AXIOMATIC SYSTEM

An axiomatic system is any set of axioms used to derive theorems.

Theorems are logically derived from defined terms, axioms or postulate and undefined terms.
Undefined Terms These are the point, line, and plane.
Axioms and Postulates These are the terms that are defines precisely.
Defined Terms These are the basic assumptions in Geometry.
Theorems These are conjectures that are possible to prove
deductively.
UNDEFINED TERMS

DEFINED TERMS
LINE SEGMENT RAY LINEAR PAIR
A line with two endpoints A line with one endpoint Two angles that are adjacent and
supplementary.

ANGLE RIGHT ANGLE ACUTE ANGLE

BISECTOR An angle of 90o Measures less than 90o
A line that splits
an angle into two
equal angles.

OBTUSE ANGLE STRAIGHT ANGLE COLLINEAR POINTS

Has a measurement greater than 90o An angle of 180o These are points that are lying on the
but less than 180o. same line.

NON-COLLINEAR POINTS COPLANAR NON-COPLANAR

These are points that do not lie on These are points that lie on the These are points that do not lie on the
the same line. same plane. same plane.

Here are postulates on the relationships among points, lines and planes:
Reflexive Property A quantity is congruent (equal) to itself. a = a
Symmetric Property If a = b, then b = a.
If a = b and b = c, then a = c.
Transitive Property

Addition Postulate If equal quantities are added to equal quantities, the sums are equal.
If equal quantities are subtracted from equal quantities, the differences are
Subtraction Postulate
equal.
If equal quantities are multiplied by equal quantities, the products are equal.
Multiplication Postulate
(Also Doubles of equal quantities are equal.)

If equal quantities are divided by equal nonzero quantities, the quotients are
Division Postulate
equal. (Also Halves of equal quantities are equal.)

Substitution Postulate A quantity may be substituted for its equal in any expression.
The whole is equal to the sum of its parts.
Partition Postulate Also: Betweenness of Points: AB + BC = AC
Angle Addition Postulate: m<ABC + m<CBD = m<ABD
Construction Two points determine a straight line.
Construction From a given point on (or not on) a line, one and only one perpendicular can be
 drawn to the line.
Properties .of Equality, Postulates, Theorems, Geometry Terminologies.
Addition Property of Equality If AB = CD then AB + BC = BC +CD
Subtraction Property of Equality If AB + BC = BC + CD then AB = CD
Multiplication Property of Equality If m∡ A = 90 then 2(m∡ A) = 180
Division Property of Equality If 2(m∡ B) = 180 then m∡ B = 90
Substitution Property If m∡ A + m∡ B =180 and m∡ B then m∡ A + 90 =180
Distributive Property AB + AB = 2AB
Reflexive Property m∡ B = m∡ B
Symmetric Property If AB + BC = AC then AC = AB + BC
Transitive Property If AB ≅ BC and BC ≅ CD then AB ≅ CD
Segment Addition Postulate If C is between B and D, then BC + CD = BD
Angle Addition Postulate If D is a point in the interior of ∢ABC then
m∡ ABD + m∡ DBC = m∡ ABC
Linear Pair Postulate If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary
Definition of Right Angle If ∢B is a right angle then m∡ B = 90
Definition of Midpoint If P is the midpoint of segment AB then AP =PB
Definition of Segment Bisector If k intersects segment AB at M the Midpoint, then k bisects segment
AB
Definition of Perpendicular Lines If two lines are ⊥ they form right angles
Definition of Congruent Segments If AB = CD then segment AB ≅ segment CD
Definition of Congruent Angles If ∡A ≅∡ B then m∡ A=m∡ B
Definition of Angle Bisector If ray AB bisects ∡CAD then∡ CAB ≅ ∡ BAD
Definition of Complementary Angles If ∡ Z and ∡Y are complementary
m∡ Z +m∡ Y =90
Definition of Supplementary Angles If ∡ S and ∡T are supplementary m∡ S +m∡ T = 180
Ruler Postulate Points on a line can be paired with the real numbers.
The whole is equal to the sum of its parts.
Segment Addition Postulate When B lies between A and C on a segment,
AB + BC = AC
The midpoint of a segment is a point on the segment forming two
Midpoint of Segment
congruent segments (equal segments).
The bisector of a segment is a line, a ray, or segment which cuts the
Bisector of Segment
given segment into two congruent segments (equal segments).
Euclid's Postulate 1 A straight-line segment can be drawn joining any two points.
Any straight-line segment can be extended indefinitely in a straight
Euclid's Postulate 3
line.

The whole is equal to the sum of its parts.

Angle Addition Postulate
m∠ ABD + m∠ DBC = m∠ ABC

Right Angles All right angles are congruent (equal in measure).

(Euclid's Postulate 4) (They all have a measure of 90º.)
All straight angles are congruent (equal in measure).
Straight Angles
(They all have a measure of 180º.)

Vertical angles are congruent (equal in

measure).
Vertical Angles
m∠1 = m∠2
m∠3 = m∠4

Triangle Sum The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180º.
The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of
Exterior Angle
the measures of the two non-adjacent interior angles.
Base Angle Theorem If two sides of a triangle are congruent, the angles opposite these sides
(Isosceles Triangle) are congruent (equal in measure).
Base Angle Converse If two angles of a triangle are congruent, the sides opposite these
(Isosceles Triangle) angles are congruent (equal in length).
 Angles forming a straight line

Angles around a point

Complementary Angles Two angles the sum of whose measures is 90º.

Supplementary Angles Two angles the sum of whose measures is 180º.

TRIANGLE CONGRUENCE

Two triangles are congruent if and only if their vertices can be paired so that corresponding sides and
corresponding angles are congruent.
Two triangles are congruent if they have the same size and same shape.
Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent (CPCT).
SAME SIDES
When the sides are the same then the triangles are congruent.

For example:

is congruent to and

because they all have exactly the same length of sides.

But:

is NOT congru ent to:

because the two triangles do not have exactly the same length of corresponding sides.

SAME ANGLES
Two triangles with the same angles might be congruent:

is congruent to

only because they are the same size but they might NOT be congruent because of different sizes.

is NOT congruent
to

because, even though all angles match, one is larger than the other.
So, just having the same angles is no guarantee they are congruent.
 MARKING
When two triangles are congruent, we often mark corresponding sides and angles like this:

is congruent
to

The sides marked with one line are equal in length. Similarly for the sides marked with two lines. Also, for the
sides marked with three lines.

The angles marked with one arc are equal in size. Similar for the angles marked with two arcs. Also, for the
angles marked with three arcs.

PROPERTIES OF CONGRUENCE
1. REFLEXIVE PROPERTY OF CONGRUENCE ∠ A≅∠ A
AB ≅ AB
2. SYMMETRIC PROPERTY OF CONGRUENCE If ∠ A ≅ ∠ B , then∠ B ≅ ∠ A
If AB ≅ CD thenCD ≅ AB
3. TRANSITIVE PROPERTY OF CONGRUENCE If ∠ A ≅ ∠ B∧∠ B ≅ ∠ C then∠ A ≅ ∠ C
If AB ≅ CD∧CD ≅ EF then AB ≅ EF

CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
 Two triangles are congruent if and only if their corresponding sides and angles are congruent.

Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent. (CPCTC)

B E

A C D F

CORRESPONDING PARTS: CONGRUENT PARTS:

ANGLES SIDES ANGLES SIDES Note:
1.∠ A ↔∠ D 1. AB ↔ DE 1.∠ A ≅ ∠ D 1. AB ≅ DE
2. ∠ B↔ ∠ E 2. BC ↔ EF 2. ∠ B ≅ ∠ E 2. BC ≅ EF
3. ∠ C ↔ ∠ F 3. AC ↔ DF 3. ∠ C ≅ ∠ F 3. AC ≅ DF
Congruent parts have the same mark.
A

M H T

CORRESPONDING PARTS THAT ARE CONGRUENT:

ANGLES SIDES
1.∠ MAH ≅ ∠ TAH 1. MA ≅ TA
2. ∠ AHM ≅ ∠ AHT 2. MH ≅ TH
3. ∠ HMA ≅ ∠ HTA 3. AH ≅ AH

TRIANGLE CONGRUENCE POSTULATE

1. Side-Side-Side (SSS) Postulate
 If three side of a triangle are congruent to the three sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

SIDE: AB ≅ DE
SIDE: AC ≅ DF
SIDE: BC ≅ EF

Example:

is congruent to

If three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.

2. Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Postulate

 If two sides and included angle of one triangle are congruent to two sides and included angle of another triangle,
then the two triangles are congruent.

SIDE: AB ≅ DE
ANGLE: ∠ B ≅ ∠ E
SIDE: BC ≅ EF

Example:

is congruent to

If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to the corresponding sides and angle of another triangle, the
triangles are congruent.

3. Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Postulate

 If two angles and included side of one triangle are congruent to two angles and the included side of another
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

ANGLE: ∠ B ≅ ∠ E
SIDE: AB ≅ DE
ANGLE: ∠ D ≅
∠A

Example:
 is congruent to

If two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to the corresponding angles and side of another
triangle, the triangles are congruent.

CORRESPONDING PARTS OF CONGRUENT TRIANGLES

When two triangles are congruent, their corresponding parts are congruent (CPCTC).
Example:
Given: Δ PQR ≅ Δ ABC .

Find the values of x and y.

Since Δ PQR ≅ Δ ABC , it follows

that their corresponding parts are congruent. Hence, we can use the corresponding parts of the two congruent triangles to
find the values of x and y as follows:
Solution for the value of x.
∡ R ≅∡C
m ∡ R=m ∡ C
5x° + 70° = 24x° – 25°
70° + 25° = 24x° – 5x°
95° = 19x
Therefore, x=5

Checking:
m ∡ R=15 (5 )+ 70
75 + 70
145°
Solution for the value of y.
RQ ≅ CB Checking: RQ = 4y + 2
RQ=CB RQ = 4(1) + 2
y+2 = x + y, but x=5 RQ = 6
4y + 2 = 5 + y
4y – y = 5 – 2 CB = x + y
Therefore, y=1 CB = 5 +1
CB = 6
PROVING TWO TRIANGLES ARE CONGRUENT
(Two- column proof)
In constructing a proof, it may include the following four essential components:
1. List of the given information
2. A diagram to picture the given information
3. Statement of what is to be proven
4. Proof consisting of two columns, statements and reasons.
SSS Postulate
If three sides of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding sides of another triangle, then the triangles
are congruent.

By the SSS Postulate, triangle ABC is congruent to triangle FGH.

pSAS Postulate
 If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to two sides and the included angle of another
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

By the SAS Postulate, triangle ABC is congruent to triangle FGH.

ASA Postulate
If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to two angles and the included side of
another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

By the ASA Postulate, triangle ABC is congruent to triangle FGH.

Proving Triangles Congruent Using the SAS Postulate

Given: OK bisects ∠MOT and OM is congruent to OT

Prove: ∆ MOK is congruent to ∆ TOK

Statements Reasons
1. OK bisects ∠MOT 1. Given
2. ∠1 is congruent to ∠2 2. Definition of angle bisector
3. OK is congruent to OK 3. Reflexive

4. OM is congruent to OT 4. Given
5. ∆ MOK is congruent to ∆ TOK 5. SAS Postulate

Proving Triangles Congruent Using the ASA Postulate

Given: BA is perpendicular to YZ and BA bisects ∠YBZ
Prove: ∆ AYB is congruent to ∆ AZB
Statements Reasons
1. BA is perpendicular to YZ 1. Given
2. If 2 lines are perpendicular, they
2. ∠1 is congruent to ∠2
form congruent adjacent angles
3. BA bisects ∠YBZ 3. Given
4. ∠3 is congruent to ∠4 4. Def. of angle bisector
5. A is congruent to A 5. Reflexive
6. ∆ AYB is congruent to ∆ AZB 6. ASA Postulate
Example:
The formal proof is written in the following format:
 Given: (Hypothesis) : Rectangle LOVE and its diagonal LV

Prove: (Conclusion) : △ LEV ≅ △VOL

Proof:

Statements Reasons
1. Rectangle LOVE and its 1. Given
diagonal LV
2. ¿ ≅ OV ; LO ≅ 2. Opposite sides of a rectangle are
VE congruent
3. LV ≅ LV 3. Reflexive Property
ANGLE BISECTORS OF
TRIANGLES 4. △ LEV ≅ △VOL 4. SSS Congruence Postulate

An angle bisector of a triangle is a segment that separates an angle of the triangle into two equal angles.
One of the endpoints of an angle bisector is a vertex of the triangle, and the other endpoint is on the side
opposite the vertex. Just as every triangle has three medians, three altitudes and three perpendicular bisectors,
every triangle three angle bisectors.

AB is an angle bisector of ∆ DAC

∠ DAB=∠ CAB

In ∆ FGH , FJ bisects ∠ GFH .

∠ 1=∠2 or ∠ GFJ ≅ ∠ HFJ

Example 1:
In ∆ MNP , MO bisects ∠ NMP . If ∠ 1= 33o, Find∠ 2.
Solution:
Since MO bisects ∠ NMP , ∠ 1=∠2
Since ∠ 1= 33o, then ∠ 2= 330

Example 2:
In ∆ PQR ,QS bisects ∠ PQR . If ∠ PQR =700, what is∠ 2?

1
Solution: ∠ 2= (∠ GFH )
2
1
∠ 2= (700)
2
∠ 2 = 35o
 PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR
Perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is a segment or line that contains the midpoint of that side and is
perpendicular to that side.

E D

AE is perpendicular to BC but AE is not a perpendicular

because point E is not Midpoint of BC

If the perpendicular bisector of a side contains the

vertex opposite that side, then the perpendicular
bisector of the side is also an altitude.
Altitude of a triangle is perpendicular segment in
which one endpoint is at a vertex and the other
endpoint is on the side opposite that vertex.

Example:
Tell whether or not each broken line or segment is perpendicular bisector of a side of the triangle.
a.
Answer:

ZW ⊥ XY but W is not the midpoint of XY .

So, ZW is not a perpendicular bisector of side

XY in ∆ XYZ .

b.
Answer:
and D is the midpoint of . So, is

´ ⊥ AB
DE AB ´
DE

a perpendicular bisector of side AB in ∆ ABC .