by the submitting
agency/ authority i.e. judge or investigation officer.
Routine / Normal Course of Signature
l
üRoutine/ normal course of signature must be original.
üDocument bearing Routine/ normal course of signatures must be marked by the submitting

48 National Forensic Science Agency

 agency/ authority i.e. judge or investigation officer.
üRoutine/ normal course of signatures which is provided for comparison must be prior to the
date of Questioned Signatures (preferably of the same year or not approximately 2 years
before questioned signature was produced).
üSuspect/ accused must admit that Routine/ normal course of signature is written by him/ her.
üIn case of signature on cheques, routine/ normal course of signatures can be obtained from
signature specimen card of concerned account, account opening form of concerned account,
official record, stamp papers, diaries, previous registers, national identity card or any course of
signature of suspect/ accused.
üIn cases regarding verification on stamp papers, sale deeds, affidavits and agreements,
routine/ normal course of signatures can be obtained from national identity card, official
record, stamp papers, diaries, previous registers or any course of writing of suspect/ accused
from document bearing legal value.
lDictated Specimen Signature
üDictated Specimen signature of Suspect/ accused must be original.
üApproximately 30 dictated specimen signatures must be provided.
üDictated Specimen signature of Suspect/ accused should be written with similar instrument as
that of questioned document. If the questioned signature is done by ball point, the dictated
signature should also be taken by ball point. Similarly, if questioned signature is from blue ball
point, dictated signature should also be from blue ball point.
üDictated Specimen signature of Suspect/ accused must be in three speed of signature i.e. 10
signatures each in slow, medium and fast speed of signature.
üDictated Specimen signature must be Duly Signed/Attested by Honourable Judge or
concerned investigation officer.
üDictated Specimen signature of Suspect/ accused may also be taken from blue ball point as
well.

National Forensic Science Agency 49

 5.2.3 Alteration, Erasures, Obliteration, Paper Analysis and Ink comparison:
Required documents and their details are as under:
üOriginal Questioned Items like Cheques, Stamp Papers, Suicide Notes, Sale Transfer Deeds
Agreements, and Affidavits Nikah Nama may be provided.
üOriginal Normal Course of Writing Diaries, Exam Papers, Previous Registers in the case of
Erasure.
Note:
üThe document should not be tampered with any mark or stamp.
üAvoid bending and folding of documents.
üAvoid writing on packaging material when evidences are inside packaging material.
5.2.4 Verification of official stamps/ seals etc:
Required documents and their details are as under:
üOriginal Questioned stamps or seals must be provided.
üPrevious Documents which are obtained from authentic source bearing original stamp/ seal
should be provided to laboratory.
ü25 – 30 Specimen stamp/ seal exemplars must be provided to the laboratory.
üExemplars of stamp/ seal must be duly attested by honourable judge or concerned
investigation officer.
5.2.5 Analysis of indented writing:
Required documents and their details are as under:
üOriginal Questioned document bearing indented writing must be provided.

50 National Forensic Science Agency

Note:
üThe document should not be tampered with any mark or stamp.
üAvoid bending and folding of documents.
üEach paper of document should be packed separately.
üAvoid pressing the document or placing it under weight like under registers or between the
registers.
üAvoid packaging the materials which produces indentation like envelops having mesh work of
threads inside the envelope.
üAvoid writing on packaging material when evidences are inside packaging material.

5.3 Instructions for Submitting Agency:

1. Avoid handling the evidences bear handed.

2. The evidences should be properly marked by the concerned authority.
3. Prevent bending and folding of evidences.
4. Avoid staple or pin the documents.
5. Do not write on the packaging material when evidences are inside the material.
6. Avoid tampering the evidences with marks or stamp.
7. In case of any query, please dial helpline 051-9330302.

National Forensic Science Agency 51

 6. FINGERPRINTS SECTION

Fingerprints technique is the oldest and reliable investigative tool which is used to identify the
individuals. Fingerprints are unique and remain same throughout the life. No two individuals (even
identical twins) have the same fingerprints. According to the LOCARD principal, every contact leaves
a trace. Whenever someone touches a surface, it leaves evidence. It is the fingerprint expert who
identify/develop/enhance the finger prints on the exhibit. The fingerprint Section in National forensic
science agency is equipped with the modern gadgets with highly qualified and trained experts.

6.1 Forensic Services Offered

Fingerprint section at National Forensic Science Agency provides the following services;
a) Identification of fingerprints.
b) Development of latent prints on porous, semi-porous, and non-porous surfaces by physical
and chemical methods.
c) Comparison of fingerprints with reference samples.
d) Assessment of quality (comparability of the fingerprints).
e) Facility of recording the fingerprints on ten print cards.
f) Training facility for enhancement of fingerprints.

6.2 Case Submission Criteria

1. Covering letter from referring authority (SSP/Court/ Head of the Department) must be
attached with the case application.
2. Copy of F.I.R.
3. Road certificate (if case/evidence is brought by hand).
4. Case/Evidence material; All case/evidence material should be properly sealed. Evidences
without seal or with broken seal would not be received.

6.3 Case Acceptance/Rejection Parameters

Depending upon nature of case, the given guidelines should be taken into account while submitting a
case to agency.

52 National Forensic Science Agency

6.3.1Criminal Cases
lFingerprints (rolled fingerprints) of all fingers and palm* of the suspect(s) on ten print card or
simple paper with full name of the suspect (attested by investigation officer/ referring
authority). These fingerprints must have clear ridge detail.
lEvidences with undeveloped finger marks (glass, papers, legal documents etc.) (If any).
lEvidences with developed finger marks (if any).
lLifted Fingerprints from the crime scene.

*The palm print should be completely rolled from tip of fingers to the wrist crease and also the side of
the hyposthenia area (known as the check writer's palm)

6.3.2 Civil Cases

lExhibits must be original (questioned, routine and specimen fingerprint impressions).
Photocopy of exhibits will not be accepted.
lExhibits must be properly labelled (questioned, routine and specimen fingerprint
impressions).
lFingerprints of all fingers of the suspect(s) on ten print card (rolled fingerprints) or simple paper
with full name of the suspect (attested by the investigation officer/referring authority). These
fingerprints must have clear ridge detail.
lFor a specified fingerprint comparison, minimum nine impressions (with clear ridge detail) of
the required finger/thumb on a simple specimen sheet with full name of the suspect would be
sufficient (duly attested by the investigation officer/ referring authority).

6.4 Guideline for Submitting and Packing the Evidence.

ØAlways wear gloves before packaging any Latent print/forensic evidence.

ØDo not write on the evidences to be processed for latent prints. Place such items in some other
suitable container and label carefully.
ØProvide the following information on all the lifts
l The name or initials of the individual making the lift
l The date on which the lift was made
l A case number or other identifying number
ØPackage the evidence in a suitable container that will prevent the impression from smudging
or damage.
ØCarrying fragile evidence, by hand to the lab, is the best way to prevent damage.
ØNever try to separate adhesive tapes by force, send the tapes as such to the laboratory.
ØIf your fingertips accidentally touched on the sticky side of the tape, place an “X” and your
initials over your own finger mark
ØIf evidence is submitted to the laboratory for multiple examinations, such as blood, trace
evidence, or drug analysis, as well as latent prints, please mention it in the covering letter that
the evidence is combination submission. The laboratory will determine which examinations
will be performed and in what order.
ØWhen articles containing latent to be picked up, touch as little as possible, and pick the
evidence from the areas least likely to contain identifiable latent, such as rough surfaces.

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 ØLarge articles containing latent such as glass, metal articles, and firearms should be placed on
wood or heavy cardboard and fastened down with string to prevent shifting and contact with
other objects in transit. (picture is required)
ØBottles and glasses may be placed vertically on a board and placed in the bottom of a box. The
base of the bottle or glass can be surrounded with nails to hold it in place, and the top can be
either inserted through a hole in a piece of cardboard or held in position with a wooden board
nailed to the container's lid.(picture is required).
ØPapers and documents containing latent prints should be placed individually in a cellophane or
manila envelopes. Such a container can be sandwiched between two sheets of stiff
cardboard, wrapped, and placed in a box for mailing.

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 7. EVIDENCE RECIEVING UNIT

National Forensic Science Agency (NFSA) has established an Evidence Receiving Unit (ERU) to
ensure the integrity of evidence, accuracy and to facilitate Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) in
submitting samples for different analysis/expert opinion. The samples are submitted to ERU which
scrutinizes and sent them to NFSA concerned laboratory for expert opinion.

ERU section has issued guidelines to police and concerned agencies for collection, packaging and
submission of forensic evidences taken from crime scenes; the NFSA ERU has a helpline no. 051-
9330296 which is helpful for police and other Law Enforcement Agencies before sending samples to
NFSA for forensic examination where NFSA staff facilitates them and provide guidance so that
accuracy could be maintained. "the basic objective of NFSA ERU is secrecy, accuracy and speed”.
The samples are dispatched to NFSA laboratory and after conducting tests sent back to concerned
agencies.

7.1 Service Provided by Evidence Receiving Unit

lERU work as a bridge between lab and case sending departments.

lTo increase coordination among law enforcement agencies/ sending departments and NFSA.
lTo guide the sample sending departments.
lTo receive only process-able samples.
lTo ensure the quality and integrity of samples.
lMaintain chain of custody.

7.1.1 Case Submission

ØEvidences/cases for different forensic examination are accepted from all over Pakistan.
ØCases/evidences are accepted through courier or by hand.
ØBy hand cases require Road certification to ensure external chain of custody.

7.1.2 Initial Scrutiny:

Checking of documents including
lCopy of FIR
ØIf copy of FIR is missing, it will be demanded on priority either by fax or by mail or by hand.
ØIf a case is being followed by IO without FIR, the case will be returned.
Case submission form
l
ØIf case submission form is missing, a blank copy of it will be given to the person bringing
samples to this office. The case submission form may be submitted after being duly filled,
signed and stamped by IO.
ØIf the case submission form is attached but not completely filled, it will be handed back to the
person so that it may be submitted after it is completely filled. (The case submission form is
laso available at NFSA website: www.nfsa.gov.pk
Covering letter of SSP/DPO/SP/Head of Departments.
l

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 lRoad certificate.
lMLO (Medico Legal Officer) report.
lCopy of court order (if any).
lChecking whether seals are intact or not. It also include to check that whether all the seals are
of same stamp.
lResponse (Acceptable OR Not Acceptable) If the documents are incomplete on above
grounds, then case is not acceptable.

7.1.3 Scrutiny for submission

Photographs of the sealed samples, photographs of the open samples, quality of the samples, and
discussions with IO's, MLO's about the case and samples.
lForwarding to Lab.
lAssigning a Lab ID and sending the samples with case summary.
lWitness of physical evidence/ sample by one person from ERU in the presence of respective
scientific analyst.
lDrafting of letters regarding the issues of particular case i.e. return of the case or additional
information required.
lReport dispatch.
lMaintenance of files and evidence record.

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 Reference and Sources
This guideline booklet has been prepared seeking information from the existing standard operating
procedures, other laboratories practices, relevant books, training sessions, deliberations with
experts, and knowledge/expertise of National Forensic Science Agency scientific officers/client scene
officers.

Disclaimer

These guidelines are designed to provide information on evidence collection and case submission
only. The information is meant to supplement, not replace any existing standard procedures. Before
practicing the guidelines described in this booklet, be sure that your equipment is well maintained and
you have legal power to collect and submit evidence. The law enforcement personnel are requested to
further consult the help line of NFSA before collecting any sample in the manner being so suggested.

The authors have made every effort to ensure that the information in this booklet is correct, however
the authors and publishers do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any person or party for
any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, when such errors or omissions result
from negligence, accident, or any other cause.

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